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The Role of International Organizations in the Development and Advancement of International Law: A Case Study of UN and EU

2025-06-30T23:03:42+00:00

By creating and upholding global values and standards, international organizations play a vital role in the development of international law. This research paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) amd EU, prominent international institutions, in establishing and enforcing international law. Specialized UN agencies such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC) have played a significant role in the development, codification, and implementation of international law. The European Union operates on the principle of upholding and ensuring this right, and respect for international law is one of its main goals. In addition to the norms of international law that the European Court of Justice disagrees with, the Union guarantees these values. The development of the international legal order is influenced by its involvement in treaty-making, its impact on customary law, and its involvement in dispute resolution. In order to settle conflicts and expand its global role, the Union has strengthened and established an appropriate institutional and legal framework. The United Nations and European Union collaborate with other regional and international organisations, promote ongoing communication, identify emerging issues, and provide dispute resolution mechanisms. However, this research also acknowledges the UN's and EU's inherent flaws and challenges. It explores reform proposals to address these issues, strengthen the organization's authority, and more effectively achieve its primary objectives. By critically analyzing the UN's and EU's role and impact on international law, this article aims to shed insight into how international organizations function and how they influence international legal standards.

Keywords: International institutions, International courts, impacts, Unions.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Task-Based Learning for Improving English Speaking Skills Among Undergraduate Students

2025-07-01T08:44:18+00:00

This study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Learning (TBL) in enhancing Sanghar University undergraduate students' English-speaking abilities. Due to a lack of practical experience, students who are learning English as a second language sometimes find it difficult to communicate effectively and clearly. The effectiveness of TBL in university-level English classes in remote or underdeveloped areas like Sanghar, however, has not received sufficient attention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether giving students involving, interactive activities may improve their English communication skills. The study uses a quantitative descriptive methodology and involves 141 undergraduate students learning English for coursework from several academic areas. A validated questionnaire was used to gather data, and convenience sampling was used to choose participants. Fluency, vocabulary, accuracy, confidence, and engagement were the five main topics of the survey, which also included demographic questions and 15 statements with Likert scale ratings. In order to represent real-world communication, students took part in a number of TBL exercises over four weeks, including role-plays, conversations, and problem-solving exercises. SPSS was used to analyze the data afterwards the intervention, and the findings demonstrated definite improvements. Students expressed more confidence when speaking English, improved vocabulary usage, and enhanced communication abilities. Additionally, students were very satisfied with the TBL experience, stating that it was more fun, inspiring, and successful than conventional approaches. These findings imply that TBL is an effective strategy for assisting students in using English more comfortably and self-assuredly. According to the findings, TBL should be taught in English classes, and instructors should receive training on how to use it.

Keywords: Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Speaking Skills, Student-Centered Classrooms

Exploring University Student’s Experience of Self-Regulation and Mental Wellbeing in Context of Short Form Social Media Engagement: Investigating the Challenges

2025-07-01T10:53:53+00:00

The current qualitative work investigates how university students self-regulate and experience well-being when using short-form content engagement (SFCE) on social media platforms such as YouTube Shorts, TikTok and Instagram Reels. Fifteen participants (aged 19-27) were interviewed as part of a series of semi-structured interviews and data were analyzed using (Braun and Clarke’s 2006) systematic approach to thematic analysis. The deductive method was followed and informed by the literature of digital engagement and psychological well-being. Three key themes were noted: (1) Helix of Scrolling, representing the routine and immersive aspect of SFCE use; (2) Adrift or Docked Up, (3) paralleling how students were trying to control their utilization, either consciously or through inner battles; (3) Digital Comfort Zones, illustrating that SFC was both an emotional escape and a mental burden. Some students used active tactics such as app restrictions or mindful breaks, others said they felt overwhelmed or emotionally splintered. Results underscore the two-sided role of SFCE—both as coping and as a stressor—and emphasize the value of educational interventions promoting digital literacy and healthy online practices in the university students.

Keywords: SFC (Short Form Content), Well-Being, Self-Regulation, Emotions, Reels, Engagement, SFCE (Short Form Content Engagement), Students

Pakistan’s Cyber Defense Revolution: AI & Machine Learning for Threat Mitigation

2025-07-01T14:58:32+00:00

Pakistan faces escalating cybersecurity threats, including ransomware, phishing, and state-sponsored attacks, which jeopardize businesses, government institutions, and critical infrastructure. Traditional defense mechanisms are increasingly inadequate, necessitating advanced solutions like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to revolutionize cyber defense. This article explores how AI and ML enhance threat mitigation through real-time anomaly detection, behavioral analysis, and automated response systems, with specific applications in Pakistan’s financial sector, government databases, and critical infrastructure. The country has made notable strides in AI-powered cybersecurity, with initiatives led by the National Response Center for Cyber Crimes (NR3C), Pakistan Information Security Association (PISA), and emerging startups. Collaborations with international tech firms and academia further bolster these efforts. However, challenges persist, including a shortage of skilled professionals, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs. Looking ahead, AI-driven advancements promise to transform Pakistan’s cybersecurity landscape, supported by evolving policies like the Personal Data Protection Bill. With strategic investments and workforce development, Pakistan has the potential to emerge as a regional leader in cyber defense. This article underscores the transformative role of AI and ML in securing Pakistan’s digital future while addressing existing barriers and opportunities for growth.

Keywords: Pakistan, Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Threat Mitigation, Cyber Defense, Ransomware, NR3C, Data Privacy, Critical Infrastructure

Metaphysical Dimensions of Mirza Ghalib’s Poetry: A Philosophical Evaluation

2025-07-01T15:22:57+00:00

Ghalib has been regarded as a towering and celebrated figure in Urdu and Persian poetry for the last one hundred and fifty years. His poetry has multidimensional approaches, besides conventional issues of love and romanticism. The poetry includes meta-physical, philosophical, theological and mystical elements. Moreover, the universality of vision, deviation from the conventional ordinary themes, versatility of thoughts, all have given his poetry an everlasting fame and recognition. Due to these qualities, Ghalib’s poetry has been a source of inspiration for all types of intelligentsia belonging either to romantic poetry or philosophy, theology, mysticism etc. His rich imagination, using of metaphors, paradoxes, irony, depths of thoughts, hinting the combination of Persian and Indian literary customs and culture, focusing the problems of the Self in transitory life and existence, deliberations on the mysteries of death and here-after, have given him unique place not only among the contemporaries but a status of lighthouse for the coming generations of poets. The objective of this research paper is to discover, in his general poetry such metaphysical thoughts, theosophical issues, mystical, epistemological revelations which elevated him form the rank of just a poet and has given him everlasting fame and ‘Ghalib’ on others.

Keywords: Epistemology, Existentialism, Fatalism, Metaphysics, Ontology, Pantheism, Pantheism, Theology

The Digital Battlefield: A Comparative Analysis of AI-Driven Cyber Warfare in the U.S. and China and Its Implications for Pakistan’s National Security

2025-07-02T08:30:29+00:00

The study explores the deepening U.S.-China competition in cyber warfare driven by artificial intelligence and its strategic consequences for Pakistan. Relatively smaller states such as Pakistan are forced to adapt and maneuver within a digitally contested security landscape, which is shifting due to the integrated use of AI innovations in military and cyber domains by both superpowers competing with one another through differing models of innovation, governance, and deployment. The research focuses on the U.S. and Chinese rival cyber strategies comprehensively around their doctrinal, operational, technological differences along with contextualizing them into the scenario of India-Pakistan conflict 2025 where AI-enabled warfare was crucial. Using offensive realism as the framework, the research highlights the impacts of structural forces that compel Pakistan to take advantage of Chinese technological backing while simultaneously being exposed to geopolitical-strategic dependency risks. Qualitative methods were used to identify policy gaps in response to dual vulnerabilities the urgent need for development that will lead to national resilience within ethical bounds and the lack of self-reliance in AI and cybersecurity drawn from literature reviews, policy analyses, and expert interviews. The conclusion outlines strategic autonomy as well as investments stressing proactive governance concerning digital design frameworks. It emphasizes cross-sector synthesized approaches responding to rising threats mounting at accruing strained interdependence framing peripheral states from dire subordinated status onto clear vision revealing new frontiers waiting exploration having transformative potential metamorphosing states like Pakistan sidelined into pivotal players drawing direct contribution shaping discourse on global asymmetrical dynamic rivalry headlined south-east continuum STEM as tributary fueling supers.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber Warfare, U.S.-China Rivalry, Pakistan National Security, Offensive Realism, Military-Civil Fusion, Strategic Autonomy, Digital Sovereignty, AI Ethics, Geopolitics

Promotion-Linked Training Program in Punjab: Analysing Educational Managers’ Satisfaction through Demographic Lenses

2025-07-02T08:47:10+00:00

It is widely acknowledged that enhancing the caliber of education managers is crucial to upsurge the standard of education. This entails launching wide-ranging training programs intended to equip them for the challenges of their roles, along-with a robust evaluation to gauge training effectiveness. The study aimed to provide a demographic analysis of educational managers’ level satisfaction as part of a broader evaluation of the Promotion-Linked Training program’s effectiveness using Kirkpatrick's four-level model. However, though this paper specifically focuses on the evaluation of educational managers’ level of satisfaction with the Promotion-Linked Training program through the lens of demography factors including gender, qualification, and experience. Therefore, demographic factors of 264 educational managers were analyzed using inferential statistics. It was revealed that gender, academic qualification, and years of administrative experience have no statistically significant influence on the satisfaction levels of educational managers. Thus, the findings confirms that the PLT program is effective across demographics. Its effectiveness is not confined to a particular gender, qualification level, or experience bracket, suggesting it is a fundamentally sound and well-conceived initiative.

Keywords: Promotion linked training, educational managers, satisfaction, demographic analysis

Examining the Interaction of Green Working Engagement for explaining the Eco-friendly empowerment of Employees by Green HRM. A study on higher education sector of Pakistan using SEM

2025-07-03T17:35:48+00:00

The present study was aimed to examine the mediation effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM practices and eco-friendly employee empowerment in the higher education sector of Pakistan. For achieving these objective, the data was collected from 368 respondents using convenience sampling approach through online means from the employees serving in the chartered universities in the major cities of Pakistan. The exogenous variable was green HRM practices, while the endogenous variable was eco-friendly employee empowerment and the mediating variable was green work engagement. The initial analysis using SPSS and Smart PLS of the data revealed that all the factors along-with their constructs were internally and externally reliable and valid by meeting the threshold level. The structural equation modelling revealed that all the hypothesis was accepted and the SEM estimation concluded that there is a strong mediating effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM and eco-friendly employee empowerment. The managerial implications of the study are that the policymakers and management of higher education sector of Pakistan can boost the eco-friendly empowerment of their employees by carefully considering the green practices of HRM and green work engagement of their employees. The findings of the study are applicable to the education/higher education sector of other regions but no other sector due to the distinct nature of targeted population. The future research may include the other factors of green management like csr or cg for examining their impact in the eco-friendly employee empowerment for the higher education sector of Pakistan.

Keywords: Green HRM, Green work Engagement, Green Employee empowerment, Higher education, Pakistan.

South Asia's Power Play: Pakistan, India, China, and the USA in Strategic Relations

2025-07-03T18:10:55+00:00

Predictably, the study delivers a detailed view on modern South Asian strategic context, accentuating deep Triangular Security complex of China-Pakistan-India relations as well as addressing the impact of US presence in the region. Considering the current and emerging global and regional politics this research focuses on the nature of interests and affiliations that shape them and rivalry that underlines them. About conflicts of interests such as borders, militarization, economics, and diplomacy, are discussed in detail. Further focus has been provided to the analyzing of potential consequences of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the Indian strategic perspective and the US strategic interests in the region. As such, through integrating these issues, this study intends to bring forth the complexities of those large powers’ interests and intents as well as their influence over the stability of the regions and global security.

Keywords: US, China, India, Kashmir, CPEC, BRI, Counterterrorism, Extremism, Economics, Strategies, Diplomacy, Bilateral

The Practical Implementation of 'Bunyan al-Marsous' in the Contemporary Era and the Establishment of an Islamic Social System

2025-07-03T19:10:24+00:00

Bunyan al-Marsous (a solidly constructed structure), as mentioned in Surah As-Saff (61:4) of the Quran, symbolises a model of unity, strength and collective order in Islamic thought. The relevance and practical application of this concept is therefore assessed in the modern era, particularly in the rebuilding of an Islamic social system convulsed with moral, political and cultural challenges. It then demoniazes the Bunyan Al marsous framework as a comprehensive strategy of instituting Islam culture and civilization among the Muslims as an organized, just and spiritually rooted society. For today’s fragmented and ideologically influenced Muslim world, where sectarianism, foreign cultural influence and systemic injustice are rampant, the research explains that revival of a strong and unified social order according to Islamic teachings is not only necessary, but absolutely possible. The paper draws from Qur'anic exegesis, prophetic traditions and classical Islamic scholarship, to point out the importance of ideological clarity, institutional strength and collective responsibility as the three pillars on which a viable Islamic society should be founded. The paper delineates the requisite of the spiritual and intellectual training of individuals, before the farreaching reforms of the society. It focuses on a restructured education system: bringing together Islamic epistemology and modern sciences and leadership based on piety and capability. Moreover, zakat, interest free finance and equitable income distribution, as institutional reforms encourage economic reforms.The practicability of the Bunyan al-Marsous model is validated by case analyses from the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphate and select Islamic movements in the modern age. It recognizes contemporary challenges, including secular influence, digital disinformation and political instability which obstruct Islamic societal progress. On this basis, the research calls for a phased and strategic path: first individual purification (tazkiyah); then family and society reform; and finally full societal transformation. Further, it emphasizes the role of youth engagement, women's leadership and technology in Islamic revival. In sum, Bunyan al-Marsous frame provides a comprehensive worldview, around divine guidance, regarding spiritual, social and civilizational renewal adapted to today’s realities.

Keywords: Bunyan al-Marsous, Islamic Social System, Contemporary Challenges, Ummah Unity, Spiritual and Institutional Reform, Islamic Governance, Civilizational Revival.

The Impact of Social Interaction Anxiety and Perceived Social Support on Academic Motivation among University Students

2025-07-04T05:12:02+00:00

The present study aimed to examine the impact of social interaction anxiety and perceived social support on academic motivation among university students. Specifically, it explored whether perceived social support mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. A total of 110 university students (55 males and 55 females) participated in the study using a cross-sectional survey design. Standardized scales including the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Student Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS) were employed. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that social interaction anxiety showed a weak and non-significant direct effect on academic motivation while perceived social support was a significant positive predictor. Mediation analysis revealed that perceived social support significantly mediated the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. Subscale analyses demonstrated that various sources of social support (family, friends, and significant others) differentially influenced the subtypes of academic motivation. No significant gender differences were found in overall academic motivation. These findings underscore the critical role of social support in fostering academic motivation, particularly among students experiencing social anxiety. The study suggests that enhancing peer and family support mechanisms may serve as an effective strategy to promote students’ academic engagement and success.

Keywords: Social interaction anxiety, perceived social support, academic motivation, university students, gender differences

Occurrence of Political Violence in the Boat of Social Alienation, Meaning in Life, and Criminal Attitude

2025-07-04T12:07:20+00:00

This study scrutinize relationship between social alienation, meaning in life, criminal attitude and support for political violence among students, prisoners and drug addicts. A total of 354 individuals from multiple subdivisions, prisons and altered drug rehab centers contributed in the study, with a number of male and female defendants. By means of a purposive sampling technique, participants accomplished validated scales: the social alienation scale, meaning in life scale, criminal attitude and support for political violence scale. The study shows that there is positive association between social alienation and support for political violence (r = .335, p<.001), meaning in life and support for political violence (r = .409, p<.001), criminal attitude and support for political violence (r=.397, p<.001), representing that individuals with sophisticated constantly socially alienated, have meaning in life and those people who have criminal attitude incline to practice a bigger support for political violence. Conferring to the learning, those who feel alone or alienated from others, who think of other people as less than human, and those who have a deep purpose in life will use these factors to defend any violent conduct. Future research can also look into defense elements that could lessen the impact of dehumanization and alienation on violent conduct, like social support, community service, or religious survival.

Keywords: Occurrence, Political Violence, Social Alienation, Life, Criminal Attitude

Psychological Barriers to English Communication in EFL Classrooms: A Study of Undergraduate WTC at NUST, Pakistan

2025-07-04T15:11:39+00:00

This paper presents a research on the psychological factors of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in English among undergraduate students during the teacher-student communication in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes. Although language proficiency is adequate, a lot of students exhibit reluctance to oral participation as a result of affective barriers. The study embraced the mixed-methods design that allowed gathering quantitative data using surveys (n = 276) and qualitative data via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The results indicate that language anxiety is the greatest impediment with two-thirds of the respondents (68 percent) expressing moderate and high anxiety during English speaking. Some of the contributing factors are the fear of judgment, accent shaming and grammatical inaccuracies. Moreover, self-efficacy was also identified as a strong predictor of WTC (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), which is a manifestation of the gap between the perceived and real linguistic skills. The classroom climate and teacher behavior were also of importance, students were found to work better with collaborative and supportive teaching methods and the WTC was 40 percent higher under such methods than under authoritarian methods. The participation was also moderated by peer influence especially in the collectivistic environment, spontaneous speech was repelled by fear of peer judgment. Nevertheless, the interactive pedagogical methods, including task-based learning, role-plays, and formative feedback, were revealed to minimize anxiety rates and increase communicative confidence in the long run. Students who were always involved in such activities showed a 25 percentage increase in WTC. The research finds out that linguistic competence is frequently trumped by such psychological constructs as anxiety, self-perception and motivation in students in shaping their communication behavior. It suggests that the teacher should train, have peers and technology integration to support a more emotional and interesting learning environment. These conclusions provide an overall guideline to the redesign of English language pedagogy, especially in multilingual and culturally diverse environments.

Keywords: Willingness to Communicate (WTC), Language Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Teacher-Student Interaction, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Classroom Climate, Peer Influence, Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Psychological Barriers

The Importance of the Study of Social Sciences

2025-07-04T16:31:07+00:00

In this paper, the author seeks to discuss how social sciences are very important in the study of and finding solutions to modern issues in the society. The paper, viewed through the prism of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behavior, institutional frameworks, and cultural interactions, demonstrates the critical role of social sciences in understanding human behavior and the cultural and institutional frameworks, as well as cultural interactions. The theoretical framework uses the insights of the leading thinkers of the past, such as Weber, Marx, Durkheim, and such modern intellectuals as Sen and Said to show how the social sciences connect the experience of an individual with the history and the structure. Among the most important contributions, we can distinguish the development of critical thinking, the formation of inclusive policies, the encouragement of civic participation, consideration of social inequalities, and the improvement of intercultural awareness. Contextually, the article reveals some systemic issues in the teaching of social science in Pakistan, such as perpetual underfunding, obsolete curriculums and the lack of social value, which all impede the potential of social science to play a role in national development. In the study, the author advocates the immediate reformation of the curricular, faculty, and funding of research to realize the potential strength of social sciences in creating a fairer and more sustainable society.

Keywords: Social Sciences, Critical Thinking, Public Policy, Civic Engagement, Social Inequality, Intercultural Understanding, Pakistan, Education Reform, Theoretical Framework, Sustainable Development

The Holy Veil: Hijab as a Fluid Signifier of Agency and Oppression in The Holy woman

2025-07-04T16:44:41+00:00

This study delves into the symbolic and performative aspects of the hijab in Qaisra Shahraz's novel The Holy Woman, examining how the veil serves as a fluid signifier of both empowerment and subjugation. Drawing on Judith butler's theory of gender performativity and the principles of Islamic feminism, the study interrogates the ways in which veiling is socially constructed, imposed, and eventually reappropriated by the female protagonist, Zarri Bano. Initially employed as a means of patriarchal control after she was designated as a 'holy woman,' the hijab becomes a contested space where cultural tradition, religious devotion, and personal autonomy converge. Through close textual analysis, the research reveals that Shahraz complicates dominant western and traditionalist Islamic narratives of the veil, portraying it not as a fixed symbol but as one who’s meaning shifts according to context, choice, and power. The study adds to the ongoing conversation in feminist literature by emphasizing how religious and cultural symbols can be reimagined and reclaimed by women as a means of challenging oppressive systems.

Keywprds: Hijab, Agency, Oppression, The Holy Woman, Gender Representation

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on English Language Teaching at University Level: A Study of EFL Teachers’ Perspectives in Pakistan

2025-07-04T16:55:02+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant technological advancement in various fields. One area where AI shows particular promise is in English Language Teaching (ELT). Due to rapid technological development, online resources, classrooms, and language learning platforms now incorporate AI to teach and learn English, transforming the approach to language education. AI has great potential to improve learning outcomes and the teaching process. This research explores the impact of AI on English Language Teaching (ELT) at the university level in Pakistan, focusing on EFL teachers. Data were collected through a quantitative descriptive analysis from 50 teachers using a questionnaire based on validated sources, which assessed AI's effectiveness, challenges, and ethical issues. The results indicate strong agreement on AI benefits such as personalized learning (mean value of 4.24) and increased efficiency in lesson preparation (mean value of 4.28), with 86% of teachers confirming its effectiveness (mean value of 4.16). Concerns mentioned include data privacy (mean 3.64), reduced critical thinking (mean 4.02), and a digital divide (mean 3.48). Teachers emphasized the need for training (mean 3.80), and AI is viewed as a complement to traditional methods (mean 4.26). The study underscores the importance of addressing ethical issues, ensuring equitable access, and enhancing training to fully harness AI’s potential for ELT. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive training programs and ethical guidelines to support human instruction rather than replace it, ultimately improving English language skills in higher education in Pakistan.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching (ELT), Perception, University Teachers

Lessons Learned for Future Peace Processes: Drawing insights from the 2015-2020 efforts for potential future negotiations

2025-07-04T17:41:51+00:00

Afghanistan is the land of tribal warriors who fought with every invader and contemporary examples are the Soviet Union and the USA. The organization of the Taliban which emerged on the surface of Afghanistan in 1994 and took the Government very easily and ruled across the country was also a result of the Soviet-Afghan war. Hence, Afghanistan have cultivated mistrust and uncertain conditions due to the 9/11 terrorism. After the 9/11 during Hamid Karzai regime, Afghanistan expressed her great desire for good relations with other countries which have long common border and deep social, religious and cultural connection and wants to create peace. Uncertainty in the region after 9/11 increased the high concerns and threats to the regional peace and security as terrorists have safe heavens in the tribal areas of Pakistan and along the border areas of Afghanistan. American war against terrorism and special focus on Afghanistan has developed the new dimensions. In May 2014, Obama declared to withdraw America’s troops from Afghanistan since the civilians of America were not happy and the American soldiers were being heavily slaughtered in the war. So, the absence of peace was difficult for the government since it brought about many more problems. There seemed to be no end to this war. The war proved to be a danger to not only regional peace but also national peace, the locals were conflicted and bothered as well all because of the war and lack of peace.

Keywords: Peace Processes Afghanistan, regional peace, national peace

Revamping Real Estate Taxation in Pakistan: Prospects and Challenges

2025-07-06T16:32:24+00:00

This research paper aims to study, describe and analyze challenges faced in effective real estate taxation in Pakistan and reforms in this sector since 2017. It studies its progress in the province of Punjab. It substantiates the validity of such reforms by comparison of Pakistan to other countries. It elaborates their role in the documentation of the tax base. It will provide administrative and legal recommendations to counter its shortfalls.

Keywords: real estate taxation, Pakistan

Space Competition and Warfare: China-Russia Space Cooperation and Its Implications on U.S. Strategic, Technological, and Economic Administration

2025-07-06T18:49:01+00:00

Over the past decade, space has shifted from a predominantly cooperative domain to a highly contested arena, driven by renewed great-power rivalry and the proliferation of dual-use technologies (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 2024; Congressional Research Service, 2024). Notably, China and Russia have forged an increasingly strategic partnership, encompassing joint lunar exploration, interoperable navigation constellations, shared space situational awareness (SSA) architectures, and co-developed counterspace capabilities (Egorov, 2023; Roscosmos & China National Space Administration [CNSA], 2018). This collaboration builds on post–Cold War realignments wherein Russia’s expertise in human spaceflight and propulsion complemented China’s rapidly expanding industrial base (Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], 2023; Xinhua News Agency, 2016). Key bilateral agreements such as the 2016 lunar exploration Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and the 2021 SSA information‐sharing pact demonstrate the depth of their integration and the latent military potential of ostensibly civilian programs (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs [UNOOSA], 2021; Wright et al., 2022). Joint initiatives like the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and the forthcoming Silver Fox on-orbit servicing platform underscore the dual use nature of modern space technologies (RAND Corporation, 2022). For U.S. policymakers, this Sino-Russian axis complicates deterrence models, accelerates technology diffusion, and challenges the competitiveness of American commercial providers (U.S. Department of the Air Force, 2025; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, 2023). To address these challenges, the United States must adopt a coordinated response integrating active deterrence, allied SSA integration, industrial incentives, and enhanced export controls while championing transparency and new norms to preserve freedom of operation in orbit (Johnson- Freese, 2025; Rosenberger, 2024; Moltz, 2025).

Keywords: Space Cooperation, China-Russia Alliance, U.S. Strategic Security, Space Warfare, Technological Competition

Ecocriticism and the Non-Human in The God of Small Things: A Study of Environmental Memory and River Symbolism

2025-07-07T10:16:45+00:00

This paper examines Arundhati Roy’s portrayal of the god of small things through the perspective of ecocriticism, with a specific focus on the symbolic and narrative importance of the natural environment, particularly the Meenachal River. While the novel has been extensively analyzed for its postcolonial, feminist, and sociopolitical themes, this study shifts the focus to the non-human elements that shape and reflect the emotional and psychological landscape of the characters. By analyzing how the river and its surrounding environment serve as conduits for memory, trauma, and resilience, the paper contends that nature in the novel is not a mere backdrop but an active participant in the unfolding of human history and the endurance of suffering. The study also integrates post humanist perspectives to emphasize how non-human entities, such as rivers, decay, insects, and weather, disrupt human-centric narratives and enhance the novel's critique of environmental deterioration and cultural decay. Through their research, the authors not only highlight the environmental awareness present in the story but also suggest a more comprehensive understanding of ecological memory and the interdependence of human and non-human beings.

Keywords: Ecocriticism, Non-Human Agency, Environmental Memory, River Symbolism, Postcolonial Ecology

Examining the Role of Code-Switching in Shaping Linguistic and Social Identity among Bilingual Youth in Pakistan

2025-07-07T10:36:18+00:00

This study investigates the phenomena of code-switching in Pakistani cities. It also exposes how language is shaped by both individual and societal identities through discussions and interactions. Code-switching, or shifting between two or more languages, is a prevalent communication strategy in Pakistan, a linguistically varied nation. Languages from different cultures coexist in multicultural centers. In these settings, regional or mother languages are utilized to express emotions and preserve cultural links, whereas English is frequently used for official communication. NVivo software is used to do thematic analysis of recorded interviews and discussions as part of a qualitative research design. Mix research method is used to figures out the trends and for underlined code-switching forces. Information is collected from a wide range of participants in the chosen urban areas. The results expresses that code-switching is a linguistic strategy. In particular, young people use switch codes to express their emotional depth, sense of group connection, and contemporary identity. In postcolonial Pakistan, it is also essential for negotiating social spaces and forming cultural hybridity. In order to promote multilingual competency and inclusive language policies, educators and legislators are urged to accept code-switching as a valid and effective linguistic activity in social and academic settings.

Keywords: Code-switching, Societal identities, Multicultural, Linguistic strategy, Pakistan, Cultural hybridity

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Pakistan Law, Practice, and Gaps

2025-07-07T12:41:19+00:00

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been one of the most important tools towards environmental governance across the world with the potential positive benefit being an active legal tool in determining the potential environmental impact of intended development projects prior to their actual start-off. In Pakistan, the EIA system is captured in the main through the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 which is complemented with the Review of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and EIA Regulations 2000. These legislations require the advocates of some industrial, infrastructural and commercial developments to seek environmental consent of concerned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prior to commencing any physical exercise. Although the presence of this framework is an important step forward in the defense of the environment, its practical use offers us numerous gaps.

The present paper airs a critical analysis of the EIA regime in Pakistan by delving in its legal backgrounds, administrative implementation, and overall performance in ensuring the abatement of environmental degradation. It proposes that despite the fact that the EIA process is mandatory by law, in most cases it has been turned to a mere bureaucratic needle which has not served its purpose of environmental sustainability. But as we now take an even closer look at the high-stake infrastructure programs and primary one, the Lahore Orange Line Metro Train and energy set-ups within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) reveal that EIAs are hurried through, poorly scrutinized or given a license to go ahead despite having potent tangible ecological hazards. This compromises the confidence of the populace and poses a fundamental question about regulatory winds and politicization of the environmental decision-making process.

The other significant barrier has been the lack of technical skills as well as independence of the EPAs at the federal and provincial levels. These departments are frequently understaffed, underfunded, have a political albatross around their necks, and so cannot be severe evaluators of EIA reports or demanding in insuring follow-through enforcement after authorization. Although community involvement constitutes one of the key pillars in proper environmental governance, in Pakistan, it remains purely representational because in most cases, the communities and individuals who are affected have no real part to play in consultative mechanisms. Moreover, transparency and accountability are limited by a lack of centralized data, publicly available, of accepted or denied EIA applications.

The advantages of more participatory, transparent, and independent EIA systems are visible through comparative views across such jurisdictions as India, South Africa, and Canada. As an example, the EIA Notification 2006 of India has clearer project classification and better proceduralizing of public hearings, whereas the Impact Assessment Act of 2019 in Canada institutionalizes and secures federal regulators, and considers climatic aspects in the assessment. Such overseas experiences can be used as useful examples of how to change the EIA process in Pakistan.

The conclusion of this research is that the EIA system in Pakistan was established legally but has some inherent weaknesses which are adverse to its forceful performance. It is complex and involves: reform of the law so it is up to date and easy to follow, strengthening of EPAs as an institution, enforced and meaningful public participation, and incorporation of more modern environmental issues, including loss of biodiversity and resiliency to climate change. It is only in the face of these wholesome reforms that the EIA system will effectively be utilized as the means of achieving an environmentally sustainable development in Pakistan.

Keywords: Environmental Legislation, Impact Assessment, Policy Implementation, Legal Framework, Sustainable Development

Agriculture Practices responsible for Climate change and the step taken for mitigation

2025-07-07T07:54:49+00:00

The present research was carried out in Pakistan, and it focuses on the contribution of agricultural activities to climate change and mitigation efforts, which are dependent on the socio-economic and institutional factors like climate change awareness, education level, size of landholding, farming experience, and access to information. A mixed-method was used where quantitative item responses were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and chi-square statistics, whereas a thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative data in the form of narrative responses of farmers. The results show that awareness and education have significant effect in enhancing the knowledge base of the farmers on major drivers of climate change such as the utilization of chemical fertilizers, deforestation, burning of crop residues and methane emissions by livestock. The size of landowning and access to the extension services and mobile/social media are positively correlated to such perceptions. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between awareness and the practice of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), including organic composting, rotation of crops, integrated pest management (IPM) and drip irrigation. Thematic analysis reveals that the biggest challenges of farmers include economic strains, environmental depreciation, pesticide dependence, institutional failures and short-term adaptation measures. These findings support the necessity of specific training, development of infrastructure and favorable policies that would enhance climate resiliency and sustainable agriculture in the region.

Key Words: Climate, Adaptation, Mitigation, Sustainability

Effect of Transformational Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance

2025-07-07T17:17:26+00:00

This study investigated the perceptions of secondary schools teachers and heads regarding the effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and job performance and also found the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction, transformational leadership and job performance and job satisfaction and job performance. The population of research was all the secondary schools heads and teachers of district Malakand. There were total 83 high and higher secondary school in district Malakand in which there were 819 teachers are working in these schools. Therefore the total population of the study will be comprised on 83 heads and 819 teachers. The researcher were used the area or cluster sampling technique selected 20 heads randomly for the collection of data in which 11 heads were male and 9 heads are female. The total numbers of male and female teacher were 200. Three questionnaires were developed after review of related literature and previous studies. The transformational leadership variable containing eleven statements, job satisfaction containing sixteen statements while other variable job performance containing 19 statements. The researcher used SPSS for data analysis. The tests applied for data analysis were independent sample t-test. The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.276) at 0.01 level of significance, therefor there is positive significant weak relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction It shows that if the principal follows transformational leadership style then his job satisfaction level will be increased, The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.358) at 0.01 level of significance, therefor there is positive significant moderate relationship between transformational leadership and job performance It shows that if the principal follows transformational leadership style then his job performance level will be increased, The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.247) at 0.05 level of significance, therefore, there is positive non-significant weak relationship between job satisfaction and job performance It shows that if the Job satisfaction level increase then his job performance level will be increased. No significant difference was found between the perception of heads and teachers of secondary schools regarding transformational leadership style, Job satisfaction and job performance. It is recommended that arrangement of pre-service, in- service training and refresher courses for heads may be a worthwhile strategy for improving the leadership abilities of secondary school principals.

Keywords: transformational leadership, job satisfaction, Job performance, School sector.

Statistical Analysis of Crime Against Property in Qasimabad, Hyderabad

2025-07-07T18:41:51+00:00

Crime is an unlawful exhibit meriting a state or other position. Whether given exhibition or avoidance sets up a crime doesn't depend upon that act or oversight; it depends upon the possibility of the genuine results that may follow it. (Piatkowska 2020) examined the social cost of poverty in terms of increasing suicides rates, crime rates, and total violent rates in the United States and across 15 European nations during the period of 1993–2000.Basic aim of this research paper is to evaluate the crime against property in Qasimabad and the data is obtained from the SP-office for the years 2014 to 2019. The SPSS- 21 version was used for the purpose of analysis. Least square estimate technique is applied to identify the trend of crime rate. Table 01 indicates the relationship between the time and number of dacoity held in Qasimabad during 2014-2019. It determines that there is a significant linear relationship between time and the number of dacoity incidents. It means that crime rate is decreasing with the rate of 1.328 as one year is passing, further results are shown the tables and graphs. These results are indicating that other dacoity, other robbery, burglary, car snatching, motorcycle theft, motorcycle snatching, other theft, are decreasing with little rate of change by the passage of time. Besides, other motor vehicle snatched, cattle theft, are increased by very minimum rate of change of time. It is also observed that receiving stolen property is also increased with the change of time.

Keywords: Property Crime Rate, Least Square Estimate, Decreasing

Effectiveness of Task-based Language Teaching at Secondary Level in District Vehari: A Teachers’ Perspective

2025-07-07T18:54:55+00:00

Although the world is now focusing much on the communicative and learner-centered processes, there is still a great dependence on the conventional size of teacher-centered English language teaching in the Pakistani middle and high school system. The research paper examines the performance of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) at secondary school level in District Vehari through teacher perceptions. The study caters to the current demand of unifying the standards of practicing the classroom to the modern expectation of pedagogical methods that lead to the promotion of communication, interaction, and the usage of language in real life. The quantitative research design has been used, a structured questionnaire, containing 35 Likert scale statements, and surveyed on 144 English language teachers enrolled in government schools (District Vehari). It was found that the majority of teachers identified student-centered and skill-integrative principles embedded in TBLT as well as home dynamic environments; however, they also cite practical dilemmas associated with such context, such as limited resources, training, and inconsistency with the existing curriculum and assessment systems. According to the findings, it is possible to say that TBLT may have a great potential to improve language learning, provided that enhancement may be achieved through improvement of the institutional support and through the teacher training. Curriculum planners are advised to ensure some principles of task-based education are introduced into the national textbooks and start delivering specific professional development interventions in order to assist the teachers to put TBLT into practice in the classroom.

Keywords: ELT, TBLT, Secondary Level, Classroom

Regional Comparative Analysis of Personal Income Inequality in Pakistan

2025-07-08T04:14:53+00:00

This study paper's main goal is to provide an econometric analysis of Pakistan's income distribution pattern on three levels: overall, province as regional. In this empirical study, trends are presented and compared with two distinct micro-level data sets that show either rising or falling inequality. Either a rise or fall in inequality is not of importance to us. Nonetheless, scholar efforts to pinpoint the social and economic elements that contribute to rising or falling inequality are crucial. We have used a few criteria for this, such as the household's educational attainment, family size, and various income brackets. We broke down the data in this descriptive analysis into various levels, such as based on provincial.Three distinct indices, the Gini, Atkinson, and Generalized Entropy were employed in the empirical investigation to assess inequality. The most recent data rounds for the Pakistan Social Living Measurement (PSLM/HIES) were conducted in 2015–16 and 2018–19. The main goal of this research is to enhance the social and economic circumstances of Pakistani citizens by contributing to planning and policy-level studies.

Keywords: Income, Inequality, Indices, Gini, Atkinson, Entropy, Province, PSLM, STATA, DASP

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Portrayal of Climate Change in Pakistani English Newspapers' Headlines

2025-07-08T05:33:16+00:00

Climate change has emerged as a major global issue in this century, impacting the environment, society, the economy, and politics. Although scientists agree on its causes, most people's perceptions and policies are influenced by media portrayals of the phenomenon. This study investigates how climate change is depicted in leading Pakistani English newspapers. Five samples from Dawn are analyzed. Using Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (1992), the study reviews various headlines from these articles. It examines how word choices, metaphors, and references to earlier texts communicate specific messages, assign responsibilities, and shape public perceptions of environmental issues. The research explores how lexical choices, metaphorical framing, and intertextual references create particular meanings, distribute responsibilities, and influence perceptions of ecological crises. Findings indicate that discussions about climate change are often shaped by government beliefs, Pakistan’s economic development plans, and international opinions. Often, climate change is framed as a result of disasters like floods and heatwaves rather than as a policy or sustainability issue.

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Portrayal, Climate Change, Pakistani English Newspapers' Headlines.

Navigating a Turbulent Neighborhood: Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan (2018-2022)

2025-07-08T11:18:52+00:00

This paper discusses Pakistan-Afghanistan bilateral relations from 2018-2022. From 2018 to 2022 it was a critical stage in Pakistan’s foreign Policy viz-a-viz Afghanistan. There was not only the transformation of the government system in Afghanistan from democracy to Afghan government what may be called an Islamic democracy, theocratic regime or Taliban government. This research will further explain the role of Pakistan in facilitating the Doha Peace Accord and how Pakistan played its role in bringing the Taliban to negotiating table. In addition, it will further investigate the factors leading to the fall of Kabul in 2021 and the formation of the Taliban interim government in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. Regional Security complex theory has been used to explain bilateral relations of Pakistan and Afghanistan. This research is qualitative in nature. Both primary and secondary data has been utilized in this paper .Furthermore, this paper will also elaborate the high-level diplomatic engagements between both countries.

KEYWORDS: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Doha Peace Process, Taliban.

Impact of Transformational Leadership on Affective Commitment: Job Satisfaction as Mediator

2025-07-08T12:27:24+00:00

This research analyzes the impact of Transformational Leadership (TL) on Affective Commitment (AC). This study also finds out the mediating effect of Job Satisfaction (JS) on the connection of Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment among employees working in Cement Industry across Punjab. The study is based on cross sectional data, which was collected through convenience sampling technique from a sample of 384 (trainee engineer, Staff, workers). Each variable was measured by using a five-point Likert scale. A total of 384 questionnaires were circulated, out of which 284 have been received showing 73% response rate. Data analysis has been performed using Smart PLS version 4.0 and statistical tools and techniques, such as Regression and Correlation have been performed. For demographics like age, gender and tenure SPSS software has been used. Results have obtained through structural equation modeling (SEM) depict a positive significant direct relationship between Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment. A similar positive connection between Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction has also been found. However, any such positive, significant relationship also found positive. In mediation analysis, it has been found that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment. Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan has a need to adopt the concept of Transformational Leadership in order to improve Affective Commitment.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership (TL), Job Satisfaction (JS), Affective Commitment

Scripture and Society: Quranic Ethics in the Age of Globalization

2025-07-08T13:24:50+00:00

The paper discusses the significance and the use of Quranic ethics in solving the modern global issues confronting the Muslim communities in the era of fast globalization. Globalization is not only an ethical opportunity and a dilemma as economic, cultural and moral orders are being restructured. This paper looks into the principles of Quranic ethics like justice (adl), compassion (rahmah), trust (amanah), and God-consciousness (taqwa), and the relevance of these values in providing moral engagement in pluralistic societies. It examines some of the most important social matters such as economic inequality, environment degradation, and human rights and how the teachings of the Quran support social justice, the environment, and dignity of all humans. The article also talks about the Quran supporting moral pluralism by its command of mutual understanding and collaboration of nations. These ethical values, however, are questioned by internal forces like interpretive rigidity, a politicized outlook of religion as well as external forces like Islamophobia and the secular spearheading of world affairs. The role of the reform-minded scholars, civil society, and digital platforms in restoring the Quranic ethics to a contemporary context is highlighted in the paper. Finally, it claims that the moral instruction of the Quran by no means limited to inner spirituality can provide a relevant and principled answer to the ethical dilemmas of the contemporary globalization and help to create a more equitable, inclusive and spiritually oriented international system.

Keywords: Qur’anic Ethics, Globalization, Islamic Morality, Social Justice, Environmental Stewardship, Human Rights, Ta‘Aruf, Pluralism, Muslim Societies, Interfaith Dialogue

Educational Planning in PML-N's Electoral Manifesto and Its Implementation Under PML-N's Government in Punjab (2012-2018): An Analysis

2025-07-08T14:38:29+00:00

This research work is conducted to analyze educational reform’s implementation in the Punjab under the election manifesto of PML-N (2013 to 2018) using mixed method i.e. qualitative and quantitative. This research work focused on educational legislation in the Punjab initiated by the PML-N government during specific time period. The Punjab government implemented several reforms in education sector including development of school infrastructure, provision of free textbooks, scholarships, stipends to poor children, initiative in teacher trainings programs, establishment of classrooms in early childhood education, and upgradation of schools in most of the Punjab districts. Similarly, skills development programs were also launched by the Punjab government which included technical and vocational training institutions with the main purpose to develop skills among the students throughout the Punjab. The analysis of the data from the survey and interviews showed that most of the teachers had the perception that PML-N government made implementation of educational reforms in the Punjab Province. But implementation challenges remained in rural areas.

Keywords: election manifesto, educational reforms, PML-N, Implementation process

Explore the impact of Digital Literacy on Research Practices among BS Students at the University Level

2025-07-08T17:11:52+00:00

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of digital literacy on the research practices of BS Education students studying at University of Narowal. Digital literacy has increasingly to be seen as a key component of academic success and as a factor that impacts on students’ research practices. This was done by investigating how digital literacies impact on what students can and cannot do when researching at postgraduate level in terms of being able to make use of digital resources, tools and databases. Both quantitative and qualitative modes of data collection were used in a mixed-method research design. The sample, which was distributed across academic years, was of 120 students of BS Education taken through simple random sampling. The information was collected using a structure questionnaire on students’ use of digital tool, digital literacy level and problems in academic research. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 of these students to gain greater insight of study practices and experiences. The results indicated that most students (68%) had moderate digital literacy and that a substantial number (45%) reported not using academic databases and research management tools. Both were positively associated with the digital literacy level and good research practices. Digitally literate students are more familiar with digital tools and uses more efficient research methods. But it was important that (52% ) of respondents cited a lack of training in advanced digital research tools. This study provides insights into the role of digital literacy, which may improve research practices in the area of teacher education. The results indicate that the universities need to provide a specific training on digital literacy in curricula to boost students’ research performance. Subsequent studies could examine the enduring impact of digital literacy interventions on academic achievement and research productivity.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Research Practices, BS Education Students

Developing a Brain-Friendly Teaching Model for Teacher Professional Development in the Digital Age

2025-07-08T18:30:53+00:00

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a brain-friendly teaching model for teacher professional development (TPD) in the digital age, grounded in contemporary neuroscience and adult learning theory. The research was conducted using a qualitative exploratory research design, situated within the Design-Based Research (DBR) framework, allowing for iterative model construction through cycles of literature review, expert consultation, and practitioner validation. The primary objectives were to synthesize key brain-compatible teaching principles, integrate cognitive, emotional, and social learning strategies with digital tools, and assess the model's applicability and effectiveness in real-world educational contexts. The purposive sample comprised 18 participants, including 6 teacher educators, 6 professional development experts, and 6 in-service secondary school teachers, all with a minimum of five years of professional experience. Data were gathered in three phases: (i) document analysis of 20 key sources including policy reports and academic articles, (ii) semi-structured interviews with 12 experts, and (iii) a focus group discussion (FGD) with in-service teachers to evaluate the model’s usability, cultural relevance, and pedagogical feasibility. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data, revealing core design priorities such as emotional safety, cognitive engagement, reflection and metacognition, social interaction, and usability in digital platforms. Participants highlighted the model’s cultural responsiveness and practical alignment with their classroom realities. The study concludes that a brain-compatible, context-sensitive, and digitally integrated PD model can offer sustainable pathways for enhancing teaching practices in diverse educational settings.

Keywords: Brain-friendly teaching, teacher professional development, educational neuroscience, design-based research, emotional safety, cognitive engagement, Pakistan, digital learning environments

A Strategic Analysis of Educational Leadership Practices and Their Impact on Teaching Quality

2025-07-08T19:15:45+00:00

This qualitative study investigates the strategic leadership practices employed in Pakistani secondary schools and their impact on teaching quality. Grounded in transformational, instructional, distributed, and strategic leadership theories, the research explores how educational leaders influence teaching performance and learning outcomes, and examines teachers’ perceptions of leadership support. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including school leaders and teachers, and analyzed thematically. Findings reveal that vision-driven leadership, continuous professional development, and data-informed instructional supervision are pivotal strategies that enhance teaching quality. Moreover, leadership practices positively affect teacher motivation, instructional planning, and student achievement. However, challenges such as hierarchical leadership and limited teacher autonomy were also reported, highlighting the need for more participatory and distributed leadership approaches. The study fills a notable gap by providing context-specific insights into leadership dynamics in Pakistan, emphasizing the importance of inclusive, collaborative, and strategic leadership models to support effective teaching. Recommendations include fostering shared vision, enhancing professional development, adopting data-driven feedback mechanisms, and promoting teacher empowerment through distributed leadership. These findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers, educational leaders, and practitioners aiming to improve instructional quality and student outcomes in Pakistan’s evolving educational landscape.

Keywords: Educational leadership, strategic leadership, teaching quality, transformational leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, Pakistan, teacher motivation.

Exploring the Relationship between Teacher Burnout and Job Satisfaction among BS Education Graduates

2025-07-08T19:28:15+00:00

The present study focuses on the correlation of teacher burnout with job satisfaction among BS Education Degree Holders of University of Narowal. The study sought to explore the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among teachers, and to uncover the drivers of burnout. This study used a quantitative research design with 150 BS Education graduates from the Department of Education as a sample. Using descriptive statistics, doing correlation analysis, and regression analysis, data were collected through a structured questionnaire measuring burnout and job satisfaction levels. Teacher burnout was negatively correlated to job satisfaction (r = -0.386), while emotional exhaustion and lack of administrative support were identified as major burnout causes. On the flip side, factors like professional development opportunities, a positive climate at school, and work-life balance increased job satisfaction levels.

Keywords: Teacher burnout, job satisfaction, BS Education graduates

Role of Digital Literacy in Transforming Pedagogical Practices of University Teachers

2025-07-08T19:40:55+00:00

The present study gives an insight into the Impact of Digital Literacy on Pedagogical Competence of University Teachers at University of Narowal. In light of extensive advances of technology, the successful use of digital tools for educational purposes plays a significant role in enriching the educational process and consequently, the degree of student achievement. The objective of this study is to investigate the current state of digital literacy in terms of faculty members, pedagogical use and the obstacles to an effective use of digital literacy. It has used the mixed method approach, quantitative and qualitative were followed to get data. A sample of 40 teachers of education” of the University of Narowal was taken by using stratified random sampling technique. Data was obtained using surveys and semi-structured interviews to understand faculty member's digital literacy, the use of technology in teaching and the challenges they encounter. The results indicate that while faculty have basic digital literacy skills, there is a gap in their capacity to implement advanced digital tools in their teaching. The lack of infrastructure, training and psychological resistance were reported as the main barriers. It also demonstrates the positive effects in terms of teaching of digital literacy on pedagogy (interest and better results of students). This study has implications for our understanding of the conditions that support the uptake of digital tools in higher education. Results highlight the importance of the respective need for targeted staff development programs, improved infrastructure and institution support to support digital literacy and teacher pedagogy.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Transforming, Pedagogical Practices, University Teachers

The Impact of Phonological Processes on Speech Intelligibility of Students at the University of Lakki Marwat

2025-07-09T17:39:13+00:00

Phonological processes are natural and systematic changes in sounds that occur during speech. These changes often impact non-native speakers’ understanding, particularly in contexts where English is used as a foreign language (EFL). This issue is prevalent in multilingual nations like Pakistan, where students’ native languages can interfere with learning a second language. The current study aims to investigate the phonological processes that influence the speech clarity of sixth-semester students from different departments at the Gambila Campus, University of Lakki Marwat (ULM), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). A mixed-method approach was used in this research, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were gathered through recordings of selected words, sentences, and a paragraph from students. The analysis involved IPA transcription, comparison with Received Pronunciation (RP), and thematic analysis of their feedback. The study’s results indicated that the most frequent phonological processes affecting clarity included vowel substitution, elision, intrusion, rhoticity, deaspiration, and diphthong simplification. These issues were mainly due to the students’ native language (Pashto), a lack of phonological awareness, and overgeneralization from written English. The study concludes that these phonological processes significantly impede students’ speech clarity, which affects effective communication in both academic and social settings. In the EFL classrooms at ULM, where both students and teachers are non-native English speakers, the influence of first language interference on pronunciation is substantial, underscoring the need for better pronunciation teaching and awareness of Standard English phonology.

Keywords: Phonological Processes, Pronunciation, Speech Intelligibility, EFL Classes, ULM

Teachers’ Perceptions of Standardized Examinations: Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Instructional Impact, and Student Learning Outcomes in the Schools of District Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan

2025-07-10T13:52:06+00:00

Standardized examinations play a critical role in secondary education systems worldwide, serving as key tools for assessing student achievement and guiding instructional practices. In Tehsil Bhowana, these exams are widely used to measure student learning outcomes and hold schools accountable for educational standards. Understanding teachers’ perceptions of standardized testing is essential because their attitudes and experiences can directly influence how tests impact teaching methods and student performance. This study explores male secondary school teachers’ views on the strengths, weaknesses, and overall effects of standardized examinations in this specific regional context.This descriptive quantitative study was conducted in Tehsil Bhowana, District Chiniot, targeting male teachers from 16 government high schools. A total population of 270 teachers was identified, from which a representative sample of 115 teachers was selected through stratified random sampling proportional to the teacher population in each school. Data were collected via a structured survey instrument measuring perceptions of standardized testing across multiple dimensions, including its Strengths, weaknesses, influence on teaching practices, and effects on student learning. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, focusing on means, weighted scores, and standard deviations to provide a clear overview of teachers’ collective views. This study explored teachers’ perceptions of standardized testing, focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, effects on teaching practices, and student learning, along with suggestions for improvement. The findings revealed strong agreement among teachers on the benefits of standardized testing, with the highest-rated statement being “Testing promotes goal-oriented learning” (Mean = 4.37), reflecting its role in enhancing academic focus. Conversely, the lowest-rated concern was “Standardized tests lead to poor teaching strategies” (Mean = 2.85), indicating general disagreement with this criticism. Teachers emphasized the need for flexibility in testing policies (Mean = 4.22) and the integration of test preparation into regular teaching (Mean = 4.21). Although standardized assessments were seen as helpful for evaluating learning outcomes and accountability, concerns remained regarding their emotional impact, limited scope, and potential to narrow instructional focus. Overall, the study highlights a nuanced view among teachers, who support the utility of standardized testing while advocating for reforms that enhance fairness, creativity, and inclusivity.

Keywords: Standardized Testing, Teacher Perceptions. Secondary Education, Teaching Practices, Assessment Reform

The Evolution of Code-Switching in Multilingual Societies: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

2025-07-10T15:55:50+00:00

This paper is a sociolinguistic study that examine the development of code-switching within multilingual communities with a special focus on the code-switching as a versatile communicative tool used in identity negotiation, social belonging, and cognitive versatility. Code-switching has previously been stigmatized but has recently become a normative technique especially among urban youth and digital natives who mix languages in an unobtrusive manner both offline and online. The study uses the qualitative research approaches such as discourse analysis and an ethnographic observation to analyze the code-switching patterns between generations, in educational environments, and digital environments such as social media. The results indicate that code-switching has multiple uses that range between the establishment of hybrid identities and solidarity and the facilitation of clear pedagogical communication and jokes. Digital worlds also enhance creative language blending, such as it is in memes, hashtags and polylingual online communication. The research questions monolingual tendencies in education and policymaking that should be replaced by inclusive strategies that support translanguaging as a form of cognitive and cultural resource.

Keywords: Code-switching, Multilingualism, Sociolinguistics, Digital Communication, Hybrid Identity, Translanguaging, Language Policy, Social Media, Globalization, Educational Pedagogy

Unveiling Xenophobia: An Examination of Ideological Constructs in Sara Suleri's "Meatless Days”: A post-colonial Perspective

2025-07-11T08:49:30+00:00

Meatless Days has social and political overtones and written in a geographically and temporally dislocated manner. It documents Sara Suleri's recollections and her demonstration against the oppression and subjection of women in Pakistani culture due to erroneous, misunderstood, and incorrect interpretations of Islamic law. Since its founding, patriarchal behaviors have been more prevalent in Pakistani culture, which is a classic patriarchal group. The father of Sara Suleri is a man of words, and he completely understands himself via natural and intuitive speech. Sara Suleri attempted to include that entire condition of circumstances in the novella Meatless Days. In the setting of postcolonial Pakistan, she tells her experience about cultural differences, memories of the past, and her female partners in particular. Sara Suleri's Meatless Days is the main literature chosen for that aim. The theoretical framework used to analyze character from the perspective of Homi K Babha.

Key Words: Meatless Days, Sara Suleri, Postcolonial literature, Patriarchy, Gender oppression, Homi K. Bhabha

Appliances of Power: The Role of Objects, Tools, and Domestic Technologies in Constructing Class Consciousness in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders

2025-07-11T09:28:50+00:00

This paper examines both symbolic and functional meanings of material objects, domestic technologies, and tools in the short story collection In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin as a way of developing and strengthening class consciousness. The stories take place within the social-economic background of postcolonial Pakistan and all the characters involved have their identity and their stations in society defined by much more than wealth and land ownership, but by their ties to material goods. Using a Marxist literary approach and material culture religious studies, this study refers to the manner in which seemingly inanimate objects e.g. electric gadgets, furniture, clothing, and domestic infrastructure, act as agile indicator of classes, permitting control and social stratification, as well as maintain it. Through analyzing the politics of power, which is inherent in their usage, access and placement of objects, the study unveils how the differences in classes are not only physically felt but are also sustained ideologically. Finally, the paper suggests that, objects in the narratives of Mueenuddin are not mere statuses they are tools used invoicing the class, empowerment, and rebellion among the domestic and sociopolitical arenas of modern-day Pakistan.

Keywords: Class Consciousnessm, Domestic Technologies, Material Culture, Power Dynamics, Socioeconomic Stratification

Impact of Growth Mindset on Grit and Academic Flow of University Students: Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy

2025-07-11T11:26:15+00:00

The current article examined the impact of a growth mindset on grit and academic flow among university students, with a specific focus on the mediating role of self-efficacy. Employing an explanatory and correlational research design, data were collected from a purposive sample of university students (N = 360), comprising equal numbers of males (n = 180) and females (n = 180). Standardized self-report questionnaires were used to measure growth mindset, grit, academic flow, and self-efficacy. Correlational analysis and multiple regression were used to test the hypotheses via the latest version of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed significant positive correlations among growth mindset, grit, academic flow, and self-efficacy. Regression analysis indicated that a growth mindset significantly predicted both grit and academic flow. Furthermore, self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between growth mindset and the outcome variables. A comparative analysis also revealed that male students reported higher levels of growth mindset than their female counterparts. These findings have insightful outcomes for academicians, psychologists, career counselors, and academic institutions, aiming to cultivate a growth mindset and self-efficacy to enhance perseverance and optimal learning experiences in higher education settings.

Keywords: Grit, Growth Mind-set, Academic Flow, Self-efficacy

Educational Methods of the Prophetic Era and Their Contemporary Applications

2025-07-12T12:10:53+00:00

This paper explores the educational methods adopted by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and their relevance in contemporary educational frameworks. It analyzes the pedagogical principles of the Prophetic era, including gradual learning, moral development, practical demonstrations, and individualized attention. The study highlights how these methods fostered critical thinking, strong character, and holistic development among learners. Furthermore, it proposes practical strategies for integrating these Prophetic educational models into modern Islamic and general education systems to address current pedagogical challenges, enhance teacher effectiveness, and nurture ethically conscious and socially responsible individuals in today’s globalised world.

Keywords

Prophetic Education; Islamic Pedagogy; Teaching Methods; Educational Reforms; Contemporary Applications; Moral Development; Holistic Education

The Geo-economics of the Green Transition: Strategic Competition over Lithium and Rare Earths

2025-07-12T18:07:23+00:00

The recent global green transition that has been fuelled by the pressing necessity to address the climate change and transition to a sustainable low carbon future enormously increased the strategic significance of some of the main raw materials, particularly lithium and rare earths elements (REEs). The electric vehicle (EV) batteries, wind turbines, solar panels, or energy storage systems rely on such materials as their core. Just like the pace of demand of such technologies is faster, the struggle to gain access, mine and control such vital resources is also at pace. This rivalry is now a major characteristic of international political economy which has reproached geopolitical allegiances, commerce, and national policing.

The dominance of China in the rare earths processing system and the increasing attempts of the United States and the European Union to acquire alternative sources indicate the ways regional economic interdependence has become the territory of strategic competition. Simultaneously, the Global South, which is frequently endowed with these resources, is progressively (and successfully) utilizing its mineral deposits to exercise sovereignty and demand new terms of foreign investments and to achieve sustainable development. This paper presents a geo economic framework linking states and markets in their quest of resource security in which the interlinking of environmental goals and economic competition and even geopolitical rivalries can be seen to exist. The report highlights the challenges and possibilities within the green transition and states the necessity of collaborative governance, moral sourcing, and sustainable models of development to avoid a new period of resource based inequality of opportunity and adversity.

Keywords: Green transition, Geo-economics, Lithium, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Critical minerals, Strategic competition, Global supply chains, Environmental politics, Resource nationalism, International Political Economy (IPE)

The Impact of Carbon Emission and Renewable Energy on Health Expenditure in Pakistan

2025-07-12T18:25:59+00:00

Climate change and air pollution are global challenges with substantial threats to public health. Extended exposure to CO2 can result in a range of negative health effects and illnesses leading to increased health expenditures. This study explores how carbon emissions and the usage of renewable energy affect Pakistan’s per capita health expenditures from 2000 to 2021. The 2SLS-ARDL method is deemed suitable to address potential endogeneity and due to existence of severe multicollinearity. The findings indicate significant positive association between carbon emissions and health spending both in short and long-run. Conversely, renewable energy consumption instrumented by its first lag) shows a negative association with health expenditures per capita both in short & long run. Therefore, promoting environment friendly and sustainable energy-favorable policies, along with limiting CO2 emissions are recommended steps in terms of reducing health costs.

Key words: Carbon emissions, Renewable energy consumption, Health expenditures, Pakistan,

The Spectacle of Slogans: Media, Populism, and the Manufacturing of Consent in Pakistan

2025-07-13T05:52:14+00:00

This study investigates the understanding between media, populism, and political slogans in Pakistan through the case of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Drawing from Herman and Chomsky’s theory of “manufacturing consent” and Debord’s concept of the “spectacle,” the research explores how PTI slogans such as “Tabdeeli,” “Naya Pakistan,” and “Imported Hukumat Na-Manzoor” function as affective, visual, and rhetorical tools of political communication. Using a qualitative case study design, the study analyzes broadcast media, social media content, and party communications from 2013 to 2022. Through discourse and visual analysis, it demonstrates how slogans are used to simplify political narratives, construct emotional engagement, and foster political conformity. The findings reveal that PTI’s slogans transformed into cultural artifacts by leveraging mass media aesthetics, repetition, and leader-centric imagery. These slogans played a dual role: they mobilized supporters by offering emotional clarity and nationalistic pride, while simultaneously delegitimizing political opponents through binary framing. Media platforms, including television, Twitter, TikTok, and WhatsApp, amplified these slogans, saturating public consciousness and narrowing space for dissent or critical reflection. The study highlights the media’s complicity in reinforcing populist consensus, not through coercion, but via emotional spectacle and aesthetic saturation. Ultimately, the article argues that PTI’s slogan-driven populism exemplifies how media ecosystems in fragile democracies can become vehicles for symbolic control and manufactured political legitimacy. It underscores the urgent need for critical media literacy and further research into alternative political narratives in postcolonial societies.

Keywords: Populism, Political Slogans, Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaf, Media Spectacle, Emotional Mobilization, Manufacturing Consent, Political Communication, Discourse Analysis, Visual Politics, Populist Aesthetics

A Comparative Study of Social Problems in Surah An-Nur in Light of Ahkam Al-Quran by Al-Jassas and Ahkam Al-Quran by Al-Arabi

2025-07-13T08:12:11+00:00

This paper looks into the social problems as presented in Surah Nur by comparing two of the most important traditional exegeses; Ahkam al-Qur an by Al-Jassas (Hanafi school) and Ahkam al-Qur an by Ibn al-Arabi (Maliki school). Surah An-Nur is known to be a heavy legislative surah containing various provisions regarding ethical provisions, family life, modesty, chastity and all the limits of the public and the private life in the Islamic society. The purpose of the study is to find out how two scholars read the same verses in different ways and this reveals the plurality in legal and moral thought in Islamic jurisprudence. The thesis explores such key social issues as adultery and its punishment, the charge of unchastity, hijab (veil), and gender interaction, the marriage of chaste individuals, and the place of the community in upholding moral standards. Both scholars point out these problems yet use their legal approaches which are founded on the basis of their own madhhabs. To take an example, whereas Al-Jassas concentrates on legal technicality and juristic inferences based on Hanafi usul (principles), Ibn al-Arabi concentrates on maqasid (higher objectives) and the social implications of rulings in accordance with Maliki priorities. Further, the study throws light on the tale of al-Ifk (false allegation against Aisha R.A.) and how it reflects on the media ethics, social justice and how a news should be verified before being disseminated. It also explores the way both exegetes manage issues of privacy, domestic space (istidhan) and the institution of family that brings out a sophisticated interpretation of Islamic social order. Comparative approach will assist in showing the points upon which the two approaches are agreeing and disagreeing and the role of the historical, geographical, and methodological variables in conditioning their tafsir. By so doing, the research can be added to the academic discussion of tafsir al-ahkam and its applicability to modern ethical issues, i.e., to the problems of digital privacy, online defamation, and gender relations in the contemporary Muslim communities. Finally, this study has reached a conclusion that Surah An-Nur provides all-inclusive framework of creation of a morally upright society. Both Al-Jassas and Ibn al-Arabi testify that surah can be used in order to regulate individual behaviors and rectify society. The fact that they take different directions is not incompatible and instead complements the Islamic thought with varied understandings of how God reveals him or herself concerning the complex realities of human beings.

Keywords: Surah An-Nur, Ahkam al-Quran, Al-Jassas, Ibn al-Arabi, Social Ethics in Islam, Comparative Tafsir, Islamic Legal Thought

The Quranic Discourse on Animals and Its Relevance to Modern Zoology

2025-07-13T11:43:04+00:00

This paper discusses the theological and ethical meaning of animals in the Quran, and evaluates how the animals mentioned in the scriptures correspond to the present-day zoological knowledge. There are more than 200 direct and indirect references to the animal world in the Quran, and bees, ants, camels, and whales serve not only as biological creatures: they are also represented as signs of God (ayat), exemplars, and actors in prophetic fables. Examining verses describing bees in Surah An-Nahl, ant colonies in Surah An-Naml, and an ant to consider the camel in Surah Al-Ghashiyah, the article creates scientific correlations of the subjects of the insect communication, adaptations to the desert, or marine life. The Quranic worldview involves the ethical aspect that is supported by the idea of mizan (balance), khalifah (stewardship) and divine accountability which, in their turn, promote environmental conservation, animal rights and sustainable relationship with nature. Moreover, the paper criticizes compulsory scientific harmonic and rather advocates a reflective, symbolic, and epistemologically pluralistic attitude to scriptural zoology. Although the Quran is not a scientific textbook, the moral code and theology that underlies it complements the modern-day issues of biodiversity, ecological justice, and treatment of animals as living beings. The exchange between the Quranic doctrine and the contemporary science proves the validity of Islamic thinking in the contemporary ecological and ethical discussion, a spiritually embedded but intellectually sound explanation of the interaction between people, animals, and environment.

Keywords: Quran, Animals, Islamic Environmental Ethics, Zoology, Quranic Ecology, Bee Communication, Animal Rights, Scientific Parallels

China’s Economic Dominance in the Korean Peninsula and its Ramifications for Us Economic Hegemonic Influence in the Region

2025-07-13T17:26:43+00:00

The Korean Peninsula conflict involves two major powers, China and the United States, making it a fundamental factor in regional stability and international geopolitics. This research examines the growing economic influence of China in the Korean Peninsula as well as its implications on the long-lasting hegemonic dominance of the United States in the East Asia region. Through an interdisciplinary approach, contemporary economic trends, encompassing historical analysis and geopolitical assessments, this study aims to provide a detailed understanding of the developing role of China and its multifaceted impact on US interests in the region. Examining the complex web of trade dynamics, infrastructure projects, investment patterns and strategic alignments, this research explains the extent to which the economic stabilization of China invades both South Korea and North Korea. By proposing strategic responses and policy recommendations, grounded in a deep understanding of regional dynamics and power shifts. Also, this Research is on the base of Qualitative approaches, utilizing a combination of secondary data source (e.g.: reviewing academic publications, official websites, statements, newspapers, magazines, news articles, research papers, and internet publications) to provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic influence of China in Korean Peninsula. This research aspires to make a substantive contribution to the academic discourse on East Asian geopolitics and international political economy, offering a comprehensive analysis of the developing power dynamics in the Korean Peninsula and their implications for US hegemony in the region.

Key words: Korean Peninsula Conflict, China’s Economic Influence, US Hegemony, East Asian Geopolitics, Strategic Alignments, International Political Economy, North and South Korea.

Customer Relationship Marketing: Role of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology, and Regulatory Environment in Telecom Sector of Pakistan

2025-07-13T18:26:40+00:00

Consumer Relationship Marketing (CRM) is a critical strategy in the telecom sector, aiming to enhance customer engagement, trust, and long-term retention. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technology has revolutionized CRM by enabling data-driven decision making, personalized customer interactions, and secure data management this study examines the role of AI ,Blockchain, and regulatory environment in shaping CRM Practices in Pakistan telecom industry. AI driven tools such as predictive analytics, Chabot’s, and sentiment analysis enhance customer experiences, while blockchain ensures data security, transparency, and trust .However, the adoption of these technologies faces challenges, including high implementation costs, regulatory constraints, and a lack of technical expertise. The regulatory environment governed by the Pakistan telecommunication authority (PTA), plays a crucial role in defining data privacy policies and compliance measures, impacting how telecom firm integrate AI and Blockchain in their CRM strategies. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach where telecom companies align technological innovation with regulatory requirements to optimize customer relationship management.it includes that effective collaboration between policymakers and telecom operators is essential for fostering and ecosystem that encourages innovation while ensuring consumer protection and regulatory compliance.

Keywords: Customer Relation Marketing, Artificial Intelligence, Block Chain Technology

Hegemonic Masculinity and National Identity in Twentieth-Century American War Literature: A Comparative Study of the Selected works by Hemingway, Mailer, and O’Brien

2025-07-14T15:27:36+00:00

This paper explores the construction and negotiation of hegemonic masculinity and national identity within the framework of twentieth-century American war literature, centering on Ernest Hemingway, Norman Mailer, and Tim O’Brien. Through a comparative textual analysis, the study scrutinizes how these novelists lucid masculine ideals and nationalistic discourses against the background of war’s physical and psychological trauma. By applying R.W. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity and drawing on cultural studies, the paper reveals how literary depictions challenge, reinforce, or complicate dominant narratives about gender and nationhood. The findings suggest that while Hemingway emphasizes stoic, heroic masculinity linked to American imperial identity, Mailer critiques and problematizes this ideal through a raw, often violent portrayal of masculine bravado. O’Brien, writing in the post-Vietnam era, deconstructs traditional masculinity by highlighting vulnerability and moral ambiguity, thus reflecting a fractured national identity. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how war literature shapes and contests hegemonic masculinity and national belonging in American cultural memory.

Keywords: Hegemonic masculinity, national identity, American war literature, Ernest Hemingway, Norman Mailer, Tim O’Brien, R.W. Connell

The Invisible Wounds of War: Trauma, Identity Loss, and Social Disintegration Among Bajaur’s Internally Displaced Persons (2008–2015)

2025-07-14T16:29:20+00:00

The paper addresses the psychological and emotional effects of forced migration on the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Bajaur, a tribal district in former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan, which witnessed forced migration between 2008 to 2015 because of military operation. With a qualitative framework based on narrative type inquiry and thematic analysis, the study looks into the multidimensional issues that these societies experience, more so on trauma, loss of identity, and social melting. Exploring the results on the basis of field interviews, case studies, and documentary analysis, it can be concluded that most IDPs display the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The mandatory excursion was not only deprived of people of homes but, also, cultural integrity, sex roles and tribal integration proved to be shattered, thus causing confusion of identity and cultural dichotomy. The camps and the receiving communities failed to offer psychosocial support required to aid in recovery, but mostly offered a prolonged state of dependency, instability and normlessness. However, the research is also based on the Trauma Theory, Social Identity Theory, and the notion of anomie by Durkheim, which provides a duality of theoretical perspective and views on the affliction of the person, as well as the group. It further combines Forced Migration theory with the Resilience theory in evaluating coping strategies and survival mechanism. Policy implications make it clear that even procedural trauma-informed rehabilitation systems, ethnically aware education, and identity recovery programs are urgently needed in such post-violence zones as Bajaur. The study is also one of the few studies focusing on localized IDPs in Pakistan and further calls upon the need to adopt a humanistic and perspective that transcends physical settlement, and further more focuses on the internal wounds of a war, the invisible wounds of war or what the IDPs call it the feeling of emptiness.

Keywords: Bajaur Agency, Trauma, Identity Loss, Displacement, Social Fragmentation, Mental Health, 2008–2015

Comparative Analysis of Cricket Batsmen Using Survival Analysis

2025-07-14T17:09:33+00:00

This study presents a comparative analysis of exponential and Weibull distributions for modeling batting performance in T20 international cricket, using survival analysis to evaluate player consistency. Leveraging individual innings data from 10 elite batsmen (including Babar Azam, David Warner, and Virat Kohli) sourced from ESPNcricinfo, the research employs maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to fit both distributions and compares their goodness-of-fit via Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria. Results demonstrate that the exponential distribution, characterized by a constant hazard rate, provides a superior fit for most players, supported by lower AIC/BIC values and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests (p > 0.05). Survival probabilities at key thresholds (10, 30, 50, 80, and 100 runs) reveal Babar Azam as the most consistent performer, with a 75.6% chance of surpassing 10 runs and a 24.7% probability of reaching 50 runs. Conditional survival analysis further highlights his ability to convert starts (57.1% chance of progressing from 30 to 50 runs), outperforming power-hitters like Glenn Maxwell, who exhibit higher volatility. The Weibull distribution, while flexible, proves unnecessarily complex for T20 batting data. Practical applications include optimizing batting orders, real-time tactical decisions, and player development frameworks. The study underscores the exponential model’s utility in cricket analytics while advocating for its integration into team strategies.

Keywords: Survival Analysis, T20 Cricket, Exponential Distribution, Weibull Distribution, Batting Consistency, AIC/BIC, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Babar Azam, Conditional Survival Probabilities, Player Performance