Advance Social Science Archive Journal

THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ELITE IN THE KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA: FROM TRIBAL ELDERS TO MODERN ULEMA

Saqib Ullah Khan — 2024-10-07

This paper aims at analyzing the transformation of the religious elite in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from the traditional tribal elders to the contemporary ulema. Pashtun society in the past was patrilineal and tribal, the heads of tribes being both political and religious figures. However, in recent decades, the growth of formal religious education, especially in the madrasahs inspired by the Deobandi movement, has led to the emergence of a new class of ulema who gain religious power through education and increasing political influence. This social change has profound consequences on Pashtun culture, politics, and social setting. The contemporary ulema who are well educated in Islamic theology have gradually emerged as the religious and political leaders who do not only set the religious agenda but also the political one in the region. Although they have played a positive role of fostering peace and societal cohesiveness through solving commoner’s disputes, some parts of the religious elite have been associated with radicalism, which is a hindrance to peace and development. The paper analyzes the influence of the external factors including British colonialism, state centralization and the global Islamic movements influencing the course of the religious leadership in the region. It also looks at the problem of the religious elite in today’s society, such as the role of women and children within a religion. The paper explores the prospects for reformist voices within the ulema who wants to solve modern problems including education, women’s rights, and governance, based on Islam. In conclusion, the author underlines the necessity of future investigations into the more complex role of the ulema in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the face of modernization and globalization processes. This knowledge is important in order to understand the general socio-political trends of the region and the possible future role of the religious authorities in the formation of peace, government, and development.

Keywords: Religious Elites, Ulema, Tribal Elders, Pashtun Society, Pashtunwali, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

DISCURSIVE STRATEGIES USED AS AN ELECTIONEERING TOOL IN POLITICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SPEECHES OF POLITICAL LEADERS IN PAKISTAN

Safwan Hussain Shah — 2024-10-07

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to investigate the discursive strategies employed by politicians during the 2018 election in Pakistan and their impact on the general public. The study aims to identify the prominent discursive strategies used by politicians, examine their effect on voters, and compare the use of these strategies by different political parties and candidates. The study uses Fairclough 3D Model to analyze the speeches made by two major political parties before the election. The study aims to fill the research gap in the area of discursive strategies in Pakistani politics and provide insights into the role of language and discourse in shaping electoral outcomes. The research questions focus on the prominent discursive strategies used by politicians, their impact on voters, and the relative use of these strategies by different political parties. The study is significant in understanding political discourse, the democratic process in Pakistan, and the impact of language on social and political change. The study is purely qualitative, and data is obtained from political speeches made by two major political parties in Pakistan.

Keywords: Discursive Strategies, Political Discourse, Electoral Impact, Fairclough 3D Model, Pakistani Politics

A RESEARCH STUDY ON THE METHODOLOGY AND STYLE OF THE AN NABI -UL- KHATIM (PBUH)

Dr. Tahira Batool — 2024-10-07

ABSTRACT

Manzar-e-Ahsan Gilani, born into a noble Sayyid family, is renowned for his significant contributions to Urdu literature, particularly in the field of Seerat (biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ). Gilani's important work, Al-Nabi Al-Khatam, is notable for introducing a unique style to Urdu Seerat literature. He skillfully interwove historical events, past religions, and references to notable personalities, creating a rich narrative. The book employs a variety of literary styles, including narrative, dialogue, and poetic elements, which enhance its appeal. Gilani's approach combines historical accuracy with literary artistry, providing a comprehensive view of the Prophet's life, emphasizing his moral character, social role, and religious mission. His writing style is characterized by simplicity and clarity, allowing readers to engage deeply with the content. Gilani also utilized a polemical style, responding to contemporary debates within the Muslim community and countering criticisms with well-researched arguments from Islamic texts. His incorporation of metaphor and simile adds to the beauty of his prose, making complex ideas accessible and relatable. In summary, Manzar-e-Ahsan Gilani's Al-Nabi Al-Khatam stands out as a pioneering work in Seerat literature, merging literary finesse with rigorous scholarship. It not only reflects the Prophet’s exemplary life but also serves as a response to the theological challenges of his time, ensuring its relevance for future generations.

Keywords: Research Study, Methodology, Style, Nabi -ul- Khatim (PBUH)

DETERMINANTS OF VOTING BEHAVIOUR: A CASE STUDY OF 2018 GENERAL ELECTIONS IN MALAKAND DIVISION

Tabiullah — 2024-10-07

This paper explores the complex nature of voting behavior in the Malakand Division of Pakistan, focusing on the 2018 general elections. It utilizes a multi-dimensional framework to examine how a variety of factors socio-cultural, political, economic, psychological, and religious influence electoral choices. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates both quantitative and qualitative analyses, based on the Funnel and Causality Model, to offer a thorough understanding of voter behaviour in the region. The study collects insights from various segments of the electorate, taking into account variables such as gender, age, education, profession, region, and income type. The findings indicate that voting behavior in Malakand Division is shaped by a blend of influences rather than a single cause. While socio-cultural factors exert a lasting impact, political determinants like leadership affiliation also play a significant role. Election campaigns and emerging issues have a notable short-term impact on individual voters. These elements are interconnected and mutually dependent, shaping how voters form political preferences and make their voting decisions. Among these factors, political influences tend to play a more dominant role in determining voting choices, often surpassing socio-cultural considerations. Overall, this study deepens the comprehension of electoral dynamics in the Malakand Division and provides a valuable foundation for future research in the areas of voting behaviour and political science.

Keywords: Voting behaviour, Malakand, Determinant, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Electoral Politics, Electoral behaviour

EXPLORING SPEAKING ENGLISH ANXIETY AMONG KUST STUDENTS: CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS

Muhammad Atif — 2024-10-08

Speaking English anxiety is a pervasive issue affecting academic performance and self-esteem among university students in Pakistan. This qualitative study investigates the causes and interventions of speaking anxiety among students at Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Pakistan. The research aims to identify the psychological and physical factors hindering effective communication in English and suggest strategies for students and teachers to overcome speaking anxiety. The study reveals that students experience anxiety due to fear of mistakes, peer evaluation, lack of confidence, and inadequate practice opportunities. Language proficiency, cultural differences, and teacher-student interaction emerge as significant factors contributing to speaking anxiety. The findings highlight the need for educators to create a supportive learning environment, fostering improved oral communication skills among English language learners. Recommendations for educators include providing regular speaking opportunities, peer-to-peer conversations, constructive feedback, and relaxation techniques to mitigate anxiety. The study's outcomes inform teaching practices, emphasizing the importance of addressing speaking anxiety to enhance students' academic performance and selfesteem.

Keywords: speaking anxiety, English language learners, KUST students, teacher-led strategies, relaxation techniques, language proficiency, cultural differences, teacher-student interaction.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION ON SOCIAL COHESION IN PAKISTAN A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Irfan Ullah — 2024-10-11

Abstract

This study examines the complex relationship between Islamic education and social cohesion in Pakistan. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data, this research investigates how Islamic education influences social integration, tolerance, and interfaith relations. The findings suggest that Islamic education can foster unity and tolerance, but its effectiveness is compromised by challenges such as curriculum design, teacher training, and institutional context. Reforms targeting inclusive curriculum design, teacher training programs, interfaith dialogue initiatives, and community engagement projects are recommended to enhance Islamic education's impact on social cohesion. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on Islamic education's role in promoting social harmony and provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers seeking to address Pakistan's social integration challenges.

Keywords: Islamic education, social cohesion, Pakistan, tolerance, interfaith relations, curriculum design, teacher training.

AN EXAMINATION INTO THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

Abdul Wahab Khan — 2024-10-14

This article seeks to expound on the roles and implications of foreign aid in realizing rural development in Pakistan to consider the opportunities and drawbacks that result from these aid-based processes. International donors have played a relatively important role in the economic development of Pakistani villages in terms construction of physical structures like roads and bridges, development of the agriculture sector, and commitment to social facilities such as schools and hospitals. Development programs such as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rural Support Program and Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund exemplify that aid possesses the ability to enhance the living standards, enhance the overall capacity, and bring capacity building in marginalized sectors if the programs matches with the community requirements. However, the study discovers the following vices, such as reliance of foreign assistance, embezzlement of funds, and donor-driven conditions that may be irrelevant to the country’s needs. Such problems threaten projects of development for a longer term, hence resulting in negative effects such as inefficiency and poor governance at grassroots. Foreign aid has also played these roles for and/or against the enhancement of rural Pakistan’s development, where this paper reveals that foreign aid has both contributed positively to, but also presented difficulties to rural development in Pakistan. Their emphasis that a more context-specific type of aid, which engages local stakeholders in the design and implementation of projects, is more effective and requires no defence. Proposals are: strengthening the local actors to decrease the dependence on foreign assistance, increasing the soundness and responsibility to decrease the probability of corruption circumstances, and better coordinating the assistance projects with the demands and desires of the local actors. Otherwise, foreign aid will remain a tool and its positive impacts will keep continuing to bring positive change in the rural development Pakistan where the main focus should be to help its people and provide better life for various yearning to be productive and settle down with better and sustainable source of Living.

Keywords: Foreign Aid, Rural Development, Economic Impacts, Resources, Social Development.

THE IMPACT OF NATIONALISM ON SAARC'S COHESION AND FUNCTIONALITY; A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Dr.Farhana Kousar — 2024-10-15

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was set up to promote economic integration among the countries of its membership. But the recent rise of nationalist movements has made challenges to the organization's cohesion and operational rhythms. This article critically examines the effect of nationalism on SAARC and how SAARC has affected border conflicts, economic competition, political interventions and socio cultural frictions among the member states. Nationalism, which often appears as very strong loyalty to one’s nation and culture, can be a very big thing in undermining regional cooperation. Occasionally nationalist agendas have caused border disputes and economic rivalries to increase that serve to diminish the common goals and mutual benefits of SAARC. Political interference has also hit the roadblock of nationalist driven and has blocked critical agreements and initiatives meant to encourage regional connectivity and economic prosperity. However, the relationship between nationalism and regional cooperation is not antagonistic. If channelled properly, says this article, nationalism need not rule out regional integration. The truth is, it can even help create a strong identity and something to which the region can feel a purpose. To move out of the complex maze of nationalism, SAARC has to open dialogue, engage in deeper diplomatic interaction and expand economic linkages that have concrete benefits across national boundaries. The barriers created by nationalism can only be overcome through historical grievances that breed distrust and hatred among member states. It can also be used to contribute in the creation of a regional identity which is not competitive with national identity but rather complementary to it. This should not be the only means of using economic cooperation for mutual growth, but also should be a diplomatic tool for building trust and collaboration. However, in its entirety, nationalism is a daunting problem for SAARC, but not an insurmountable one. The future of SAARC depends upon how its member States can find a proper balance of nationalist impetus and regional co-operation. SAARC can continue to be an important instrument of peace, prosperity and development in South Asia if it adopts policies which moderate the pernicious influence of nationalism and takes a common stand on regional issues.

Keywords: SAARC, Nationalism, Regional Cooperation, Economic Integration, Border Disputes, Economic Rivalry

LINGUISTIC ALCHEMY: EXPLORING THE MORPHOLOGICAL DEVIATIONS TECHNIQUE FOR MODIFYING CONSUMER PERCEPTION IN PAKISTAN’S PRINT MEDIA ADVERTISEMENT

Qaisar Hayat Khattak — 2024-10-16

This research seeks to establish the complex relationship between deviations from the norm in printed advertisements and consumers’ subsequent behavior in the context of Pakistan. The language used in advertising operates as a strong persuasive tool most of which are selected since they break the standard gramatical rules of the language to appeal to the emotions of the target group. The present research, therefore, aims to categorize a sample of 25 advertisements from leading Pakistani magazines and journals by examining how these linguistic features, that include neologisms, blends, orthographic modifications or phonological innovations are systematically, deployed. It is ascertained from the study that these morphological deviations do add value to consumer memories and brand association beyond recall and that they create the impressions which are alterable forms of consumer behaviour. Further, the methodology includes the investigation of the socio-cultural significance of such deviations and provides examples how they manifest the tendencies any changes in Pakistani language usage and consumer society. As such, this study contributes to the understanding of new trends in how language, culture and commerce intersect in today’s Pakistan. Moreover, it highlights the role of linguistic innovation in managing consumer motivation and outlining the prospects for applying the principles of linguistic transformation to the exploitation of consumer expectations by marketers and advertisers.

Keywords: Gestalt Changes, Purchase Intention, Print Media Advertisements, Language Innovativeness, Brand Familiarity, New Coins, Spelling Alters, Pakistan Ad Linguistics, Language Dynamics, Influence Tactics.

BEYOND THE ORDINARY: EXPLORING THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF LINGUISTIC DEVIATION IN BUILDING BRAND AUTHENTICITY, CREDIBILITY, AND LOYALTY

Muhammad Waleed — 2024-10-18

This study explores the impact of linguistic deviations on consumer perceptions of brand authenticity. Through content analysis and survey research, the study examines how metaphors, wordplay, allusions, jargon, and clichés in advertisements influence consumer attitudes toward brand authenticity. The findings reveal that creative language use, particularly metaphors and wordplay, positively affects brand authenticity, credibility, and emotional connection. Conversely, jargon and clichés detract from brand authenticity. The study contributes to the understanding of language's role in branding, highlighting the importance of linguistic creativity in building emotional bonds and trust between consumers and brands. The research provides valuable insights for marketers seeking to craft authentic brand messages and foster meaningful consumer relationships.

Key Words: Morphological analysis, Linguistic deviation, Brand authenticity, Brand credibility, Consumer perception, Marketing communication, Language and branding, Linguistic creativity, Emotional connection, Authentic branding.

THE CONSTRUCTION AND FORMATION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: A FOCUSED STUDY ON THE BOOK 'THE LAST AND GREATEST MESSENGER' BY DR. NASIR AHMAD NAS

Dr. Muhammad Shah Faisal — 2024-10-19

The migration of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from Mecca to Medina was crucial for establishing a social structure for the Muhajirun (migrants) and Ansar (helpers). The Treaty of Brotherhood laid the foundations for their mutual relationships, marking the start of a cohesive Muslim community. Over time, this led to the establishment of an ideal society, with evolving principles as challenges arose.The Companions of the Prophet later used these foundational treaties to significantly shape the community. Biographers of the Prophet, including Dr. Nasir Ahmad Nasir in his book "The Last and Greatest Messenger (پیغمبر اعظم وآخر)" have documented both the Prophet's life and the principles for building an Islamic society. In this article we have focused to address several key questions: What challenges did the Prophet (PBUH) face in establishing the Islamic society in Medina? How was the new society formed to ensure the success of the Islamic movement? What fundamental principles were considered for the establishment of the Islamic community?

Keywords: Treaty of brotherhood, social structure, Foundational treaties, Fundamental principles, Cohesive community, Cultural integration.

PRINCIPAL OF DAWAH IN THE LIGHT OF TAFSIR AL -VASIT LI ‘I -QURAN -E- KAREEM BY MUHAMMAD SAYEED AL TANTAWI

Dr. Abdullah — 2024-10-19

Dr. Sayed Muhammad al-Tantawi one of the prominent scholar .He was late Sheikh of Al-Azhar 1996 AD to 2010 AD .He was known for his moderate Islamic thought, which combine tradition and modernity. He played a prominent role in reforming Muslim society by mitigating intolerance hatred and ignorance .He was a great preacher and authors . He authored ‘’ Tafsir el –vasit li ‘I –Quran –e- Karim, which is modern Tafsir that contains specific role for proper methodology of dawah .and in this paper the researcher tries to uncover the principal of dawah in the lightTafsir of Dr Tantawi.

Key words: principal of dawah in the light of Tafsir el –vasit li ‘I –Quran –e- Karim, Dr. Sayed Muhammad al-Tantawi.

THE ROLE OF AI IN PRESERVING GLOBAL HEALTH: PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR PANDEMIC PREVENTION AND RESPONSE

Hira Khalid — 2024-10-21

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be regarded as an effective tool or weapon which can be used in achieving different strategies for global public health problems especially with regard to the control of pandemics. By utilizing such data science methods as data analytics, machine learning and predictive modelling of data, it would be theoretically possible to fundamentally change the operations concerning expectance, readiness and response to the effects of disease outbreaks. In this article, we will look at the application of artificial intelligence on the preservation of global health in three ways. First, it is important to note that AI can improve disease outbreak’s preparedness by forecasting the disease’s trends. Forecasting can be done by analyzing the available data which is derived from various sources such as electronic health records, social media and tracking systems. If such data is available, AI can promptly recognize patterns and indicate up and coming risks which can result in disease outbreaks. Secondly, AI can better perform resource management during pandemics by facilitating estimating the amount of medical resources and personnel or infrastructure that will be needed. Such a targeted approach could ensure that an effective network link is established leading to minimization of the outbreak of pandemics. Thirdly, AI can also help in accelerating the processes of the putting up of the drug in the market by analyzing genomic data in order to come up with the possible drug targets. Such assistance can result in the provision of new treatments and vaccines at a faster rate thus reducing any pandemic which is likely to be caused within that short time period. Overall, the utilization of AI will help in the prevention of the outbreak of various diseases and in tandem with global efforts there will be a permanent solution. AI can assist in contact tracing by evaluating social network and movement data to search for people who may have come into contact with the disease. This can be beneficial in mitigating further spread and controlling outbreaks effectively. While AI, in many ways, has a tremendous potential for enhancing health standards globally, few of the existing problems regarding the application of such technologies must be highlighted and solved. Data-related challenges include data quality and privacy, ethical and legal issues, and technical barriers to integration with other health care systems. Once these barriers are crossed, AI will have an important contribution to the protection of health across the world and the creation of a stronger and more sustainable world for future generations.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Global Health, Pandemic Prevention, Social Networks, Genomic Data

PROBLEMS CHALLENGES FACE BY FEMALE IN GETTING EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY IN ZHOB DIVISION BALUCHISTAN

Rahim Ullah — 2024-10-26

The Higher Education of women plays a significant role in building the human capital and the overall socio-cultural and economic development of a country to make it sustainable. The present study explored the problems faced by female students and faculty regarding higher education in Pakistan. Data were collected from 280 students and teachers from government colleges and universities spread over from Zhob division of Baluchistan by using the “Scale for Women’s Problems in Higher Education” that measured personal and social problems of female students and faculty related to higher education. Results indicated that respondents with a background in arts feel significantly more discrimination on the socio-cultural challenge. However, personal insecurity ratings were lowest in the Zhob district. The lack of parental, particularly paternal, support poses a substantial risk, as females in unsupportive family systems struggle more to pursue higher education. Gender plays a crucial role, with males generally more favorable toward female education, while marital status introduces additional challenges, as married women encounter greater difficulties in continuing their education. This study recommends that access to higher education is a right of every woman in Pakistan and is a moral and social duty to achieve a sustainable society.

Keywords: Socio- Cultural Change. Cultural Barriers, Female Education

THE OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WELFARE IN LIGHT OF ISLAMIC TEACHINGS AND THE INTERRELATION OF ZAKAT AND CHARITY

Waqar Ahmed — 2024-10-25

Islamic teachings place a strong emphasis on public welfare, advocating for a just, compassionate, and inclusive society that caters to the needs of its members. This paper examines the objectives of public welfare within the Islamic framework, particularly through the principles of zakat (obligatory almsgiving) and sadaqat (voluntary charity). Zakat, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, serves as a structured and essential means of financial redistribution, aiming to reduce poverty, mitigate wealth inequalities, and uplift economically marginalized groups. This obligation is designed not only to provide immediate relief to the poor but also to support social structures that encourage self-reliance and dignity. On the other hand, sadaqat, as voluntary charity, encourages continuous benevolence, strengthening social bonds and fostering a culture of generosity and mutual assistance within the community. Together, zakat and sadaqat operate synergistically to promote socio-economic equilibrium, social justice, and moral integrity within society. The study explores how the interplay between zakat and sadaqat contributes to fulfilling broader objectives of Islamic welfare, such as the reduction of economic disparities, empowerment of the underprivileged, and the encouragement of community responsibility. By fulfilling these objectives, Islamic welfare aims to create a society where individuals and families can thrive with dignity and stability, without fear of economic deprivation. Ultimately, zakat and sadaqat are presented as practical implementations of Islam's vision for social welfare, enhancing both individual character and collective prosperity, and laying the foundation for a sustainable, compassionate society.

Keywords: Public Welfare, Islamic Teachings, Zakat, Sadaqat, Charity, Social Justice, Wealth Redistribution, Poverty Alleviation, Economic Equality, Compassion, Community Responsibility, Sustainable Society

THE ROLE OF ICT IN FOSTERING SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES AT SECONDARY LEVEL

Dr. Nazir Haider Shah — 2024-10-27

The purpose of this study was to measure ICT in fostering school management and leadership activities at the secondary level. The study employed a quantitative approach utilizing a descriptive research method, specifically a cross-sectional survey for data collection. The population comprised approximately 137 Headteachers from secondary schools in Kotli, AJ&K, with a sample size of 105 selected according to Gay's (2001) sampling table. A five-point Likert scale was utilized to assess the role of discipline in education and its impact on social development at the secondary school level. A questionnaire containing 35 statements was used in this study for the collection of data. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.977, indicating strong reliability for further research. Data collection involved personal visits to government schools in Kotli, and data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), employing simple mean, frequency, percentage, and standard deviation for comprehensive analysis.

Key Words: ICT, Fostering, School Management, School Leadership, Secondary Level.

UNRAVELING THE NEXUS OF EMPLOYEES BURNOUT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE WITH MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP SUPPORT : EVIDENCE FROM HIGHER EDUCATION, PAKISTAN

Dr. Muhammad Irshad — 2024-10-27

This quantitative study aims to unravel the intricate relationship between employees burnout and its impact on organizational performance placing a specific lens on the mediating role of leadership support. For this purpose, teaching faculty of public sector universities were counted population and multi-stages random sampling technique was applied and required data collected through survey questionnaire and analyzed through through SPSS software and AMOS software. The study found employees burnout has statistical positive impact on organizational performance with mediating role of perceived leadership support. Further revealed that 1% deviation in employees burnout may cause 45% changes in organizational performance with 55% deviation in perceived leadership support. Meanwhile the model also reflects that 1% deviation perceived leadership support cause 31% organizational performance. Based on research findings it is suggested that organization may develop and implement a mechanism to measure leadership support interventions over period of time that includes but not limited to training in supportive communication, recognition programs. Further, suggest to tracks long-term changes in burnout and its impact on organizational performance. It is recommended to conduct a research study to investigate the virtual work arrangements and burnout and whether perceived leadership support differs in virtual work environment in contrast to in-person settings.

Key Words: Employees Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, Personal Accomplishment Organizational Performance, leadership support, Higher Education

PAKISTAN-TURKEY RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: NAVIGATING MAJOR ISSUES WITH COMMON COLLABORATION

Misbah Iqbal — 2024-10-28

This article offers a thorough examination of Pakistan-Turkey relations in the twenty-first century, highlighting important issues such as the peace in Afghanistan and the Middle East crises. Also, the Cyprus issue, the Kashmir dispute, how constructed bonds between both Muslim states while supporting each other. Also, some other relevant variables influencing bilateral ties are discussed. This research explores the complex nature of Pakistan-Turkey diplomatic relations against the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics and regional issues. The paper explores how Pakistan and Turkey have coordinated their diplomatic efforts to address the long-standing dispute, showing common objectives in promoting stability and resolving disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The study will concentrate on the Cyprus and Kashmir concerns. In a similar vein, the Kashmir dispute is examined in the context of the two countries' historical endorsement of one another's stances on territorial integrity and self-determination, emphasizing the function of bilateral cooperation in furthering their respective foreign policy goals. Pakistan and Turkey are actively working together to promote communication and peace in Afghanistan, and the Afghanistan Peace process stands out as a crucial area of cooperation between them. Pakistan and Turkey have protected their own security interests and the stability of the area by participating in international efforts to establish a peaceful and stable Afghanistan through cooperative measures and diplomatic engagements. Pakistan and Turkey have been closely coordinating during the Middle East crises, which include the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, and they have been pushing for humanitarian aid and diplomatic solutions. This study evaluates how well their viewpoints on important issues overlap and looks into ways to improve cooperation in tackling regional problems. To sum up, this study provides insightful analysis of the potential and complexities present in Pakistan-Turkey relations in the twenty-first century. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamics influencing bilateral contacts is provided.

Keywords: Pakistan-Turkey Relations, Regional Problems, Bilateral Contacts, Diplomatic Engagements,

RESTRICTIONS, BANS, AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE: A STUDY OF PASHTO LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL MOVEMENTS IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad Rauf — 2024-10-31

This research paper delves into the systemic suppression of the Pashto language and culture in Pakistan, exposing the far-reaching consequences of state policies, educational practices, and media representation on the Pashtun people. Through a critical analysis of historical and contemporary data, this study reveals a disturbing decline in the use of Pashto, perpetuation of cultural inferiority, and marginalization of the Pashtun community. The findings highlight the ways in which state policies have actively promoted other languages at the expense of Pashto, educational institutions have failed to provide adequate support for Pashto language instruction, and media representation has perpetuated negative stereotypes and omission of Pashtun culture.

This research paper argues that the erosion of Pashto language and culture is not merely a natural process of cultural evolution but rather a consequence of deliberate policies and practices that have undermined the Pashtun identity. The study recommends a comprehensive set of policy reforms, educational reforms, media representation, and community engagement strategies to promote the preservation and revitalization of Pashto language and culture. By shedding light on the systemic suppression of Pashto, this research aims to spark a critical conversation about language rights, cultural preservation, and social justice in Pakistan.

Key Words: Restrictions, Bans, Cultural Resistance, Pashto Language, Pakistan

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF PAKISTANI WOMEN IN SUSTAINABILITY

Sarmad Aftab Lashari — 2024-10-31

Women’s empowerment and climate change concerns are interconnected and increasingly need to be sought in the context of sustainability issues in Pakistan, where the environmental degradation of the region goes hand-in-hand with the gender inequality. Pakistani women, rural women in particular, are affected most by climate change as they are the ones responsible for agricultural activities, fetching of water, and managing household resources. Such tasks put them at the forefront of climate change effects such as water stress, decreasing agricultural production, and natural calamities. Even though these women play an important role in managing key resources, she is often pushed outside of climate-related decision-making processes, which would enable her to make sufficient contributions to climate adaptation and mitigation processes. The situation is made all the more complex by the fact that Pakistan is an environmentally vulnerable country bearing the brunt of impacts which include heat wave, floods and drought. These environmental stresses pose livelihood threats to millions of people but disparately impact women due to their already poorer baseline socioeconomic conditions. Economic and social stresses and resource scarcity as a climate change adverse impact further aggravates many women because food insecurity, mal-nutrition and being forced to migrate become her reality after an environmental disaster. Real solutions to these situations can only be developed through a comprehensive approach that goes beyond climate resilience towards equipping women to be leaders as they design solutions to the sustainability problems. Providing education, advancing economic prospects, and engaging women in climate leadership will further sustainable development and strengthen resilience to climate change in Pakistan. Women’s roles in management of the environment and community efforts are important in research and practice. Furthermore, their participation in climate change action, especially at the grassroots level, can foster more inclusive, just, and durable measures. Alternatively, gender perspectives that enable women to play active roles in sustainability as central actors should be incorporated in climate policies. Women’s empowerment is critical and must be addressed in Pakistan’s climate change mitigation strategies. The women in this country can be involved in decision-making, education, and leadership opportunities which will create a more gender equal and a more climate resilient society. Women’s empowerment is not only an issue of equity but critical in addressing sustainable development in a climate-vulnerable country.

Keywords: Women’s Empowerment, Climate Change, Sustainability, Pakistan, Gender Equality, Climate Action, Rural Women

THE INFLUENCE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S LEADERSHIP STYLE ON CONTEMPORARY ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES

Abdul Mateen — 2024-11-02

The analysis of Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) leadership style as demonstrated in the Seerah and Hadith has got many implications on organizational practices today. First and foremost, deep devotion to ethical norms of leadership, consultative leadership (shura), compassion, and foresight are values that are pertinent in the Prophet’s leadership and are still useful in the modern world, especially considering the changing dynamics of the business world. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), through his actions, foreshadowed that a person is best suited to take the role of a leader by first serving their followers - a depiction of what servant leadership is about. After all, it is the welfare and growth of the followers that is paramount. His emphasis on moral codes of conduct, impartiality and justice practiced in his society built trust and accountability among them; principles which are necessary for enhancing accountability and integrity in contemporary organizations. For instance, his endorsement of consultations and decision making as a group exercise provided a pedestal for participative leadership where different opinions were incorporated in the decision-making processes. His role of emotional and psychological aspects among his followers was demonstrated by his empathetic approach during his leadership. These are crucial, looking at the potential of followers becoming strong and committed teams. In addition to these traits, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) possessed the characteristics of a prophecy leader that was able to foresee long term plans, which could be observed in the development of the social, political, and economic framework of the city of Medina that guaranteed the continuity of the Muslim Ummah. His tenacity and hard work even in difficult circumstances are good examples and easy lessons for today's leaders that need to survive in volatile business situations. These elements of Prophet Muhammad's leadership suggest a great model for contemporary leaders focused on the creation of sound, inclusive and efficient organizations. Implementing these principles in business, leaders are capable of creating an environment of trust, interaction, and nurturing development within the organizations.

Keywords: Prophet Muhammad, leadership style, servant leadership, ethical leadership, emotional intelligence, consultation, visionary leadership, resilience, organizational practices.

THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION IN THE SEERAH ON CURRENT SOCIO-POLITICAL ISSUES

Dr. Zeeshan — 2024-11-03

Migration has remained at the core of human concern with its implications on social, political and economic organization of societies. With regard to the place of Islam, the biography (Seerah) of Prophet Muhammad (Yes PBUH) becomes relevant with regard to the issue of migration in looking at the Hijra (migration) from a social and economic perspective. This is a significant milestone in the history of Islam, as it was more than a strategy aimed at ensuring survival, but winning Muslims credibility in the eyes of others and establishing a comprehensive and pluralistic community. One of the world’s earliest written constitutions, the Constitution of Medina forms, adequate respect for religion and culture as well as assuring every Muslims, Jew, and pagan tribe of the ideal of protection and cooperation. This first document bears salient features of exclusivity, cultural interdependence and social justice that bears similar relevance to the issues of migration and even the refugee crisis that occur today. The lessons from the Seerah on migration are also of great proof value tackling the current socio-political scenarios of refugee crisis; integration; social justice; and economic emancipation. Nowadays, the migration picture is affected by civil wars, climate change, economic crisis forcing out tens of millions of people across the globe. The kindness which the residents of Medina extended to the field displaced Muhajirun by means of the Mufakat brotherhood system, which fostered a spirit of interdependence and shared obligations, is an example of what modern responses should be. Additionally, the Prophet's ability to bring together different groups into one society helps to understand how contemporary societies can deal with the challenges of multiculturalism and achieve peace and togetherness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the repercussions of migration as portrayed in the Seerah while making comparisons with the current migration crisis. In addressing of the subject, this paper studies the Prophet's leadership during the period of Hijrah, with a view to understanding how concepts of mercy, diversity and fairness can help contemporary societies in dealing with issues of migration. The implementation of these eternal teachings can respond to present day social and political challenges so that the migrants and refugees can maintain their dignities, as well as social stability in the host societies can enhance.

Keywords: Migration, Seerah, Hijrah, Prophet Muhammad, Refugees, Integration, Social Justice, Medina, Constitution of Medina, Humanitarian Response.

A RESEARCH ANALYSIS OF SCHOLARS' OPINIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF MAGIC

Nasir Mehmood — 2024-11-06

This research paper aims to analyze the perspectives of Islamic scholars on the effects and influence of magic, known as "sihr" in Islamic terminology. Magic has long been a subject of debate in both Islamic and secular contexts, with scholars differing on its actual existence, forms, and potential impact on human lives. The study explores various classical and contemporary Islamic sources to highlight the diverse opinions held by scholars regarding the nature, legitimacy, and consequences of magic. It investigates the concept of magic from an Islamic perspective, drawing upon Quranic verses, Hadith literature, and scholarly interpretations. Many scholars affirm the reality of magic, basing their arguments on textual evidence from the Quran, which explicitly mentions instances of magic and its consequences. However, they differ on the extent to which it can affect individuals, with some asserting that magic primarily impacts a person’s mental and emotional state, while others argue that it can have physical and material effects as well. Furthermore, the paper examines the ethical and religious implications associated with practicing or seeking protection from magic, emphasizing that Islam strongly prohibits the practice of magic and warns against its use. In this context, scholars discuss the protective measures prescribed in the Quran and Sunnah, such as specific supplications and reliance on Allah, to safeguard oneself from the harmful effects of magic. By critically analyzing the various interpretations and viewpoints, this study sheds light on the nuanced understanding of magic in Islamic teachings and the recommended approaches for dealing with it. This paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of spiritual resilience, reliance on faith, and adherence to Islamic guidance as the primary means of protection against any perceived effects of magic.

Keywords: Magic, sihr, Islamic scholars, effects of magic, Quran, Hadith, Islamic perspective, spiritual protection, religious prohibitions, Islamic guidance.

LYALLPUR AND ITS FORMATION AS A NEW DISTRICT HEADQUARTER TOWN: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF COLONIAL INFLUENCE ON URBANIZATION OF THE PUNJAB

Dr. Amna Jahangir — 2024-11-07

When the British colonized the Punjab's western doabs (interfluvial regions) for agricultural purposes, they reorganized the area for their own imperial ends. As a result, new urban centers were created and the old Punjabi towns were expanded, starting the urbanization process. In West Punjab during the British era, the establishment of a colonial town as the district center was connected to the general development of the region through canal colonies and railroads. This study will investigate the growth of a brand-new town, Lyallpur. The historical development of Lyallpur's urban form will be examined in light of the colonial town's significance as a hub for imperial economy and power. The discussion will be predicated on an examination of a number of historical materials, such as town and district maps and fieldwork-gathered architectural and urban data. According to the study, Lyallpur's rise as a major district-level mandi/market town had a major influence on the region's urban growth by making it easier for people and agricultural products to move between rural areas and the new urban center. Prior to the British era, the Lower Rechna Doab was largely underdeveloped, lightly populated, and lacked any prominent urban center.

Keywords: British , Punjab's Western Doabs , Agricultural Purposes , Rechna Doab , Urban Center

EXPLORING THE SYMBOLISM IN WILLIAM BLAKE'S POETRY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Syed Shadman Ul Hassan — 2024-11-08

The function of symbolism is an extended concept that provides texts with numerous references and layers of meaning that confound interpretation and increase reader interest in the text. The so-called vision of William Blake (1757–1827), English poet, painter, printmaker, and MHRR author and artist of children and innocence of experience, is oriented organically by symbolism that shapes both his style and his thinking politics, imbued with internal and external ideologies of politics. Blake’s symbols are not just and aesthetic or illustrative, but active and expressive and contain pedagogical values that convey messages about the human existence, power, and the opportunities of change. That is what his work does and that is why it remains unique and ground breaking in terms of symbolic representation and signification which is intimately bound up with his condemnation of the pseudo-cultural, political, and religious systems of his day. This study embarks on an in-depth exploration of Blake’s symbolic world, with a particular focus on two of his major prophetic works, America: A Prophecy written in 1793 and Europe: A Prophecy composed in 1794. These texts are replete with images and signification which interact with the historical and political unrest of the late 18th century and although these appearing to work on a basis of the potential for revolution these do so on the back of an avowal of spirituality and philosophical rebirth. In more detail, recognizing that Blake’s art is semiotic, this study aims to examine the multiple meanings encoded in his specific iconography and develop a better understanding of the revolutionary message and purpose of his art. In America: In A Prophecy, Blake makes effective use of revolutionary imagery and themes of retribution by characterizing them against the social evil standards of the revolutionary period such as colonialism imperialism and institutionalized religion. This way, using mythological images and the references to the Bible as the primary authority this artist rebels against conformism and offers another type of freedom associated with religious revelation and political emancipation. Similarly, in Europe: In A Prophecy, dream and symbol is Blake’s attack against the ravages of industrialism, war and systematic religion, awakening the human spirit at the same time to the possibility of freedom, creativity, and divine truth. Each construction contains the speculation of human suffering and deliverance revealing imagination as a material for combating oppression. It is important not to see Blake’s symbolism in the work as exclusively political, however. Indeed, it is also very philosophical and metaphysical as he was a strong believer of pantheism, the idea that the world both the physical and the spirits worlds are one. It provides readers with symbols beyond the cult, which raises the depths of man: the idea of creation, a struggle between the head and heart, and the search for the spirit. To Blake, the change in the society in its revolutionary form is guaranteed a change in the spiritual form; liberation from the chain of material society. By examining the intricate web of symbols in Blake’s America: A Prophecy and Europe: A Prophecy, this work aspires to shed light on how these symbols are not only political commentary tools, but also representations of Blake’s revolutionary otherworldly opinion. As with most of Blake’s works, the piece embraces radical themes of social change and spiritual emancipation, literarily and metaphorically urging the audience to contemplate on the prospects of change in two spheres – the external and the internal. Hence, even today, Blake’s work speaks in a very loud voice for politics and religion, for action — calling man or woman to be all he or she is capable of being — free. Finally, it is the goal of this work to try to persuade the reader that Blake’s symbols are historical in their reference, but eternal in significance, and that they contain for those who seek such things keys for the regeneration of society no less than the human soul. In the following excerpt, Blake’s innovative use of language, in terms of the topics that he encourages the reader to think about, ties the two categories of imagination and the divine with the freedom from oppression, freedom of creativeness, freedom to paint future human life.

Key words: Symbolism, William Blake, Romanticism, Revolution, Spirituality, Imagination, Prophecy, Emancipation, Metaphysics, Pantheism.

CONNOTATION OF THE IMPLICIT DEMAND – THEORETICAL, RHETORICAL AND APPLIED STUDY

Ibrahim Amir Hatam Badshah — 2024-11-08

Semantics, “the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning” is the pivotal matter of how “Usul Al Fiqh” works, in this regard, the concept of “Demand” or “Al talab” came via Complex process starting from The literal meaning of the word in Arabic With its connotations upon logical meaning And shaping in different formularizations reaching at concern terms and tools in Usul Al Fiqh and then using it to Understand the “demands” Required in Shari legal Text of “Quran and Sunnah” and finishing at deriving shariah Laws.Based on the aforementioned, The “Usuliyyon” divided the “demand” into “Al Amr” and “Al nahi” and all of them into “Mandatory and non mandatory” and they specified four forms for “Al Amr” which are: “fil ul Amr, mozari with lam ul amr, masdar which works as Amr and Al khabar which gives meaning of Amr” and one shape of Al nahi which is: ”mozari with lam Ul nahi” and they said All these forms Indicate explicitly to Demand except “Al Khaber” which its connotation on demand is implicitly.

This study raised this point and looked at the concept of “Implicit Demand” first In Arabic language and then in the method of (Usulies-الأصوليون) which can built theory in Usul Al Fiqh on (Implicit Demand).

Keywords: Semantics- Connotation- implicit demand – Usul – Holy Texts.

IDENTIFICATION OF MORTAR COMPONENTS USED IN JAHANGIR’S QUADRANGLE LAHORE FORT, LAHORE

Najma Kabir — 2024-11-11

ABSTRACT

Built environment is a valuable asset and portrays the cultures and norms that evolved through ages. Because of its unmatched historic value, the Lahore Fort Lahore has been declared as protected and significant building in the World Heritage List since 1981 and hence being protected by UNESCO. It has also been noted that improper conservation techniques has resulted in damage to the structures and craftsmanship. So, in order to save our time and money, it is mandatory to analyze the original material to know its constituents as well as the application techniques A study was conducted to examine the materials used in the Mughal-era structure, Jahangir’s Quadrangle, at Lahore Fort, Lahore. Both invasive and non-invasive techniques were applied to explore the constituents of original mortar sample. Analysis through X-Ray Diffraction and Petrographic studies of the mortar samples of Jahangir’s Quadrangle identified mortar components as burnt lime and fine Ravi sand. Disilicates were also detected in the mortar. It was also explored through investigation that the Kankar found in the area near Lahore consisted of lime and sandy clay with other impurities in the ratio of 70% and 30%. The presence of impurities in the mortar is vital to provide it with appropriate bonding strength naturally. In addition to the natural, the other causes of deterioration of materials found in Jahangir’s Quadrangle were through the polluted environment due to the emissions of SO₃, NO₃, CO₂and fluorides in the dust due to vehicles. After various analytical techniques, the conservation mortar composition was determined to be a mix of sand, fine kankar, and coarse kankar in a ratio of 1:1.5:1.5.

Keywords: Environment, Cultures, X-Ray Diffraction, UNESCO, Jahangir’s Quadrangle, World Heritage

ENGLISH MEDIUM INSTRUCTION (EMI) IN NON-ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES: PEOPLE, LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND LEARNING – LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL, AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPLEXITIES

Sadia Khan — 2024-11-11

This study investigates the impact of Digital Learning (DL) platforms on education outcomes in remote and underprivileged areas, aiming to enhance opportunities and address augmented challenges. Through quantitative and qualitative research among rural teachers and students, the study evaluates the benefits of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-supported platforms. Findings show that DL platforms provide quality education regardless of geographical location or economic background, offering lessons in game, video, and quiz formats. However, barriers include poor internet connectivity, inadequate infrastructure, low technological literacy, and social-cultural factors. The study recommends comprehensive language support systems, culturally sensitive curriculum design, teacher training programs focused on English Medium Instruction (EMI) pedagogies, technology integration, and collaborative teaching approaches. Implications for policy and practice include informing language policy and planning, enhancing teacher education and training, developing culturally responsive curriculum, promoting effective instructional strategies, and fostering international collaborations. Despite limitations in geographical scope and sample size, this research contributes to the understanding of DL platforms' effectiveness. Future studies should investigate EMI models and frameworks, examine language assessment and proficiency, and analyze cultural identity and language power dynamics. Ultimately, this research underscores the potential of DL platforms in extending access to education, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address technological, cultural, and instructional obstacles.

Keywords: English Medium Instruction, language proficiency, pedagogy, teacher training, curriculum design, digital learning, cultural identity, educational technology, studentengagement, globaleducation

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW OF LIMITATION AND ITS ORIGIN IN SHARIA AND LAW

Dr. Muhammad Asghar — 2024-11-11

Everything has a base and origin and with the passage of time it is going to develop and improve. Knowledge and arts is also started from a basic and has a historical background. The Law is a basic element for a system and country and without law a system cannot run. Law has many branches and one of them the law of limitation which has main rule in the legal system of a country. Law of limitation forbade any litigant from litigation after lapse of time. So a question is arise that there was any concept of this law in any legal system as well as what is the historical background of this law and its origin? The answer of this question has given that in early legal systems we can find the concept of law of limitation in civil and criminal systems. Another question raised and asked that is there any concept of this law in Sharia? The answer is also positive and we also find and according to Islamic law there should be an end for litigation and a time frame for every case. We have to know that both legal systems discussed the question of limitation and its importance although both systems are agree on one point that no can any person deprived from his right by this law. The main purpose of this law is to save the time of courts from those cases which was not brought before the court for long time. So according to Sharia and Man mad law there is specific time for every case and after lapse of this time the question of limitation will be raised before the court. In this study I have to discuss the origin and development of this important law in both legal systems i.e. Sharia and conventional law because this law having very importance in court procedure therefore I selected this topic for research in this prospective. This study will discuss the history and origin of this law in early legal systems as well as in Islamic legal system. The main object of this study is to analyses the history and origin of law of limitation. The outline of this study is as follow: This research has two chapters: First chapter deals the historical background and origin of law of limitation in Sharia and old era of legal system: Firstly it discusses the origin and development of law of limitation in Islamic law. Secondly it discusses the historical background and origin of law of limitation in old era of conventional legal systems. Second chapter deals with the modern era of law of limitation.

Keywords: Historical Development, Law, Limitation, origin, ShariaLaw.

THE DYNAMIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STUDENTS PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES AND EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION THROUGH MEDIATING MECHANISM OF TECHNOSTRESS

Noor Rehman — 2024-11-12

This paper explores student’s personality characteristics, technostress, and emotional burnout. Concerning neuroticism and conscientiousness which are the two personality characteristics in question, the study proves that the mentioned personality traits affect emotional exhaustion among students. In addition, the study finds technostress as a moderator, implying that students with high neuroticism and conscientiousness are most vulnerable to technostress that also multiplies their emotional exhaustion. As demonstrated through regression models, there is a positive relationship between neuroticism to technostress and emotional exhaustion In addition, conscientiousness positively influences these results. The mediation analysis supports the current study by showing that technostress only partially mediates the relationship between personality traits and emotional exhaustion, making it imperative that solutions to technostress be implemented in academia. These outcomes justify the provision of appropriate resources containing mental health services and training sessions about useful technological application. Understanding the association of personality and technostress enables the educational institutions to devise best practices to tackle with emotional exhaustion and improve student’s well-being. This study adds knowledge on how the personal characteristics as well as environmental factors affect the health of the students and hence inform research propositions in education practice in the future.

Keywords: Personality Traits, Emotional Exhaustion, Technostress, Higher Education

THE EDUCATIONAL ASPECT OF LEGAL VERSES OF THE HOLY QUR’AN A MODEL OF VERSES OF JIHAD (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)

Abdur Rahman Huzaifi — 2024-11-12

Educational interpretation has developed in recent decades with the development of sciences and their branching into the most accurate disciplines as a specialized interpretation through which the focus is on a specialized educational discourse by benefiting from the data of educational sciences in understanding the Qur’an, or applying educational theories to the Qur’an, or theorizing these sciences on the basis of the Holy Qur’an. The importance of educational interpretation stands out in that it is consistent with the main objective of the revelation of the Qur’an, which is guidance and education. The study will contribute to revealing many educational issues and references that are not present in the rest of the exegesis. Besides it will be helpful in deduction and application of various new ideas of interpretation along with it’s authenticating, rooting, theorizing this Modern trend in Tafseer. From this point of view, this research came as an attempt to extract and highlight the educational aspects of the legal verses pertaining to jihad, which are usually interpreted as explicit verdicts of law only.

Keywords: Jihad, Holy Qur’an, Tafseer, Educational Aspect, Exegesis, Educational theories, legal Verse.

TECHNOLOGY AND LEARNING READINESS: HOW DIGITAL INSTRUCTION ENHANCES UNIVERSITY STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PREPAREDNESS

Dr. Manzoor Raza — 2024-11-13

The current study purpose is to investigate the technology and learning readiness: How digital instruction enhances university student’s academic preparedness. A quantitative research method was used to examine the impact of technology on student outcomes. The main objective of the study was to identify the current use of technology-enhanced instructional tools and resources among university students. A survey research design was used, with a sample size of 346 students from virtual universities and the University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus). A self-developed questionnaire was distributed among respondents during classes. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the status of technology integrated instructions and the learning readiness of students. The results suggested that technology should be enhanced for learning process and ensure high-quality training at higher education level. For instance, specific types of educational technology used for teaching learning process that include cell phones, laptops, social media, TV/LCD, emails, wikis, blogs, internet, one-way video conferencing, and web-based discussion forums.

Keywords: Effectiveness, Technology-enhanced, Instructions, Readiness, academic preparedness

ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS TO ASSESS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF HEARING IMPAIRED PUPILS AT SECONDARY LEVEL

Dr. Hina Hadayat Ali — 2024-11-16

Hearing impairment adversely affects the educational performance of pupils with hearing impairment. The current study aimed to identify the academic assessment strategies employed by special education teachers for hearing impaired pupils at secondary level in district Faisalabad. A sample of 60 teachers of pupils with hearing impairment was selected for the study using convenience sampling technique. A self-developed questionnaire with 20 questions was used for the purpose of data collection from the respondents. The data collected from the teachers was analyzed in terms of mean and standard deviation. The strategies used by the special educators for the assessment of students with hearing impairment showed that majority of the respondents (M=4.38, S.D=0.761) were using test questions with sign language interpretation to assess the students with hearing loss. A great number (M=4.27, S.D=0.756) of participants were using models and pictures to assess the educational performance of the students with hearing loss. The instruments used by the special educators for the assessment of students with hearing impairment represented that majority of the respondents (M=4.27, S.D=0.972) were using sign language and cued speech to assess the students with hearing loss. The problems faced by the special educators for the assessment of students with hearing impairment indicated that many of the respondents (M=4.03, S.D=0.974) had familiarity with the use of modern tools in assessing the students with hearing, and most of the teachers (M=3.80, S.D=0.782) were facing time constraints in test administration. It was inferred that majority of the respondents opined that they give extra examples along with the test instructions, and test questions are interpreted through sign language to enhance student’s understanding, as well as short and concise questions were used to assess the academic performance of pupils with hearing impairment. The sign language and cued speech were predominantly used as assessment tools. Problems of the teachers included the time constraint in assessing the students with hearing loss. The study will help teachers and professional in educational assessment of the students with hearing impairment.

Key Words: Assessment Strategies, Pupils with Hearing Impairment, Secondary Level.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF PREACHER TOWARD HIMSELF IN THE LIGHT OF TAFSIR AL -VASIT LI ‘I -QURAN -E- KAREEM BY MUHAMMAD SAYEED AL TANTAWI.

Dr. Wahab Gul — 2024-11-16

Dr. Sayed Muhammad al-Tantawi one of the prominent scholar .He was late Sheikh of Al-Azhar 1996 AD to 2010 AD. He was known for his moderate Islamic thought, which combine tradition and modernity. He played a prominent role in reforming Muslim society by mitigating intolerance hatred and ignorance. He was a great preacher and authors .He authored ‘’ Tafsir el –vasit li ‘I –Quran –e- Karim, which is modern Tafsir that contains specific role for proper methodology of dawah .and in this paper the researcher tries to uncover the responsibilities of a preacher toward himself in the lightTafsir of Dr Tantawi.

Key words: Responsibilities Preacher, Toward, Tafsirel –vasit li ‘I –Quran –e- Karim, Dr. Sayed Muhammad al-Tantawi.

ADJECTIVAL PATTERNS IN SIDHWA’S NARRATIVE STYLE

Sana Nawaz — 2024-11-17

The present research is a corpus-drive analysis of adjectives in Bapsi Sidhwa’s fiction. It is aimed at highlighting the various aspects of the usage of adjectives and their resultant effects in Sidhwian fiction. For this purpose, a corpus of Sidhwa’s fictional works has been compiled which has been analyzed with the help of Antconc 3.2.4 software. For a detailed scrutiny, the concordance lines have been explored thoroughly. The research, in an attempt to be in accordance with the procedure of corpus-based study, has relied on a detailed analysis of lexical items along with insights that have been gathered from keyword lists, clusters and n-grams, in order to strengthen the validity, collocations and colligation trends have also been analyzed. The in-depth study of the adjectives, the use of which is thought to be a distinguishing characteristics of Sidhwa, has been carried out to validate the so-called assumption that the rather excessive use of adjectives is a leading characteristic of female writers in general and Sidhwa’s writings in particular. The corpus analysis has lead the researchers to the findings that there seems to be an unusual usage of adjectives in Sidhwa’s fiction in quantitative terms but as far as their aptness is concerned, it can be asserted that their use can be justified according to the requirements of the text. The research has explored new vistas in corpus stylistics to endorse the insight of the literary theorists. The present research will help the literary critics, new researchers of the author, teachers, and students to understand the text from a more syntactical perspective.

Key Words: Adjectival Patterns, Narrative Style, Bapsi Sidhwa, Corpus Linguitics, Stylistic Analysis

SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF LIBRARY RESOURCES: TRENDS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Shaiq Hassan — 2024-11-18

Over the past few decades there has been a transition to digital learning and a decrease in the circulation of printed materials. However, the utilization of libraries has notably increased in university affiliated libraries, underscoring their significance in the realms of education and research in the digital era. Libraries continue to serve as pivotal hubs for concentrated study, creative pursuits, and beyond. The current research is aimed at analysing why students still use libraries. In this regard, a comprehensive literature review is presented and a survey questionnaire is designed to assess the responses of university students. The findings of the study revealed that libraries still hold significance for students due to several reasons – to access diverse range of physical and digital research material, to attend library organized events and conduct research in a serene setting.

Keywords: Sustainability, Library Resources, University Students, Utilization Patterns,Trends and Practices

SHAH WALIULLAH’S REFORMS AND ISLAMIC REVIVALISM IN THE SUBCONTINENT

Dr. Muhammad Daniyal Khan — 2024-11-18

Shah Waliullah was a pivotal figure in the Islamic revivalist movement in the Indian subcontinent, whose reforms significantly shaped the socio-religious landscape of the region. Living during the declining phase of the Mughal Empire, he sought to address the challenges faced by Muslims, including political fragmentation, moral degeneration, and the loss of Islamic values. His efforts were rooted in restoring the primacy of Islamic teachings while fostering unity among Muslims through reforms in education, jurisprudence, and theology. Shah Waliullah emphasized the importance of ijtihad (independent reasoning) and sought to reconcile sectarian differences, particularly between Sunni and Shia communities, to create a unified Muslim society. He translated the Quran into Persian, making its teachings accessible to the masses and encouraging a deeper connection to the core principles of Islam. His works, including Hujjatullah al-Baligha, provided a comprehensive framework for understanding Islamic law and societal organization in the context of the subcontinent. A critical aspect of Shah Waliullah’s reforms was his call for political revitalization and the establishment of just governance based on Islamic principles. He advocated for a balanced relationship between spiritual and temporal authority, urging rulers to uphold justice and adhere to Sharia law. His influence extended to later Islamic movements in the region, shaping the foundations of 19th-century reformist and revivalist efforts. This paper examines Shah Waliullah’s reforms in the context of their historical significance, assessing their impact on Islamic revivalism and their enduring legacy in the socio-political and religious fabric of South Asia. By bridging classical Islamic thought with the realities of the time, Shah Waliullah provided a model for reform that remains relevant in contemporary discussions on Islamic revival and identity.

Keywords: Shah Waliullah, Islamic Revivalism, Indian Subcontinent, Religious Reforms, Sectarian Reconciliation, Political Revitalization, Reformist Movements

PRONUNCIATION PERSPECTIVES: HOW LOCATION SHAPES ENGLISH ACCENTS

Muhammad Faheem — 2024-11-21

"The goal of the challenge,” Pronunciation Perspectives: How Location Shapes English Accents," is to thoroughly look into and understand the unique characteristics and elements that affect the pronunciation of English students. By using a mixed methods technique that consists of quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and audio recordings, the assignment seeks to resolve the problematic interaction between linguistic subtleties and numerous contextual elements consisting of own family influence, media affect, peer interactions, educational settings, and the distinct dynamics of city and rural environments. The primary purpose is to make a contribution to valuable insights into how accents shape communication styles amongst English students, nurturing a deeper information of the elaborate courting between language, culture, and identification in numerous settings. Ultimately, the goal is not most effective to discover the complexities of accentual contrasts among English students however additionally to set up a basis for destiny research exploring the evolving nature of language, conversation, and identity in numerous settings.

Keywords: Regionality, Dialect, Phonetics, Intonation, Linguistic diversity

THE NEXUS BETWEEN CSR (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL) AND CORPORATE REPORTING: MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

Sajjad Ali khan — 2024-11-21

The purpose of this research is to look at the multiple interaction between CSR social economic and environmental factors and corporate Reporting with Organizational culture as a moderator. Based on the data collected from 276 employees working in different banks of the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the research employs a quantitative approach to examine the proposed relationships by employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS. These relate to how every CSR dimension supports Corporate Reporting by displaying transparency and accountability of CSR related activities. Further, mediating role of Organizational Culture is also examined as the variable that can either boost or dampen these relationships. The main recommendations are that Economic CSR has a strong positive impact on Corporate Reporting; and Environmental CSR provides inconclusive results due to practicality issues associated with organizations implementing sustainable programs. Community involvement that is a component of Social CSR also has a significant relationship with Corporate Reporting; this shows that firms engaged in social responsibility cases are more likely to report their CSR responsibilities. The moderating role of Organizational Culture shows that an effective and ethical culture reinforce the effect of CSR on corporate reporting, resulting to accountability and higher stakeholder trust. Hence, the study has important implications for the Pakistan’s banking organizations, encouraging the firms to incorporate the effective CSR practices to increase the transparency and sustainability reporting.

Keyword: CSR social economic and environmental factors, Corporate Reporting, Organizational culture, Mediation, Banking

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE ENVY AND EMPLOYEE WELLBEING

Yasar Arafat — 2024-11-23

This research study is about the relationship between employee envy and employee wellbeing. Envy is negative feeling when an employee feels about other employee superiority, success, and reward and wishes that for himself/herself. Wellbeing is positive or good behaviours and attitudes of employees’ towards each other in an organization. This study aims to find that employees envy and employees wellbeing are related and to explore that how employees envy affect the employee wellbeing about organization. This study is qualitative in nature and survey research methodology is used while data have been collected by interviews that are semi-structured. For analysis of data collected, researcher has used the thematic analysis technique. Results obtained from the thematic analysis showed that employees envy is negatively related to wellbeing of employees and organization. In this study one aspect of employees wellbeing is explored, therefore, it is recommended that other aspects of the same construct could be investigated in future research. Relationship of employees envy and wellbeing can be studied with psychological concepts such as self-esteem of employees, citizenship behaviour of employees regarding organization, skepticism, narcissism and like concepts. Such studies may assist in exploring strength of relationship between envy and wellbeing of employees.

Keywords: Employees envoy, employees’ wellbeing, malicious, benign, semi-structured interview, thematic analysis.

LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION: A STUDY OF ITS IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE OF PAKISTANI UNIVERSITIES

Rafi Ullah — 2024-11-24

This research examines the effect of language medium on performance in subjects that inevitably involve much use of language for study for students in Pakistani universities. Linguistically, Pakistan remains a very diverse country since more than seventy languages are used in this country. English is the language for higher education, for global communications as well as for accessing economic opportunities resulting in facing perplexities by students belonging to linguistically diverse background. Theoretical sciences including Cummins’ Framework for Language and Literacy Development and Gardner’s Integrative Motivation Theory emphasize on language proficiency nt in the consideration of achievement. Research questions include: Language medium and academic performance: an empirical question Explaining how language proficiency impacts achievement: A review. What are the difficulties that learners with LEP? To do this, 300 students from public and private university were administered a survey, in addition to conducting interviews with 20 faculty members from same universities. Consequently, this study adds to a literature that discusses choice of language medium in Pakistani universities, helps in shaping language policies, training of teachers, and choice of teaching pedagogy. Specifically, the study will seek to establish the effect of language medium on the students’ academic performance look at the function of the language proficiency in the success of the students, and establish the woeful experiences of learners with limited English language proficiency. Research hypotheses include: First language instruction will enhance achievement for students, while higher achievement in science and mathematics will result from English-medium education. Anticipated objectives include effects of language medium on academic performance, the significance of language proficiency in achievement, and policy implications for language medium. These are limitations based on sample size and area, and complexity of language teaching and learning. As such, the study provides significant implications for language policy and future teacher education, as well as raising learning attainment. Further research ideas relate to the longitudinal research on the teaching of language and understanding the role of technology in language acquisition.

Keywords: language medium issue, academic performance, university in Pakistan, mastery in English language.

THE US INTEREST IN INDIA AND NATURE OF INDO-US NEXUS POST 9/11

Umar Hayat — 2024-12-02

This article aims at assessing the scope of Indo US interaction over the period 9/11 to 2018. It posits that the Indo American Axis has matured due to the Indo American strategic partnership. The US and India have participated in strategic; political and economic, measures aimed at consolidating the partnership. Within this context, India was seen by some members of the new Bush administration as a potential partner in trying to restrain China’s assertiveness and maintaining the balance of power in the Indian Ocean region. The Bush administration also saw India as a key factor in securing the maritime routes in the Indian Ocean region, which were critical for trade and oil transportation. Officials from Obama’s administration said they have confidence that the relations with India will be stable as the relations were with the former President George W Bush. To promote defense relations, a number of treaties were made that broadened the strategic and security relationship between the US and India, including enhanced integration of the two navies, shared maritime security of the Indian Ocean, and convergence on Afghan theatre and counterterrorism. Much of these treaties were part of an effort by President Obama to seek a genuine strategic partnership with India deepening our military relationship as well as trade and support for democracies. The Trump administration was marked by an active alliance for the purposes of strategic joint security projects and defense pacts. The complexity of Indo-U.S. relations at this time also highlighted both countries’ attempts to balance their strategic priorities with the multipolarity of the international system.

Keywords: Containment, Counter-Terrorism, Tactical Detection, unmanned aerial vehicle, Manichean perspective

MEDIA-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL TRANSFORMATION ON SELF-ESTEEM AND POLITICAL ADVOCACY IN PROMOTING YOUTH HEALTH EQUITY.

Dr. Moazama Anwar — 2024-12-02

Disordered eating behaviors are becoming increasingly common among teenagers, and if not addressed, they can become chronic. Even non-clinical teenage populations have common disruptions such as body dissatisfaction, erroneously eating, and self-induced vomiting, which have a substantial impact on their mental health and may influence their reproductive health. This study intends to investigate the influence of social media and self-esteem on disordered eating practices and reproductive health among Pakistan's university students. A total of 200 undergraduate and graduate students filled out a questionnaire that included the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The participants were separated into two age groups: under 21 (57.0%) and over 21 (43.0%). For comparison study, the sample was divided into two categories: educational level and gender. Inter-variable correlations indicated that self-esteem was adversely related to both SATAQ-3 and EAT scores, suggesting that lower self-esteem is associated with more disordered eating habits and unfavorable sociocultural views. The regression analysis revealed that sociocultural views positively predicted disordered eating behaviors (ß =.25; t = 3.3; p <.01), whereas self-esteem was a significant negative predictor (ß = -0.18; t = 4.1; p <.05), accounting for 4.0% of the model's variance. Furthermore, the findings suggest that disordered eating behaviors may have a negative influence on menstrual health, since body dissatisfaction and bad dieting practices disrupt normal menstrual cycles and hormonal balance. These findings highlight the critical need for targeted interventions through Social and Behavioral Change Communication (SBCC), such as educational campaigns promoting body positivity, social media literacy programs to combat unrealistic beauty standards, and community-based initiatives involving parents, educators, and healthcare providers. Furthermore, incorporating SBCC approaches into mental and reproductive health services, as well as lobbying for regulatory reforms to restrict harmful social media material, can help reduce the impact of disordered eating on adolescent mental and reproductive health.

Keywords: disordered eating, social media, self-esteem, adolescent reproductive health

COMBATING FAKE NEWS AND PROPAGANDA: POLICY APPROACHES FOR SAFEGUARDING MEDIA INTEGRITY AND PUBLIC TRUST IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad Noaman Yousaf — 2024-12-06

This article examines the complex problem of countering propaganda and fake news in Pakistan, highlighting the necessity of sensible legislative measures to protect media integrity and rebuild public confidence. It looks at how common disinformation is becoming, especially on social media, and how it affects democratic processes and public discourse, negatively. The article outlines a number of policy solutions, including as media literacy programs, regulatory frameworks for digital media, and the part played by government organizations, media outlets, and civil society in resolving the problem. The report supports a balanced strategy that encourages free speech while preventing the spread of misleading material, drawing on global best practices. It also emphasizes how crucial it is for stakeholders to work together and implement open, fact-based policies in order to shield the public from the damaging impacts of propaganda and fake news. In order to guarantee a better informed and resilient society, the essay ends with suggestions for bolstering media governance, encouraging responsible journalism, and raising public awareness. Qualitative approach has been utilized in the research process and content analysis along with thematic and discourse analysis of the available data has been undertaken as per the research demands. The article is an attempt, addition and contribution to academia, and guideline for scholars, students and policy makers.

Keywords: Disinformation, Misinformation, Polarization, Media Literacy, Deep Fake Detection, Propaganda Crises

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WHATSAPP FOR ESL READING AND WRITING: PERCEPTIONS OF PAKISTANI LEARNERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Muneeba Sehr — 2024-12-06

The rapid advancement of technology had significantly influenced students' lifestyles, with platforms like WhatsApp playing a pivotal role in shaping modern learning experiences. As a social networking tool, WhatsApp had proven to be an effective resource for enhancing the reading and writing skills of English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, offering a dynamic communication channel between teachers and students. While numerous studies had explored this trend in various countries, limited research had been conducted in Pakistan. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of undergraduate students in government colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) regarding the use of WhatsApp as a tool to improve ESL reading and writing skills. Additionally, the research investigated the significance of WhatsApp in ESL classrooms. A total of 300 undergraduate ESL students from different government colleges in KP were selected as the sample for this research. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was adopted, using a close-ended questionnaire to gather data. The data were analyzed quantitatively with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), applying descriptive statistics, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation, to interpret the results. The findings revealed that students perceived WhatsApp as a beneficial tool for online learning, specifically in enhancing their ESL reading and writing abilities. This study provided valuable insights into the potential of integrating WhatsApp into ESL classrooms to support language development.

Keywords: Technology, perception, second language learning, SPSS, reading and writing

THE COGNITIVE FRONTIER: AI’S ROLE IN SHAPING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND ATTENTION CAPACITIES OF GEN-Z STUDENTS

Dr Misbah Obaid — 2024-12-07

The study aims to explore the effects of artificial Intelligence on the cognitive functions and attention capacity of undergraduate Students. Given the growing application and use of AI tools in the learning environment, the study aims at establishing how these aspects apply advance, and transform scholarly learning activities while identifying the strengths and weaknesses connected to such applications. Most appealing advancements in education powered by AI have positively impacted learning by simplifying computationally intensive problems and increasing efficiency, distraction is a negative impact of excessive use of AI among students. The study uses the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of cognition to assess the relationship between AI engagement and the development of cognitive abilities alongside the attention span among Gen-Z students who are in a major developmental stage of brain development. The primary study adopting a quantitative and qualitative research design, assessing semi-structured questionnaires and following ethical precautions. They point to the positive effect of AI on academic performance, increased productivity, but at the same time the negative effect in the form of a lower duration of attention and initiative thinking. The result is intended to offer direction to both educators and stakeholders, including suggested solutions in order to enhance the use of AI in education. In overcoming these issues, the goal of this study is to create a balanced learning experience that increases creativity, focus and innovation together with the benefits of Artificial Intelligence.

Keywords: Cognitive Frontier, AI in Education, Academic Performance, Attention Capacities, Gen-Z Students

AI IS THE KEY TO CUSTOMER-CENTRICITY: ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION AND INVOLVEMENT THROUGH AFFECTIVE CONNECTION

Nadir Hussain — 2024-12-11

Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing the dynamic between suppliers and customers by changing the way things work when buying online. This study applies the social support theory to analyze consumer purchase intentions via the lens of social media involvement, AI technology, and consumer experience. We polled 467 Chinese social media users who had shopped online or used artificial intelligence before. We use PLS-SEM, or partial least squares structural equation modeling, to look at the data and the hypotheses. This study found that AI improves customer engagement and satisfaction on social media. Following a similar line of thought, there is a favorable correlation between social media use and customer contentment, which in turn enhances customer satisfaction and purchase intent. In addition, the strength of an emotional connection moderates the relationship between purchase intention and customer pleasure. The results demonstrate that social media platforms can increase customer contentment and purchase intent through the application of artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, we provide instructions for making flawless service business models. To entice customers and inspire them to create, distribute, and share content across various social media platforms, marketers are looking into ways to increase the engagement of social media postings using visually appealing photographs and videos.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Purchase intention, Consumer engagement, social media, Consumer experience

GROUNDS OF FOOD CRAVE IN PALESTINE: A MULTIMODAL STUDY OF HUMAN SUFFERINGS

Muhammad Mubsher Rehman — 2024-12-14

Wars not only demolish the life structure but also demolish the values and morality. Food cravings are the significant issues that give birth to human tragedy when it occurs during war. Palestinians always have to suffer from food cravings during the wars. The present study aims to understand the meanings of food cravings presented through the war images that affected Palestine. The study has adopted the semiotic models of Kress & van Leeuwen (2006), which is a multimodal approach that addresses the representational, interactional and compositional meanings of the images. Six images are selected for the present study through convenient sampling. The findings address that the representational meaning presents the existence of war effects resulting in food shortage. These lead to the loss of values and morality. The compositional meanings present that the structure of life has been destroyed, and humans are in search of survival. The interactional meanings ask to feel the pains as well appeal to the reader for peace, stability, values return, and life structures revival. The images present the objective approach as the destruction of the life structures of Palestinians, while the subjective approach presents the birth of human tragedy.

Keywords: Food Crave, War, Multimodal Study, Human Sufferings, Representational Meanings, Conceptual Meanings and Interactional Meanings.

PAKISTAN-UNITED STATES STRATEGIC RELATIONS: AN UNDERSTANDING OF FORMATION OF ALLIANCE WITH PAKISTAN IN US PERSPECTIVE

Imran Khan — 2024-12-15

After the inception of Pakistan, a newly formed country was facing severe challenges in economic, military and infrastructure sectors. Apart from these challenges India has posed vital threats for its survival. After independence Pakistan opted for the policy of non-alignment which meant Pakistan will not align itself with any power bloc in the world but it will remain active participant in promoting global peace, harmony and cooperation. The domestic bottlenecks and Indian aggressive stances made Pakistan to reconsider its policy from non-alignment to form alliance with a country which can provide support in protecting its sovereignty and boost its economic and social sectors. For this purpose Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO to gain international support in its technical interventions. She formed alliance with the United States of American to protect each other’s national interests. The main reasons for Pakistan to form alliance with USA were purely based on its fundamental needs in each sector for its survival in domestic and global environment. On the other hand USA policy makers were eying to spot trustworthy ally in this region who can fight their war against Communist school of thought. USA started its containment intervention after the WWII and they found an supportive ally in shape of Pakistan to provide them their desire support and assistance. Throughout the history the global world has witnessed many ups and downs in the relations of the both countries. During the 1965 and 1971 war between both India and Pakistan the relations of the both countries were at its low. When USSR invaded Afghanistan in late 1970’s, it was Pakistan who supported USA in defeating USSR in Afghanistan. It was the support of Pakistan which curtailed the interventionist ideas of USSR in Afghanistan. During these times Pakistan received heavy Aid and other military assistance during this era. Despite the assistance provided by Pakistan USA has always opposed the nuclear generating capacity of Pakistan. She has imposed Pressler amendment on Pakistan which banned military and economic assistance to Pakistan. After the disintegration of USSR, USA abandoned Pakistan. It was the attack on twin towers which brought both countries close together to fight the global war against terrorism in 2001.The regional and international community has witnessed many ups and downs in the relations of Pakistan and USA during WoT. The sovereignty of Pakistan has been disturbed many times, she has lost more than 70,000 precious live and economic, social and political fronts have been badly affected. The realist school of thought has been implemented to dig out th

Keywords: Strategic Alliance. Cold War. Geopolitics. Military Aid. Counterterrorism

CHALLENGES IN ESTABLISHING POLICING SYSTEM IN ERSTWHILE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA), PAKISTAN

Sharif Khan — 2024-12-16

Police is usually perceived as the first and most visible tool and symbol of government. The role of the police department is even more critical in tribal areas of Pakistan where the government and its institutions have limited presence. This qualitative study investigated the various challenges faced by the police department in the newly merged tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The study used a case study method with in-depth interviews and focused group discussions for data collection from police officers, judicial officers, public prosecutors, lawyers, local community leaders (Maliks), and ordinary residents of District Kurram, where the Government of Pakistan has been struggling to maintain law and order situation. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the participants with insights into the post-merger policing challenges. The critical issues identified in this study include a lack of physical and administrative infrastructure, insufficient professional training for police personnel, and limited resources, which hinder the effective functioning of the police. In addition, the posting and appointment of non-local Station House Officers (SHOs) create further complexities and mistrust between the police and the local community. This mistrust is compounded by the local people's historical preference for the traditional justice system (Jirga) over the state legal justice system. Additionally, the Disputes Resolution Councils (DRCs) faced myriads of challenges, including a lack of clarity regarding their role and insufficient support, limiting their effectiveness in bridging formal and informal justice systems. This study suggests measures to improve the policing system in the tribal districts.

Keywords: Policing system, tribal district, infrastructure, training, trust deficit, shortages of police, non-local SHOs, DRC system, community resistance

THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, CONCENTRATED OWNERSHIP, AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EMERGING COUNTRY

Assoc.Prof. Jaber H. Ali — 2024-12-16

The purpose of the study was to ascertain how corporate governance (CG) elements affected earnings management (EM). Additionally, the study looks into how concentrated ownership may moderate the previously observed link. This study used a sample of 40 Iraqi private banks from 2018 to 2023 to fulfill its aims. STATA was employed to examine the data and ascertain the outcomes of the hypotheses. The findings indicated that EM, as determined by discretionary accruals, was negatively correlated with board independence, board size, and board overlap. Additionally, it found that board overlap, financial knowledge, and independence had a detrimental impact on EM., as assessed by REDCA. It was also found that concentrated ownership interacts with the association between CG and EM. This study enables Iraqi regulators and policymakers to enhance earnings quality because it gives them a clear understanding of the CG elements that affect EM. This is particularly important because CG is a relatively new issue in Iraq and requires more attention.

Keywords: Corporate governance, Earnings management, Concentrated ownership, Iraqi banks.

THE ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM AS A FIRST GOVERNOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN

Aisha Bibi — 2024-12-19

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was successful in establishing Pakistan as a separate state after a long struggle. Pakistan appeared on the map of the world due to his tireless efforts. In addition, the struggle was interminable and arduous, but his determination enabled it. Even though Hindus and Brits refuse to acknowledge Muslims' existence and constantly attempt to inflict numerous hardships on them, they are unable to stand on their own foot. However, even though Jinnah encountered numerous obstacles in his early years and persevered through them, it was ultimately possible due to his sincere efforts. Lord Mountbatten wants to be the first Governor General of both India and Pakistan after get freedom. However, Jinnah opposed the plan because he believed that it would be difficult to maintain their freedom in the future and that it would be the permanent slavery under a single Governor-General. As a result, he made the decision to become Pakistan's first Governor-General. He persevered despite most obstacles and eventually achieved his goal. In addition, the Hindus' and Brits' negative mentality causes numerous issues for the newly established state. However, Quaid e Azam's shrewdness enabled him to quickly and carefully resolve numerous issues.

Keywords: Quaid-e-Azam, All-India-Muslim League, Struggles, Separate State, Governor-General.

TEXTUAL POETICS AND FIGURATIVE NARRATIVE: A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAKISTANI DIPLOMATIC CYPHER

Zafar Nazeer Awan — 2024-12-19

Diplomatic Cypher is loaded with such language, which is institutional and of soft tone. Most are directive or persuasive. Recently, a Diplomatic Cypher was sent to the foreign office of Pakistan by the Pakistani Foreign Ambassador in the USA, Mr. Asad Majeed Khan, which consisted of the discussion held between the USA representative and the Pakistani Ambassador. It is claimed that after the Cypher, Pakistani Prime Minister of the time, Mr. Imran Khan, was removed from its ministry, and a new wave of narrative started building in Pakistan and outside Pakistan. The present study is conducted to understand the language narrative strategy as the textual poetics and figurative inlaid in the Cypher. The study has adopted Gerard Genette's (1970) theory of language analysis, which is based on Tense (Order, Duration, and Frequency), Mood (Focalization and Distance, Dealing with Diegesis Mimesis). The study also analyzed the figures of speech by the researcher's inferring knowledge. The study finds that the text (speech) of Donald Lu is full of aggression and directive, while the text of Asad Majeed Khan is persuasive and focalized. There is internal focalization at the early part of the Cypher in which are internal discussion, while external focalization is there in which the behavior, character, actions, and information of Imran Khan are discussed, which are presented as unacceptable by the USA. These are restricted information, while the stretches of the diplomatic struggle for dominance are about other aspects of international affairs. The language of Donald Lu mainly consists of paradox in which high concerns are shown about internal matters of Pakistan, while irony is also widely used. The language of Asad Majeed Khan is persuasive; most minor irony is used while clear statements are there on behalf of Pakistani foreign policy.

Keywords: Textual Poetics, Figurative Language, Pakistani Diplomatic Cypher

IMPACT OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHERS ON THEIR CLASSROOM PRACTICES

Noreen Ghazala — 2024-12-20

Pedagogical content knowledge of chemistry teachers is paramount so as to facilitate the conversion of content knowledge into teacher content knowledge so that long and complex concepts common in chemistry classes can be understood easily by students. These practices dovetail well with strong classroom practice, which provides an effective learning environment that helps students to understand such knowledge and, therefore, achieve improved results. The objectives of the present study were to: Determine the relationship and effect of pedagogical content knowledge of chemistry teachers on their classroom practices at the secondary level; and To analyse the difference between male and female teachers concerning the pedagogical content knowledge of chemistry teachers and their classroom practices at the secondary level. In this current study, a quantitative survey research design was adopted and the philosophy of the study was positivism, which constitutes the paradigm of the quantitative research. Sample include all secondary schools in the Punjab province. The research instrument used in this study was an open self-constructed five-point Likert scale based on a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) through regression analysis, Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test. Analyzing the results of the study the following conclusions were made: The study postulated that there was highly significant relationship between pedagogical content knowledge of Chemistry teachers and their practice in the classroom at secondary level. The Pearson value 0.122 indicates that there is a weak positive significant relationship between pedagogical content knowledge of chemistry teachers and their classroom practices at the secondary level. The findings indicate that there was highly significant difference in the PC knowledge of chemistry teachers and their practices between male and female teachers at the secondary level.

Keywords: pedagogical content knowledge, chemistry teachers, classroom practices, secondary level