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REVISITING BORDERS IN THE GLOBALIZING WORLD IN MOHSIN HAMID'S EXIT WEST: POSTMODERN IMPLICATIONS

2024-12-31T20:35:36+00:00

The study revisits the dynamics of border crossing in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West from a global perspective. The study also analyses the intersection of migration, refugee crisis, and identity, all of which represent the often violent aspects of crossing borders. Using these magically realistic elements and postmodern approaches, the study reveals the limitations of the concepts of borders emphasizes the contemporary world which is becoming increasingly globalized, and emphasizes the life experiences of people considering that cultural interactions are not confined by any set boundaries. The study will explore the postmodern implications involving socio-political aspects of migration in the contemporary world.

Keywords: Borders, Migration, Postmodernism, Refugee Crisis.

DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER CONTROVERSY IN MODERN ENGLISH: PROJECTIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA

2025-01-02T02:20:18+00:00

Language also works as a mirror of social dynamics and cultural values, and its development is closely associated with societal changes. One of the significant examples of this phenomenon is the gender controversy in modern English. To analyze the gendered linguistic changes in English, with a focus on the evolving use of gender-neutral language and its implications is the aim of this article. A comprehensive overview of the development of the gender controversy and its current state is offered by examining the historical context, linguistic changes and impact on society as presented on social media with specific reference to the examples of modern English expressions in Pakistani context. Three types of data is analysed in this research in order to study the controversy. One type of data is the use of linguistic items on various social media platforms, the other is the use of hashtags that suggest the momentum of the movement for gender-neutral language and the third is the review of researches in order to track the evolutionary changes in gender controversy in modern English with specific focus on use of English in social media by Pakistanis. The findings of the study suggest that feminists have been successful to a great extent in making people realize the use of gender-neutral language to a certain extent. However, in Pakistani context, there is yet a long way to go because of the influence of traditions in a closely-knit society as that of Pakistan.

Keywords: Gender controversy; modern English; social media; gender-neutral language; linguistic changes

THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY, POWER AND AGENCY IN POST-COLONIAL CONDITION: POST-COLONIAL STUDY OF THE STRANGER BY ALBERT CAMUS

2025-01-02T07:39:06+00:00

This paper aims to analyze Albert Camus masterpiece novel “The Stranger” as a quintessential postcolonial text that focuses on the themes of colonialism, identity, and moral ambiguity. Meursault, the protagonist, serves as a lens through which the complexities of colonial identity are explored. His emotional indifference coupled with his detached perspective reflect on the broader alienation experienced within a colonial context. It highlights the disconnection between the colonizer and the colonized in significant ways. By employing a postcolonial framework, this analysis seeks to reveals how Camus critiques the subalternity, hegemonic structures and power dynamics inherent in colonial relationships. Meursault’s interactions with the Algerian landscape and its inhabitants reflect the absurdity of existence in a world marked by violence, oppression and cultural dislocation. It is suggested that "The Stranger” critiques the moral and psychological implications of colonialism, urging readers to confront the ethical void that arises from such extractive systems. “The Stranger” reassess the understanding of identity and belonging in a ruthlessly indifferent post-colonial world.

Keywords:” Post colonialism, Absurdity, Identity, Colonialism, Albert Camus, “The Stranger”

A STUDY OF THE LIMITATION OF HALAL AND HARAM FOR A TRADER IN THE LIGHT OF ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

2025-01-02T18:42:19+00:00

This study sheds light on the Sharia principles and regulations of trade in the light of Islamic teachings. With reference to the Quran and Hadith, it has been clarified that trade is not only the basic unit of the economy but also has the status of worship under Sharia principles. The study has examined the issues that make trade halal and pure, such as avoiding interest, fraud, adulteration, and false oaths. Furthermore, in the context of Hadiths, guiding principles have been formulated for those traders who can elevate trade to the level of worship with honesty and piety. The aim of the study is to encourage present traders to trade in accordance with Islamic principles and provide them with the principles of success in this world and the hereafter. This study will clarify how ethical principles of trade can be reconciled with today's business challenges in the light of Islamic teachings.

Keywords: Qur’an, Hadith, Islamic Economic system, Prohibited sale, interest

FROM BIAS TO BRILLIANCE: THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF AI IN LITERATURE

2025-01-03T06:02:27+00:00

This study examines the dualistic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in literary analysis, showcasing its groundbreaking potential alongside inherent challenges. While AI democratizes access to advanced analytical tools and enhances efficiency, it faces significant barriers such as algorithmic bias and limitations in interpreting cultural, emotional, and psychological nuances. Traditional literary analysis is a subjective approach in that it draws from the reader's experience and culture in seeking deeper meanings, themes, and emotions in a piece. Although this technique may bring forth more insightful ideas, it is always hampered by human bias, lack of time, and inconsistencies. With its advanced Normal Dialect Preparing and machine learning capabilities, AI has the potential to convert the field by analyzing phenomenal volumes of content, recognizing designs, and recognizing topics. It can encourage estimation examination, complex comparisons, and authentic contextualization, democratizing get to to modern scholarly apparatuses. The study finds that there are significant barriers such as algorithmic biases found within biased training datasets and an inability of AI to relate at the emotional, psychological, and cultural levels of literature. The study looks into AI's tendency to reflect societal inequalities, such as gender bias and nonrepresentational of non-Western voices, marginalizing certain authors and traditions. AI also fails at the internationalization of identities and the complexities of human experiences portrayed in literature. Observations reveal how AI focuses on linguistic patterns, which often takes the place of holistic understanding. The study calls for diversified and inclusive datasets, an enhanced AI system that can detect inter-sectional identities, and tools for bias detection. Although AI cannot replace human interpretation, it has much potential as a complementing tool in literary analysis. The study concluded that the incorporation of AI's analytical efficiency with human insight could well create a more equitable and comprehensive approach to understanding literature.

Keywords: Intersectionality, Algorithmic Bias, Semantic Analysis, Literary Inclusivity, AI assisted interpretation.

REVISITING THE JUS AD BELLUM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE AND THE PROHIBITION ON THE USE OF FORCE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

2025-01-05T14:08:33+00:00

International relations involving the use of force are governed by the legal theory known as jus ad bellum. Focusing on the provisions of essay 51 and the relationship between Article 2(4) and Article 51, this essay provides a sociopolitical and contemporary criticism of the UN Charter. Still, the enumerated aggressive action is forbidden and here the word "force" turns out to be amenable to an exception: self-defense in the event that the aggression is armed. This article analyzes shifts in the judicial and institutional nature of the ICJ, state behavior, sovereignty disputes and cooperation frameworks. International relations involving the use of force are governed by the legal theory known as jus ad bellum. Focusing on the provisions of essay 51 and the relationship between Article 2(4) and Article 51, this essay provides a sociopolitical and contemporary criticism of the UN Charter. Analyzing the given topic from a critical perspective of the rights, the author indicates that, although the right to self-preservation continues to be an essential element of the multiple contemporary legal systems, it requires adjustments based on the modern threats/violence nature and the warfare transformations. The assessment expands upon previous work by the United Nations Security Council on the subject of the right to self-defense and the present state of international law as it pertains to the prohibition of force.

Keywords: Jus ad Bellum, Self-defense, Use of Force, International Law, UN Charter.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BALTI TRANSLATED IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH BY BS LEVEL STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF BALTISTAN, SKARDU

2025-01-06T10:42:11+00:00

The current research, in the field of applied linguistics, aims at investigating a range of difficulties related to the accuracy of translation faced by Balti ESL (English as a Second Language) learners at university level. The major focus is on the translation of idioms from Balti language to English language. Furthermore, the study encompasses various strategies to overcoming difficulties and recommending solutions to certain translational issues. With the expended global interaction, research work especially in the realm of translation has grown exponentially worldwide that deals with the issues within languages both inter and intra lingual domains. The study has used a questionnaire with the scheme of idioms from Balti to be translated into English. The mode of analysis is used as close-reading and comparing the translations to the original text. After the collection of the data, the researcher has presented the data on tabular charts using APA format to show data. The students of University of Baltistan have been selected randomly for translating the texts. The study shows that students face difficulty in conceptualizing and translating idioms. One of the reasons for the translational gaps was the translation of idioms sensing word-for-word preferences during the translation process. The researcher discussed the findings at different levels that how the participants as university students, translated the idioms and which type of strategies they used and what sort of barriers they encountered during the translation process. Lastly, this research study will help the future researchers in exploring inter-lingual translational studies especially related to Balti language.

Key words: Translations Studies, cultural translation, semantic variations, ESL and ILT

THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON JUVENILE OFFENDERS: A STUDY OF THE PAKISTANI JUSTICE SYSTEM

2025-01-06T16:41:05+00:00

The paper explores ways through which trauma affects young offenders in Pakistani justice system and the relationship between ACEs and delinquency. Based on interviews with consultants, official documents, digitally collected data from juvenile rehabilitation centers and legal cases, the work determines the trauma as a critical predictor of psychological-behavioral state of young offenders. Studies show that instances of abuse and neglect and other violent events directly enhance the chances that the juveniles will be flowing into the justice system. Moreover, there are systems’ barriers including insufficient mental health resources, lack of enough rehabilitation centres and enforcing legal systems that worsen the problem. This paper calls for more effective response to juvenile delinquency based on trauma informed practices for justice system players such as the police, judges, and social workers. In policy making for child born offenders, the research recommends policy changes and adoption of restorative justice that focus more on behavior change as opposed to punishment. These steps are intended to lower the juvenile offenders’ rate of reoffending and return of offenders to society as responsible members. This study adds to the existing literature and debate regarding juvenile justice reform in developing countries in general and the Democratic Republic of Congo in particular as a starting point for future investigation and policy making.

Keywords: trauma, juvenile offenders, Pakistani justice system, adverse childhood experiences, rehabilitation.

SECTARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY: ANALYZING VOTER BEHAVIOR IN DISTRICT CHITRAL, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

2025-01-08T17:04:21+00:00

This study focuses on the effects of a sectarian identity on voting behavior in District Chitral which is a unique district having both Sunni and Ismaili communities. It analyzes how a voter's religion affects his political preferences, the factors which make him vote and even the turnout rate in different precincts. The study enhances the understanding of the importance of the sect as a factor in electoral results by providing a mix sampling that represents the region under survey with the help of a descriptive research design which is relevant to the demographics of the district. The results reveal that the Sunni members of the electorate are inclined to support PTI While Ismaili ones tend to support PPP, thereby portraying evidence of a sectarian split between the parties in focal concept. Other important aspects that affect the electoral behavior of voters include sectarianism, the characteristics of the candidates and the party policies, whereas the most important focus is placed on sectarianism. The research also provides an explanation for the variation in voter participation between Sunni, Ismaili and mixed constituencies, thereby explaining the complex nexus between religion and politics in Chitral. Demographic data covers the analysis with insights into voting behavior and influence factors on election decisions included.

Keywords: Sectarianism, Voting Behavior, Political Identity, District Chitral, Electoral Dynamics

LANGUAGE USE IN OUTLET SIGNBOARDS: A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE STUDY IN RAHIM YAR KHAN

2025-01-08T18:48:17+00:00

This study examines the linguistic landscape of commercial signboards across the four tehsils of Rahim Yar Khan district, focusing on the semiotic strategies used to engage customers and communicate socio-cultural values. The study begins by exploring the primary languages displayed on these signboards, shedding light on local language preferences and the socio-cultural dynamics within the district. Acknowledging the critical role of linguistic landscapes in public spaces, this research illustrates how commercial signage becomes an essential medium of interaction, merging functional communication with cultural representation. The research addresses three main questions: Which languages are predominantly used on the signboards in Rahim Yar Khan district? Which semiotic elements—such as promotions, logos, slogans, and icons—are strategically employed to entice customers to purchase goods? And what variations exist in typography, including styles, colors, and fonts, across the four tehsils of Rahim Yar Khan? In line with these questions, the study's objectives are to determine the dominant languages, examine the commercial signboards’ semiotic features, and compare typographic and stylistic differences across the district. Employing the triadic model of semiotics as its central methodology, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of signboards collected from each tehsil, capturing the layers of meaning conveyed through linguistic and visual elements. The findings reveal that language choice and semiotic features on these signboards are not only functional but serve to shape consumer perception and reinforce socio-cultural identity. English frequently signals modernity and status, while Urdu emphasizes national identity, and local dialects connect with community roots. This research concludes that the linguistic and semiotic characteristics of Rahim Yar Khan's signage significantly mirror local identity and consumer engagement, contributing to broader insights within linguistic landscape studies on how language and symbolism intersect to shape public spaces in multicultural regions. The study suggests that language choice and the semiotic elements of signboards are not pragmatic but key in constructing consumer perception and perpetuating socio-cultural identity. For instance, the pervasiveness of the use of the English language manifests modernity; the widespread use of the Urdu language depicts a sense of national cohesion and local dialects denote ties to the community. The study concludes that the linguistic and semiotic features of commercial signage in Rahim Yar Khan are profoundly connected with local identity and consumer involvement, thus making it very important research for grasping the association between language and culture in public spaces. The flowing study helps in the growing area of The linguistic landscape studies, as the insights could be applied to other multicultural regions with diverse linguistic landscapes.

Kyewords: Linguistics Landscape (LL), Semiotics, Language, Sicio- Cultural,Identity, Multicultural

GLOBALIZATION'S CULTURAL CROSSROADS: TRADITION, TRANSFORMATION, AND IDENTITY IN URDU AND PASHTO LANGUAGES IN PAKISTAN

2025-01-09T00:51:06+00:00

Presenting an exploratory analysis of the research problem of this scholarly investigation into the overwhelming effects of globalization on the linguistic and the literary realm of the Urdu and Pashto languages in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. we use a questionnaire and indepth interviews to collect data from the target population namely the Urdu and Pashtu speaking writer and intellectuals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Populations Qualitative. The conclusion draws attention to the nuanced nature of the interference and points to the urgent necessity of language support to maintain linguistic and cultural, as well as geographical, identity.

KEY Words: Globalization, exploration of Urdu and Pashto, language conservation, national language, language policies, language education programs

BRIDGING GLOBAL INFORMATION GAPS: THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

2025-01-09T12:11:05+00:00

Information management field is to see the important of the language of the English language. Professional technologies method has to use its important to access English language education resource, the international language is used to develop software tools and database for internationally cooperation and information system through which we work differently. During the deal with the challenge of non-English speakers. The advantage of English management methods and the effectiveness of the advance, through which we take the context of literature review and case study and concludes the article through different analysis. When it is dominated by English in this field. To ensure equal access to information management resource, multilingual system and language cooperation is increasing. To solve their problem in this field. They are non-English speaker face their challenges in information management. While can cause influence information process in non-English speaking regions. Translate tools and local training program can compete and challenges their increase global cooperation in the system. They will face there any challenges on it.

Keywords: Information Management, Global Communication, Technological Integration, Professional Development, Multilingual Challenges

THE IMPACT OF INFLUENCER MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST, CONTENT, CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT, AND POPULARITY

2025-01-09T18:30:12+00:00

This report focuses on the effect of Influencer Marketing on Purchase Intention and how major mediators (Trust, Content Quality, Consumer Engagement, and Popularity) increase the relationship. Based on Smart PLS (structural equation modeling, SEM) and 300 social media users the results show Influencer Marketing significantly influences Purchase Intention directly. Additionally, the mediators of Trust and Content Quality are also among the most crucial ones to increase the influence of influencer marketing based on how valuable real and quality content is in driving sales. As well, there are also Consumer Engagement and Popularity, Engagement helping to strengthen consumer connections, and Popularity promoting the reach of advertisements. The model reflects a big chunk of the variance in Purchase Intention, so it can be useful for marketers. According to these results, brands should focus on influencers who can create trustworthy, viral content and earn trust with their followers in order to optimize influencer marketing campaigns. This study adds to the growing literature on digital marketing strategies and has real-world applications for companies looking to leverage social media influencers.

Keywords:Influencer Marketing, Trust, Content Quality, Consumer Engagement, Popularity, Purchase Intention, Digital Marketing, Social Media, Consumer Behavior

REGISTER ANALYSIS OF BURKA AVENGER

2025-01-10T07:05:01+00:00

The study aims at exploring lexis, types of grammar, mode, field and tenor developed by K.K. Holliday. The object of study for these tools is the text of Burka Avenger Pakistani Animated Cartoon (2013-2016). Whereas, purposive sampling is applied by keeping in view the qualitative paradigm of study. The study has given a strong attempt on the register analysis of the text and has ended up in the basic themes of freedom, identity, equality, education and entertainment. Overall, the register analysis applied on the text showcases the real and potential meaning with the proper thematic messages, formerly mentioned, to the audience belonging to Pakistani and international communities.

Key words: lexis, grammar, mode, field, tenor, Holliday, Burka Avenger, Pakistani, animated, cartoon, purposive sampling, register analysis, freedom, identity, equality, education, entertainment, potential meaning, thematic messages, audience and communities.

CHILDHOOD BEHIND BARS: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF CHILDREN ACCOMPANYING INCARCERATED MOTHERS

2025-01-10T11:32:14+00:00

This study explores the rights and well-being of children whose mothers are incarcerated in jails across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), assessing the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in this context. The study combines secondary data analysis of legal frameworks, court decisions, and prison regulations with primary data collected through in-depth interviews with 20 incarcerated mothers (out of a total of 35) and jail superintendents from nine female housing prisons in KP. The findings reveal significant gaps between the CRC's principles and their practical application, particularly the absence of clear policies addressing the needs of these children. Aligning prison practices with the CRC requires legislative reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and the establishment of structured support systems for children living in prisons. These measures are essential to safeguard the rights and foster the overall development of this vulnerable population.

Key words: Childhood, Socio-Legal, Rights, Welfare, Children Accompanying, Mothers.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGES IN SARGODHA DISTRICT PUNJAB

2025-01-12T08:36:34+00:00

This article discusses the change of land use and land cover (LULC) in Sargodha region of Punjab, Pakistan, for the period of 30 Years (1993-2023) using satellite imageries. The four major land cover categories that emerged were agricultural land, urban built-up land, barren land, and water bodies, using 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023 Landsat high-resolution images. Compared to previous periods, there have been significant changes in the patterns of land use in the region. Agricultural areas which occupied an estimated 80% of the total area in the year 1993 experienced a decrease to 71% by the year 2023. This was occasioned by the rapid rate of urbanization that took place over that period. However, there was a significant change in built-up areas, during this period which rose from 5% in 1993 to 21% in 2023 indicating a significant increase in population density and built infrastructure. Barren land registered a decrease from 14% down to 7% indicating a change in land use patterns while the water bodies remained the same level at 1%. Auxiliary indicators such as the overall accuracy, user and producer accuracy, kappa coefficients, and other detailed accuracy measurements were undertaken to validate the classification. The results from the auxiliary indicators registered an overall accuracy of 93.53% in the year 2023. The results show the urgent necessity of the tools and approaches for balanced land management. The rezoning and reallocation of centrally planned activities is critical for the development of one the most important agricultural regions.

Keywords: Agriculture, Built-up, Land Management, Satellite Imageries

THE STUDY OF MARKETING ANALYSIS AND SALES DEVELOPMENT OF POWDERED MILK

2025-01-13T16:09:03+00:00

The consumers of powdered milk in Pakistan prefer imported powdered milk brands as compared to produced locally. The study attempts to determine the factors affecting consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk and explicate consumer buying behavior. The study includes elements of marketing and sales such as consumers’ attitude toward taste of powdered milk, perception of safety and health, packaging, price, advertisement, product availability and display to understand their impact of dependent variable, that is, consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk. The data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire on convenience based sampling technique from a sample of 288 respondents and multiple regression analysis was used to conclude findings and results. The results show that attitude toward taste, perception of safety and health and advertising have a significant impact on consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk. The study describes the point the better tasting, safe and health promising, well priced and well-advertised powdered milk can draw the attention of its target customers and can even compete the foreign brands. The research tends to assist powdered milk producers to understand consumers buying behavior and will help them improve their marketing inventiveness to serve consumer needs in a better way and promote locally produced brands.

Key words: powdered milk, intention to purchase, marketing and sales, advertising

THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE AND RISK PERCEPTION FACTORS IN INFLUENCING PUBLIC PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOR TOWARDS COVID-19 IN QUETTA

2025-01-14T18:15:44+00:00

Preventive behavior of individuals plays a critical role in controlling the extent of infectious diseases. COVID-19 underscored the significance of individuals’ perceptions and attitudes towards the Covid-19 in shaping the public preventive behavior. This study analyzed cognitive, affective attitudes, risk perception and their effects on public preventive behavior employing structural equation modeling (SEM). For the purpose, a cross-sectional questionnaire based household survey with 323 respondents was conducted in Quetta city using simple random sampling. The results reveal that 46.7% respondents were having knowledge about Covid-19 and 59.1% were familiar with the symptoms while 57.6% had knowledge about the recommended preventive methods. The results further reveal that, 44% respondents felt anxious and 44.9 % felt fear when they thought of Covid-19. Furthermore, there was significant level of perceived personal risk and the likelihood of contracting the virus. In addition to that, results of the structural equation model reveal that cognitive attitude and affective attitude significantly influence public preventive behavior in Quetta city. The study recommends that these results may provide valuable insights for policy makers and health experts to develop appropriate strategies to boost preventive behaviors in the public by developing policy for risk reduction of such infectious disasters in future.

Key words: Covid-19, cognitive attitude, risk perception, preventive behavior.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION ON STUDENTS' MOTIVATION IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITIES

2025-01-15T18:17:57+00:00

The current qualitative exploratory research examines the effects of English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) on students’ motivation within Pakistani universities. In more detail, the objectives of the study are to: Determine the effect of EMI on students’ motivation, Establish the difficulties experienced by students undertaking EMI courses. These three public universities of Pakistan involved 300 students studying in English-medium programs. The quantitative data was administered through self-administered questionnaires for motivation and survey questionnaires while the qualitative data was collected through interviews. The study findings indicated that: EMI played a major role in influencing students’ motivation levels with most students expressing a perceived motivation to learning English and better attitudes towards learning. However, this study also revealed that, EMI has lots of difficulties for students especially those whose English is poor. The significance of the study is underlined by the need to offer enhancement to learners who may face challenges in EMI, and further argue that EMI can help enhance students’ willingness in learning English in Pakistani universities. The result of this study has a clear relevance to language policy and planning in Pakistani universities.

Keywords: Exploring, Impact, English, Medium, Instruction, Students' Motivation, Pakistani Universities.

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF PUNISHMENT INSTEAD OF FINANCIAL PENALTIES IN THE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

2025-01-16T14:28:07+00:00

The real estate business is a pivotal sector in economic development but often faces challenges due to unethical practices, regulatory violations, and breaches of contract. Financial penalties are the most common form of punishment for such infractions; however, they may not always deter repeat offenses or ensure justice. This paper explores alternative forms of punishment that can be implemented to promote accountability and compliance in the real estate industry. Alternatives such as community service, mandatory training programs, license suspension, public disclosure of violations, and performance bonds are examined for their potential to reform behavior and enhance industry standards. These measures focus on rehabilitative and preventive approaches rather than merely punitive ones. By analyzing case studies and regulatory frameworks from different jurisdictions, the paper highlights how these alternatives can effectively address misconduct while fostering a culture of responsibility among real estate professionals. Implementing diverse punitive mechanisms can also mitigate financial stress on smaller players in the industry and encourage a fairer competitive environment. The study concludes that a holistic approach to punishment, incorporating financial and non-financial measures, can significantly improve ethical practices and regulatory compliance in the real estate business.

Keywords: Real estate regulation, Alternative punishment, Ethical practices, Compliance measures, Industry accountability

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN RESOLVING THE KASHMIR CONFLICT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIAN AND PAKISTANI INTERACTING STRATEGIES

2025-01-17T11:00:43+00:00

This study critically examines the role of leadership in resolving the Kashmir conflict, focusing on the complex and enduring tensions between India and Pakistan. Despite decades of hostilities and territorial disputes, limited research has comprehensively assessed the impact of leadership strategies in conflict resolution. Addressing this gap, the study investigates political declarations, diplomatic efforts, and policy decisions made by Indian and Pakistani leaders to evaluate their effectiveness in fostering sustainable peace. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study analyzes historical contexts, regional geopolitical dynamics, and evolving socio-political factors to uncover patterns in leadership styles and strategic approaches that have either facilitated or hindered the peace process. Findings reveal that while certain leadership tactics have promoted dialogue and temporary stability, others have exacerbated tensions due to rigid policies and mistrust. The research contributes to the fields of international relations, conflict resolution, and leadership studies by offering actionable insights for policymakers and diplomats working towards peace in South Asia. By identifying effective conflict resolution strategies, this study provides a foundation for developing innovative diplomatic frameworks to address one of the most protracted disputes globally. The findings are expected to guide future diplomatic efforts and enhance the discourse on sustainable peacebuilding in the India-Pakistan context.

Keywords: Leadership strategies, Conflict resolution, India and Pakistan, Kashmir issue, Sustainable peace

REAL ESTATE SECTOR WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SNAGS & INFORMAL ECONOMY. INSIGHTS FROM QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN. A QUALITATIVE STUDY

2025-01-17T17:11:32+00:00

The real estate sector in Quetta, Pakistan, faces numerous challenges that hinder its growth and sustainability. The study examines the current trends and challenges in the real estate sector of Quetta, Pakistan, focusing on environmental issues, pollution, no registration, rising taxes, and government policies. The study examines the level of informality in the economic activities of the real estate sector. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews with key stakeholders to provide a comprehensive NVivo overview. The research concluded that the real estate sector is primarily informal. The findings reveal significant concerns regarding environmental issues, pollution, and resource waste due to the real estate sector.

Keywords: Real Estate Sector. Environment. Ecology. Informal Economy. Quetta. Balochistan. NVivo.

CORE SELF-EVALUATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, COPING STRATEGIES, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

2025-01-18T09:40:59+00:00

Medical students often face significant academic pressures and emotional challenges, which can make them vulnerable to psychological distress. This study examines the relationships between core self-evaluation (CSE), psychological distress, coping strategies, and perceived social support within this demographic. Core self-evaluation, which indicates an individual's self-worth and abilities, is expected to influence how students perceive and handle stress. A cross-sectional survey was administered to medical students using validated measures to assess CSE, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance), and perceived social support. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of students experienced distress at higher frequencies than the general population, with junior students employed more problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance coping strategies than final-year students. Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly correlates with distress, as lower SES students experience higher distress levels. Higher distress levels were associated with lower core self-evaluations (CSE) and perceived social support (PSS), as well as more use of avoidance coping strategies. Additionally, perceived support from family, friends, and significant others moderates the relationship between CSE and distress. The interaction between core self-evaluations (CSE) and perceived social support (PSS) significantly predicted psychological distress, with higher PSS enhancing the protective effects of CSE on distress, supporting the buffering hypothesis. These results highlight the prevalence of psychological distress and coping strategies used by medical students. Further underscores the importance of fostering positive core self-evaluations and strengthening social support systems to reduce psychological distress. Enhancing PSS through interventions that strengthen social support networks, while simultaneously fostering CSE by building self-efficacy and emotional stability, could be a promising approach to mitigating psychological distress in medical students. Future research should explore the long-term effects and specific coping intervention strategies tailored to the unique needs of medical students.

Keywords: Core Self-Evaluation, Psychological Distress, Coping Strategies, Perceived Social Support, Medical Students, Mental Health, Stress Management, Resilience

INTERPLAY OF EDUCATION IN THE LIVES OF FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT WOMEN: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

2025-01-18T10:22:05+00:00

This study focuses on the role of education in the lives of financially independent women, of Chitral, KPK, and explores that whether there is a difference in the status and position of educated and uneducated financially independent women. By utilizing qualitative research approach, twelve financially independent women from Chitral KPK were interviewed for the present study, among which six were educated and six were uneducated to analyze how education shapes the roles and responsibilities of financially independent women. Semi structured interview guide was used to conduct interviews from twelve participants from Chitral KPK. The study finds that uneducated women face more severe problems and social criticism, while educated women have a significant improvement in work life balance and societal respect, particularly for those in teaching jobs. The findings of the study reveal that educated women were more empowered in terms of having societal respect, participation in decision making and maintaining work life balance. The findings show the importance of education in women life and helping them to increasing their financial stability, and contribute significantly to their communities. This highlights how crucial it is to have rules that support women’s access to higher education in order to sustain gender equality in Pakistan.

Key words: Education, Financially independent women, Empowerment, Decision making

CLIMATE POLITICS AND CROSS-BORDER IMPACTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINA AND THE US ON INDIA

2025-01-18T19:33:42+00:00

This paper evaluates the effects of climate-related policies that were developed in China and the US on the Indian economy, its environment and its energy security and climate change commitments. Meeting the needs of climate change is an issue of serious concern for India, and as such India needs to strike a balance between developmental aspirations and global expectations on climate action. The Sino–American competition adds to India’s pressure where China’s BRI is transforming energy and water security in the region and US clean energy strategies offer both windows of opportunity and constraints. Even with transformative climate action goals set for itself, India is unable to handle the backlash from these nations which is a big hindrance for it, and this too the political science discourse is the gap that exists when it comes to the connection between international climate agendas and the Indian domestic scenario. On the other hand, it investigates the dynamic issues of how the policies of the two states affect the energy transitions, water security and climate action of India. The research combines three methods: policy analysis, historical and comparative case studies, to understand the dynamics of environmental geopolitics and economic relations. This study assists India in achieving its renewable energy targets but China's Belt and Road Initiative has created problems in the northeastern part of the country by increasing dependence on other countries for resources. The research further assists in deepening the understanding of dynamic India’s strategic adjustments amid superpower climate tussles and emphasizes on such integrated regional models. This research follows the dependency theory approach, which emphasizes India’s regional integration and multicentric climate negotiations in order to address regional climate risks.

Keywords: Cross-border conflict, climate politics, USA-CHINA, India

SINO-US RIVALRY IN INDO PACIFIC: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

2025-01-18T19:52:47+00:00

The concept of Indo-Pacific, a term that has been adopted by the United States in its strategic language underbrush, reflects an attempt to check the ever-expanding attention by China within its locus. The strategy here is to intervene and limit in this case China’s aspirations especially concerning its ambitious Belt and Road Initiative that still remains a major focus in Washington’s policy. In essence, the goal is to limit China’s global strategy of using economic interdependence, especially to Asia. China however continues to take the advocate of regional economic integration in a bid to reach a long-term objective of world dominance all in the name of maintaining the orthodox Asian pacific construct. Pakistan’s struggle to make great power competition in the Indo-Pacific region is both geopolitical and economic and emerges in an increasingly complex context. Pakistan will need to navigate the tumultuous attempt it fuels to safeguard its interests. This paper attempts to contextualize the factors contributing to Pakistan’s negative strategic environment and how these factors influence the range of available strategic options. More specifically, it proposes to answer two crucial questions:

1. What is the shift from ‘Asia Pacific’ to ‘Indo-Pacific’ doing to the strategic balance of the region?

2. Why is this transformation of importance to Pakistan’s strategic Objectives?

KEYWORDS: US-CHINA Rivalry, Indo-Pacific, Security, Implications on Pakistan

THE NOTPETYA CYBER-ATTACK: RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE REGIONAL ECONOMIES

2025-01-19T14:31:14+00:00

In 2017, the NotPetya attack, widely cited as Russian-sponsored cyber-attacks against Ukraine, marked the dawning of the future of cyber war as a means of statecraft, with implications for local economies and global politics. This paper draws on realist theory to analyze the geopolitical implications of the NotPetya attack against Russia and Ukraine through power relations, state sovereignty and security problems. In overturning Ukrainian infrastructure and economic structures, the attack showed just how cyber operations can extend age-old power struggle into the digital realm. This spillover to the local economies, as well as collateral damage to international companies and neighboring states, reminds us how cyber threats are global in nature. It shows that current international arrangements have failed in combating state-sponsored cyber-attacks, and demands a revision of security paradigms to stop such attacks. The discussion informs a more general discussion about cyber warfare, its use in state strategies, and its impacts on regional stability and economic resilience.

Keywords: NotPetya cyber-attack, Russia-Ukraine war, regional economies, cyber war, realist theory.

SPACE MILITARIZATION: THE US-CHINA ARMS RACE AND ITS IMPACT ON SOUTH ASIA

2025-01-19T15:35:35+00:00

The focus of this essay is to provide a deep insight into the intensifying US-China arms race in space and its broad implications for the South Asian world from the theoretical lens of realism in IR. Both superpowers are scaling up their space armament as they fight for strategic and technological supremacy; the impact is shifting the dynamics of global security and amplifying insecurities in particular regions. South Asia, a geopolitically vulnerable region already steeped in longstanding rivalries and uncertain stability, has become further mired in the arms race of these world leaders. It uses the realist paradigm – the prioritization of power, security and state survival – to analyze the forces driving the US-China space race and how they affect South Asia’s security context. Analyzing some of the major trends, such as ASAT test firings, the development of space-based surveillance, and the geopolitical calculations of regional alliances, the study shows the existence of a regional arms build-up. It goes on to examine how these forces might re-inflame conflict and make the area unstable. These results highlight how South Asian states must respond to the twin issues of technological dependence and strategic vulnerability in a militarizing space environment in rapid flux.

Keywords: Space militarization, US-China strategic competition, South Asia, realist theory, international security, arms race.

THE U.S.-RUSSIA CYBERCONFLICT: CONSEQUENCES FOR UKRAINE'S CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND POLITICAL STABILITY

2025-01-19T16:32:10+00:00

The ongoing cyberwar between the US and Russia has a significant impact on Ukraine, especially on its political stability and vital infrastructure. With an emphasis on Ukraine's rise as a major cyber theatre, this abstract examines the relationship between geopolitical tensions and cyberwarfare.Russia's ongoing cyberattacks have put Ukraine's critical infrastructure at risk, often resulting in significant disruption and monetary losses.These attacks have targeted government organisations, banks, and energy systems. Due to the US stepping up its defence of Ukraine through defensive cybersecurity measures and intelligence cooperation, Ukraine has turned into a proxy in the larger cyberwar between the US and Russia.

Keywords. U.S.-Russia Cyberconflict, Ukraine, Cybersecurity, Hybrid Warfare

AI POWERED SURVEILLANCE: USA-IRAN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STABILITY

2025-01-19T17:04:48+00:00

This study will examine how AI-based surveillance technologies might impact Middle Eastern geopolitics, in particular, the US-Iran relation and its implications for regional stability. Drawing on a theory that combines Realism, Neo-Realism, Foucault’s surveillance and power theories and Kenneth Waltz’s structural realism, this article analyses the impact of surveillance technologies on the strategic behaviour of states, the security crisis, and regional power dynamics. The USA, Iran and other Middle Eastern states – Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE – are investing more and more in AI-powered surveillance for national security, rival tracking and internal opposition suppression. This technocratic arms race not only increases regional instability, it also increases the distrust between states and erodes stability in the Middle East. The study points to surveillance as both a weapon of state authority and an agent of insecurity that feeds the vicious circle of competition and technological innovation that undermines the region’s politics.

Keywords. Ai Powered, Surveillance, Usa, Iran, Consequences, Eastern

THE ROLE OF DOGMATISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2025-01-20T05:18:12+00:00

This study examines the relationship between dogmatism and extremist tendencies among students of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Dogmatic thinking, characterized by rigid and intolerant beliefs, is hypothesized to contribute to the development of extremist ideologies. Using a quantitative approach, this research investigates the correlation between dogmatism and extremist tendencies among a sample of students. The findings reveal a positive relationship between dogmatism and extremist tendencies, suggesting that dogmatic intolerance can foster an environment conducive to extremist ideologies. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of addressing dogmatic thinking among students to prevent the spread of extremist tendencies and promote inclusive and tolerant worldviews. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical need for educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals to address dogmatic thinking and promote inclusive values among students, thereby preventing the spread of extremist tendencies.

Keywords: Dogmatism, Violent Extremism, Intolerant Beliefs, Policymakers, Extremist Ideologies

MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF THE MAJOR AND NON-MAJOR UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE LEARNERS IN ESL CLASSROOMS, AT KOHAT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

2025-01-21T10:10:32+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the Female learners' motivational orientations in ESL classrooms, which are basic components of L2 motivation. For this purpose, this study targeted the female learners of Kohat University of Science and Technology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The principle objective of this study was to understand the difference between the motivational orientations of female English learners from the Department of English named the major female English learners and female English learners from other departments of the university named non-major female English learners. The methodology used for this study was qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were used for the qualitative research design. A total of 10 female participants were selected for a semi-structured interview and the data was analysed through thematic analysis. The present study found learners' motivational orientations for learning L2. The study found a significant difference between the major and non-major English learners’ motivational orientations. The major female English learners were found to be more motivated towards learning English than the non-major female English learners, in this case from the Department of Biotechnology. Learning English as a lingua-franca is suggested to lead ESL learners to support their families for socioeconomic reasons, to be able to propagate Islam efficiently and to fight for their rights in their society. This study suggests that educators, researchers, and practitioners of ESL should focus on the English language system across various universities, particularly in Pakistan, with an emphasis on L2 motivation and second language acquisition (SLA).

Key Words: English as a Second Language (ESL), Motivation, L2 motivation, Female learner’s Motivational Orientations, Major and Non-Major learners, Second Language Acquisition (SLA).

TURN TAKING STRATEGIES IN SHOPKEEPER AND CUSTOMER CONVERSATION: A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS APPROACH

2025-01-22T01:09:29+00:00

People use strategic behavior for speaking in ways that help them start and control their part of the discussion until they finish.People apply communication strategies to control how and when they start and end their speaking parts to reach their conversation aims. With the Through the application of the cooperative principle along with CA methods, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of turn management interactions. The research focuses on examining the interaction methods applied by retail businesses and customers. The cooperative principle people should share meaningful content while staying accurate to maintain effective dialogue. informative, and clear. With CA we examine how real-world conversations take shape. spoken interaction. This research will study how shopkeepers and customers talk to each other in real shop interactions. The study requires audio data from a designated site which we will process into text following CA protocols. standards. We apply CA methods alongside cooperative principles to evaluate these conversations. will be coded and analyzed. We investigate how multiple elements shape the speaking order. We analyze how the message delivery channel impacts communication by measuring emotional and linguistic aspects of the speakers. I focus on showing how these features affect how people speak to each other in a conversation. Additionally, the The research explores how conversations between shopkeepers and customers influence their mutual understanding and customer-service quality. The research examines how shopkeeper and customer interactions affect communication quality and customer contentment. The research will contribute additional findings to existing studies on turn-taking strategies. The investigation will recommend better methods for turn-taking behavior in multiple environments and circumstances. They strengthen interaction abilities and create better experiences for customers.

Keywords: Our analysis explores how participants in conversations take turns while following cooperative rules.Research examines how people take turns in conversations by using elements of Pragmatic and discourse theory plus speech act theory.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN POLITICAL STRATEGY, AND CHANGE & CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY BALUCHISTAN

2025-01-22T15:42:18+00:00

This research analyzes the effects of Baluchistan's political and governance practices on sustainable development alongside civil service improvement. This research blends political science, sociology, and conflict resolution theories with data from 130 respondents selected carefully across health, media, banking, social media, and educational sectors. We used SPSS-26 to process the data and deliver solid information about how changes affect conflict management and how institutions work in these situations. When governments include more people in policy decisions, conflict resolutions improve more than local governance changes and civil service upgrades. Research confirms that change and conflict management influence governance and institutional capacity more than governance and institutional capacity in achieving sustainable development results. The data proves that multiple governance methods must work together to develop conflict-affected areas like Baluchistan successfully. Future researchers should examine several locations to discover how technology enhances governance procedures across different contexts.

Keywords: Strengthened leadership in conflict handling combined with better governmental approaches, civil service structure, and Baluchistan development strategies and public participation methods.

TO DETERMINE IMPACTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN SKILLS DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEUR’S IN THE CONTEXT OF TANDO-MUHAMMAD KHAN, SINDH

2025-01-22T18:32:17+00:00

This paper contributes to determine the contribution of entrepreneurship education in skills development of entrepreneur’s, as that higher education is playing important role in entrepreneurial skilled development. It support to youth to develop own skills, decision and risk-taking ability, managing situation, complete acquisition of knowledge which can be beneficial for them in planning, organizing, directing and managing own enterprises as well as may be helpful in economic development. Graduate students are targeted population in existing research. In perspective of this study, researchers has identified 10 learners from same district who study in same academia institute. Recorded data has been analyzed with help of manual content. The existing study present the evidences about entrepreneurship education in skills development of entrepreneurs that based on equal components, such as creativity, innovation and development, taking decision, faculty members, entrepreneurship development cells and taking initiative so on. The existing study will contribute to improve entrepreneur’s in the perspective initiatives planning, innovation, creativity, research and development, taking decision. Faculties and entrepreneurs development section are based on equal opportunity. All sections have equal chance to everyone.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship Education, Promotion and Entrepreneurs Skills.

THE QURAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: A CALL FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING IN MODERN TIMES

2025-01-23T08:19:01+00:00

Humanity, along with the Earth, is being seriously threatened by a combination of environmental factors including, but not limited to, climate change, deforestation, pollution and the loss of biodiversity. The Islamic tradition has principles that are profound in value and can be employed to combat the aforementioned issues. This review provides an understanding of how Quranic teachings portray the responsibility of conserving nature, portraying humans as khlifahs (stewards) on Earth who need to live in symbiosis with nature. Moderation, balance, manipulation, and the collective Quranic duty fundamental to the Islamic community will be analyzed to provide solutions to ecological problems that stem from negligence. All of these principles prompt us to avoid wastefulness along with conserving resources and respecting life as a whole. Furthermore, the discourse will analyze issues that contribute largely to the failure to adhere to these principles, such as global consumerism, ignorance or in some cases lack of Islamic environmental anthropology, and poor governance and policies. Quranic moderation and sustainability will flexibly be argued against to show how modern economic frameworks highly reliant on profit and the fanatic culture of overconsumption severely damage the balance of the natural ecological systems. The fostering of ignorance and lack of education, coupled with low exposure to Islamic teachings greatly reduces the role the Muslim world should be playing in solving ecological issues along with neglecting the overwhelmingly fact they are guided by the Quran. Lastly, weak or lack of policy enforcement in many countries serves as an immense barrier towards sustainable practices and thus the policies aimed at improving environmental conditions often go untreated. To address these issues, the article highlights the importance of Islamic scholars in propagating Quranic Environmental ethics through preaching, teaching, and nongovernmental organization activities. Apart from that, it is suggested that the environmentally relevant aspects of Islam should be taught in schools and discussed in public so that people can appreciate and practice it. Furthermore, it calls on governments in Muslim-dominated countries to establish green policies based on Quranic teachings, such as investing in renewable energy, environmental preservation, and efficient waste disposal systems. Together, the personal responsibilities are also important. Waste reduction, resource conservation, and environmental friendly practices are the obligation of all. The Quran provides a modern and comprehensive approach to solving today’s environmental issues. Adopting this approach will provide a way for people to live sustainably without causing harm to the world for those who come after them while accomplishing their duty to take good care of the planet.

Keywords: Environmental Ethics, Sustainability, Quranic Principles, Stewardship, Balance, Conservation, Wastefulness, Collective Responsibility, Islamic Teachings, Ecological Challenges.

THE EVOLVING IDENTITY OF RELIGIOUS PARTIES IN PAKISTAN'S POLITICAL ARENA

2025-01-24T07:10:10+00:00

This article explores the dynamic role and evolving identity of religious parties within Pakistan's political landscape. As pivotal players in Pakistan's democracy, these parties exert significant influence on both governance and social norms. The study examines the transformation of religious parties from peripheral actors to central figures in the political arena, particularly their involvement in legislative processes and their impact on public policy. The analysis begins with a historical overview, tracing the origins and ideological foundations of major religious parties like the Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. It highlights how these parties have capitalized on Pakistan's complex socio-political environment to gain a foothold in both national and regional politics. The paper also discusses the strategic alliances formed by these parties with secular political entities, illustrating their tactical adaptability. Further, the article assesses the dual role of religious parties as both proponents of conservative religious norms and as political entities seeking broader influence. It examines the implications of this dual role for Pakistan’s policy making, especially in areas like education, law, and human rights. The study also addresses the impact of these parties on sectarian tensions and national unity. In conclusion, the article provides insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by religious parties as they navigate between traditional religious values and the demands of modern political engagement. Recommendations are offered for policymakers and political analysts on engaging with and understanding the evolving role of these parties to ensure a balanced political discourse.

Keywords: religious parties, Pakistan politics, political transformation, ideological influence, sectarianism, governance, policy impact, Jamaat-e-Islami, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, political alliances.

DETERMINANTS OF FARMERS’ ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SELECTED VILLAGES OF DISTRICT MARDAN

2025-01-24T08:07:05+00:00

This study was conducted to find out determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in selected villages of District Mardan. Three villages namely Hoti, Taus Banda and Mani Khel of Mardan were purposively selected for the study. The total sample size of 161 households was selected using Yamane formula. Primary data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics reveals that 48% respondents had acquired education up to secondary level. The results further show that 51% respondents cultivated land in the range of 6-10 Jirab (3-5 Acres). About 93% of the respondents were reported that they observed long term changes in term of climate variables. Similarly, 69% of the respondents reported that they have adapted to the climate change and use various adaptation strategies. These strategies included planting different crop varieties (reported by 69%), adjustment in sowing periods (reported by 78%), changes in irrigation timing (reported by 72%). using improved seeds (reported by 67%), use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides (reported by 70% and 68% respectively). Likewise, the estimates of binary regression analysis reveals that coefficient for household income, untimely rains and drought occurrence had positive and significant effects on adaptation to climate change. The overall model was highly significant as shown by the p-value less than 0.001. The study confirms that respondents in the target area have observed climate change and have made some adaptation to climate change. The study recommends initiatives such as awareness programs should be initiated at farm level to improve farmer’s adaptation capacity and enhance the crop resilience to climate change.

Key Words: Adaptation, Binary Logit Model, Crop resilience, adaptation Capacity

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE OIC ON MUSLIM COUNTRIES: COOPERATION AND CHALLENGES

2025-01-24T07:20:09+00:00

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) serves as a pivotal platform for collaboration among Muslim-majority nations, aiming to foster political, economic, and social cooperation. This paper assesses the impact of the OIC on its member states, highlighting both the achievements and the inherent challenges faced by this international entity. The analysis begins with an overview of the OIC’s strategic objectives, which include promoting Islamic solidarity, safeguarding Islamic cultural heritage, and advocating for the political interests of Muslims globally. Through qualitative and quantitative methods, this study evaluates specific initiatives such as conflict resolution, economic cooperation agreements, and humanitarian efforts orchestrated by the OIC. The paper provides case studies of the OIC’s mediation in regional conflicts and its role in economic development through trade agreements and investment programs. Additionally, the effectiveness of the OIC in addressing humanitarian issues, such as refugee crises and disaster relief, is critically examined. Despite its ambitious goals, the OIC faces several challenges. These include political fragmentation among member states, variations in economic capabilities, and external geopolitical pressures. The study discusses these obstacles in the context of their impact on the OIC's operational effectiveness and the realization of its objectives. The conclusion offers recommendations for strengthening the organization’s impact, suggesting enhanced mechanisms for political cooperation and economic integration, along with a more robust framework for handling humanitarian crises. This research contributes to the understanding of the OIC's role in international relations, particularly in the context of Muslim solidarity and cooperation, providing insights into both its potential and limitations.

Keywords: OIC, Muslim solidarity, international cooperation, geopolitical challenges, economic development, humanitarian efforts, conflict resolution.

THE FABRIC OF THE MIND: EXPLORING THOUGHT, BEHAVIOR, AND CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH PSYCHOLOGY AND EASTERN WISDOM

2025-01-25T18:18:18+00:00

In social psychology, we try to understand what the impetuses that shape human behavior are. To understand deeply, we have to study the human mind. This research studies the structure of the human mind and how human behaviors are formed in the mind. The human mind is a collection of thoughts; the function of the mind is to create thoughts. Thoughts in the human mind can be divided into three major categories or sections: Intelligent section, Emotional section, and Sex section. These three major types or sections combine to form thoughts that we call mind. The human mind is like a fabric, the fabric is made up of threads, and the threads are thoughts. The color of the fabric is our emotion and our habits give the fabric strength and durability. This research seeks to explore how thoughts individually and collectively affect human behavior and decisions. The awareness of mental faculties-i.e., thoughts will lead an individual to act empathetically and make rational decisions in order to ensure peace and harmony in a society.

Keywords: Social psychology, Structure of Mind, Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, Eastern wisdom

FINANCIAL IRREGULARITIES IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: CAUSES AND ISLAMIC GUIDANCE

2025-01-26T02:11:57+00:00

Financial irregularities in educational institutions are a pressing concern that undermines their role in fostering societal growth and development. This paper examines the causes of such irregularities, including lack of transparency, inadequate oversight, unethical management practices, and systemic corruption. Additionally, it explores the implications of these issues, such as diminished trust, misallocation of resources, and harm to the institution's reputation and efficiency. The study also provides an Islamic perspective on financial ethics, emphasizing accountability, honesty, and justice as essential principles for managing institutional funds. Key Islamic teachings and principles derived from the Quran and Hadith are discussed, highlighting their relevance in addressing and preventing financial misconduct. The paper concludes with practical recommendations, guided by Islamic teachings, to ensure financial integrity in educational institutions. These include implementing robust checks and balances, promoting ethical leadership, fostering a culture of accountability, and adhering to transparency in financial matters. By aligning institutional practices with Islamic principles, educational institutions can not only improve their financial governance but also uphold their moral responsibility to serve as beacons of ethical conduct for society.

Keywords: Financial Irregularities, Educational Institutions, Islamic Ethics, Accountability, Transparency

CONTEMPORARY SECTARIANISM IN PAKISTAN: THE KURRAM DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE

2025-01-27T17:52:11+00:00

Sectarian violence in Kurram District, Pakistan, remains a significant challenge, with deep-rooted historical, political, and ideological causes. This paper explores the complex nature of sectarianism in the region, highlighting key factors such as tribal disputes, external influences, and the role of local governance mechanisms like tribal councils (jirgas) in mediating conflicts. While these councils have played a role in negotiating temporary ceasefires, their efforts have been ineffective in addressing the structural issues that fuel sectarian violence. The paper also examines the Pakistani government’s military interventions, which, although successful in addressing immediate threats, have been insufficient in preventing the recurrence of violence due to a lack of long-term strategic peacebuilding and legal reforms. In addition to state-led efforts, the paper discusses the impact of regional and cross-border militancy, particularly from Afghanistan, and the financing of extremist activities that further destabilize the district. The growing influence of sectarian militias, both local and foreign-backed, complicates efforts to establish lasting peace. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the need for community-based approaches, such as strengthening interfaith dialogue and reconciliation mechanisms, to foster mutual understanding and trust between Sunni and Shia communities. Education and public awareness campaigns that promote religious tolerance and peace are proposed as essential tools to challenge sectarian narratives and prevent future violence. The role of the media in countering hate speech and fostering unity is also highlighted as a critical component in shaping public opinion and building a more inclusive society. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a holistic approach that combines local, national, and regional efforts to address the root causes of sectarianism, promote reconciliation, and ensure the long-term stability of Kurram District and Pakistan as a whole.

Keywords: Sectarian violence, Kurram District, tribal councils, military interventions, cross-border militancy, extremist financing, peacebuilding, interfaith dialogue, media role, educational reforms.

TURKEY-PAKISTAN RELATIONS AND THE RISE OF GEO-ECONOMIC STATECRAFT

2025-01-28T09:29:46+00:00

This paper explores the dynamic relationship between Pakistan and Turkey, examining their trade, investment and collaboration in strategic sectors through the lens of neoliberalism. How neoliberal economic policies have influenced bilateral trade, investment flows, and economic cooperation between these nations? What are the primary challenges and opportunities for Pakistan and Turkey in strengthening their geo-economics relations? The research leans on the concept that neoliberalism uses market liberalization with privatization and minimal government role to build economic connections alongside removing trade barriers and investment restrictions. Through qualitative research examining policy documents, economic data and trade agreements; the study provides an in-depth exploration of the economic interactions between Turkey and Pakistan. Both nations benefit from neoliberal policy implementations to increased economic ties yet challenges such as government interventions and protectionist measures and political turbulence block the full achievement of these policies. The research points to promising potential in fostering deeper economic integration through strategic development of renewable energy, textile sectors, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and digital infrastructure. The research suggests that strategic growth can occur through three vital recommendations: first officials must finalize an FTA implementation then policy variables should prioritize public-private partnerships across key sectors and third officials must increase digital infrastructure to enhance trade capabilities. The steps recommended would dramatically enhance economic ties between Turkey and Pakistan thereby promoting mutual development while enhancing regional peace.

Keywords: Pakistan, Turkey, Neoliberalism, Economic Cooperation, Challenges, Opportunities

TEACHERS ROLE IN PRESCHOOLERS’ DEVELOPMENT

2025-01-29T17:58:53+00:00

Teaching children from being nascent to eight years old is of paramount emphasis in the field of early childhood education. Preparing these young fellows for kindergarten and developing their personality is one aspect of early childhood education. It seeks to offer a strong and comprehensive foundation for learning and wellbeing throughout life by attending to each child's physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic requirements. Teachers are crucial to a child's formal educational development hereby, play a critical role in a child's formal educational development. One facet of early childhood education is preparing children for primary school; it aims to provide a solid and all-encompassing foundation for learning and wellbeing throughout life by attending to each child's physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic needs.

Keywords: efficacy, early childhood, Academic development.

EFFECT OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES ON ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIMARY GRADE STUDENTS IN THE SUBJECT OF GENERAL SCIENCE

2025-01-29T18:52:30+00:00

This study explored the impact of formative assessment strategies on the academic performance of primary school students in General Science. Conducted using a quasi-experimental design at a public primary school in Vehari, Pakistan, the research involved 60 fifth-grade students split evenly into control and experimental groups. The investigation was based on 12 lesson plans and tests, validated by three experts in science and research education. A pilot study confirmed the reliability of these materials. Over four weeks in September and October 2024, the experimental group was subjected to various assessment methods. The findings indicated a significant improvement in the experimental group's test scores compared to the control group, highlighting the positive effects of formative assessments like oral questioning, quizzes, and Think-Pair-Share techniques on student learning outcomes. The study recommends that science teachers adopt these assessment methods to enhance student achievement and suggests that future research should focus on developing comprehensive formative assessment strategies in collaboration with school administrations to boost educational quality and student performance uniformly. Additionally, it advises science educators to consider creating a variety of effective assessment tools to further student understanding and success in science.

Keywords: Formative Assessment, Techniques, Achievement, Primary Grade Students, General Science

THE IMPACT OF WHATSAPP ON ACADEMIC ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS OF UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL STUDENTS AT KOHAT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2025-01-31T14:21:35+00:00

This research investigates the impact of WhatsApp on the academic English writing skills of undergraduate students at Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST). With the increasing prevalence of WhatsApp as a communication tool, this study aims to understand its influence on formal writing proficiency among students. The research employs a sequential mixed-method approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative analyses, to assess the perceptions and writing behaviors of 200 undergraduate students. Only 170 responses have been received. Quantitative findings, analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics through descriptive analysis, reveal that a significant portion of students acknowledge the negative impact of WhatsApp on their academic writing. By examining the specific impact of WhatsApp on writing skills, this study offers valuable insights for educators, curriculum developers, and language researchers, advocating for a balanced approach to integrating technology in educational settings.

Keywords: WhatsApp, Academic Writing, English Language, Undergraduate Students, Writing Skills, Mixed-Method Research

EDUCATION POLICIES IN POST-18TH AMENDMENT PAKISTAN: FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL DYNAMICS AND CHALLENGES

2025-02-02T16:36:55+00:00

The 18th Constitutional Amendment separated education control from the national government and gave it to state authorities across Pakistan. This investigation explores how the power shift between national and state authorities influences education policy together with its administration problems. The education policies of each province have improved thanks to the reform but cooperation among states and budget fairness remain difficult to achieve. This research uses policy evaluation tools to reveal how official monitoring plus established rules plus enhanced provincial abilities will help fix current issues. The study shows that both provincial governance and national support are needed to let local areas design better education changes while keeping the country's education targets on track. The research recommends better ways for national and regional governments to collaborate in order to create a stronger Pakistani education system.

Keywords: Education policy, 18th Amendment, federal-provincial relations, decentralization, governance, policy challenges, Pakistan.

ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SUSTAINING SOFT SKILLS CAREERS IN DIGITAL MARKET: A STUDY OF FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR FRESH FREELANCERS

2025-02-02T17:12:49+00:00

This study investigates the role of English language proficiency in sustaining successful freelancing careers, particularly within the digital market. As more clients turn to freelancers and with platforms like Upwork and Fiverr emerging, freelancers must learn how to communicate to work internationally. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze how English language proficiency affects career opportunities and the applicability of soft skills like communication skills, team management, and flexibility while choosing freelancing as a career. Carried out through a quantitative survey of 150 freelancers from various fields, this study reveals that better English proficiency is directly related to higher career achievements, especially in fields such as Information technology, content writing, and voice-over. Based on this research, it was proposed that the retention principle offers clients soft aptitudes and English proficiency is critical across technical competencies about clients and job satisfaction. The paper provides helpful suggestions for freelance translators to improve their English so that they can have better job prospects and longer career spans.

Keywords: English Proficiency, Soft Skills, Freelancing Careers, Digital Market, Communication Skills, Remote Work,Career Sustainability

FAITHFUL RESILIENCE: THE UNSEEN ROLE OF CHRISTIAN WOMEN IN POLITICS: A CASE STUDY OF LAHORE

2025-02-03T01:08:16+00:00

Research evaluates the essential yet frequently overlooked political influence of Christian women within the governance of Lahore Pakistan. The study investigates how these women show their faithful resilience throughout their political journey by confronting societal challenges and political obstacles in Lahore. The Christian women of Lahore fight against religious discrimination and gender obstacles while working for their community's development. The research examines political resilience development through its analysis of Mary James Gill and Sarah Benjamin and their educational empowerment. Understanding how Christian women in Lahore have experienced political life adds to general understanding of diversity needs in politics while pushing for comprehensive inclusion among Christian women voters throughout Lahore and its surrounding areas.

Key Words: Christian Women, Political Landscape, Resilience, Advocacy Inclusive Political Environment

THE FUTURE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: INNOVATIONS AND TRADITIONALISM

2025-02-05T14:37:06+00:00

The future of Islamic education faces a critical balance between preserving traditional teachings and integrating modern innovations. As global educational paradigms evolve, Islamic institutions are adopting new methodologies while striving to maintain their religious and cultural integrity. This study examines the challenges and opportunities within Islamic education, particularly in Indonesia, which houses the largest network of Islamic schools. Key areas of focus include digital learning, curriculum modernization, and the integration of technology in madrasahs. E-learning platforms, gamification, and interactive teaching methods are reshaping the learning experience, offering greater accessibility while maintaining core Islamic values. However, resistance to change, socio-economic disparities, and concerns over the dilution of religious teachings pose significant challenges. The study highlights the importance of a hybrid approach that merges classical Islamic scholarship with contemporary educational tools. By addressing these concerns, Islamic education can remain relevant and effective in fostering intellectual, ethical, and spiritual growth among students. Future strategies should emphasize inclusive, adaptable models that respect tradition while embracing progress.

Keywords: Islamic Education, Traditionalism, Innovation, E-Learning, Madrasah, Curriculum Modernization, Gamification, Digital Learning, Religious Scholarship, Education Reform.

CRIMINAL LAW OF PAKISTAN: THE FACET OF TIME LIMITATION

2025-02-05T15:06:23+00:00

Criminal law serves as the bedrock of any legal system, defining the boundaries of acceptable conduct, prescribing penalties for transgressions, and safeguarding the societal order. In Pakistan, a nation with a rich legal history shaped by a blend of Islamic principles and British legal traditions, criminal law plays a pivotal role in upholding justice and ensuring the protection of individuals and communities. One nuanced aspect that intricately intersects with the administration of criminal justice in Pakistan is the facet of time limitation. The "statute of limitations" in criminal cases is the deadline beyond which a complaint/FIR cannot be filed, a defendant cannot be prosecuted, a punishment cannot be given, or the sentence cannot be carried out. As a result, there are three types of statute of limitations under criminal law: prosecution, complaint, and punishment. For crimes of the first through third degrees, the statute of limitations is fifteen years; for crimes of the fourth degree, it is ten years; for crimes of the fifth and sixth degrees, it is five and seven years; and for crimes of the eighth degree, it is three years. There are no more criminal consequences for the lawsuit or conduct after these deadlines. A victim of a crime loses the right to register a complaint if he does not do so within a year of learning about the offense unless the defendant controlled him or stops him from filing for other reasons. In this case, the date of eliminating the relevant reason will be used to establish the deadline. As we all know Pakistan’s legal system inherits a historical amalgamation of Islamic jurisprudence and British legal doctrines. The foundations of its criminal law were laid during the colonial era when the British introduced a legal framework that amalgamated elements of English common law. This historical context significantly influences the current legal landscape, and it is one of the reasons that we do not have statutes of limitation in criminal proceedings because English themselves did not have any statutes of limitation applied to criminal trials at that time and they believed that the time never run against the king. This chapter tries to find out how the absence of statutes of limitation affects the criminal justice of Pakistan. And deeply analyze the process of criminal trial and the effect of time/ passage of time in every step of criminal litigation, from the registration of F.I.R. to the execution of sentence with the help of case studies.

Keywords: Criminal law , Pakistan, Limitation , Justice , Case Studies

APPROACH OF SUB CONTINENTAL THEOLOGIANS TO MIRACLES

2025-02-05T17:27:15+00:00

The meaning of a miracle is something that goes against the ordinary laws of nature. Miracles are mentioned in all religions to some extent. They are presented as evidence for the Prophets. However, some thinkers deny them, considering them to be contrary to reason and inconsistent with the principles of nature. In the context of miracles, this contradictory view is also found among Indian theologians. Therefore, below we will discuss the views of prominent Indian theologians, including Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Shibli Naumani, Idris Kandhlawi, and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, on the subject of miracles۔

Keywords:Miracle, Cause and Effect, Laws of Nature, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Shibli Nomani, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Idris Kandhlawi.

STYLISTICS EXPLORATION OF THE NOVEL “THE SILENT PATIENT” BY ALEX MACHAELIDES THROUGH PTSD

2025-02-06T05:39:58+00:00

This research is the stylistic analysis of Alex Michaelides’ novel ‘The Silent Patient’. The study's goal is to analyse the stylistic choices mainly the semantic deviation devices that appear markedly in order to explore the psychological complexity of the character Alicia. It focusses on how the unconventional use of language serve as a tool for illustrating the standard symptoms of PTSD according to DSM V. Additionally, what role does language play in conveying her struggle with PTSD and its effect on her relationship with her husband. This research utilized the theoretical framework of Leech and Short (2007) based on stylistic features. This research applied the qualitative-descriptive approach to provide an adequate description of the intentional use of figurative language. The analysis highlights the use of similes, metaphors, and other symbolic language as a window to her fragmented soul, her deep-seated emotions like fear, pity, anxiety, a sense of betrayal, hopelessness, suppression of emotions, and as a coping mechanism to escape from reality. Thus, her use of language enriched with figurative language is clearly is an illustration of her struggling with PTSD.

Keywords: Post Traumatic Stress disorder, Childhood trauma, Stylistics Analysis.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS IN PAKISTANI CLASSROOMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2025-02-06T10:58:35+00:00

The research evaluates English as a second language education in Pakistani educational settings while analyzing student success rates through communicative language instruction and teacher training practices. Researchers combined quantitative and qualitative data collection procedures in order to utilize a mixed-methods research approach. Results show that communicative language teaching surpasses traditional methods for English proficiency improvement and that teacher training directly affects English education success. The study establishes fundamental insights which require policymakers and both educators and researchers to implement systematic teacher training programs focusing on communicative language teaching approaches and continuous professional development support for educators. The research adds to existing English language teaching scholarship while unveiling critical issues English language teachers encounter in Pakistan. The study data demonstrates educational and policy leaders must concentrate on developing communicative language educational resources while offering instruction in these specific teaching strategies. The study underscores both the need for continuous teacher support through professional development and regular teaching practice assessment together with sustained educational opportunities. This research study established an in-depth analysis of Pakistani classroom English language education by demonstrating the necessity to base teaching approaches on evidence and maintaining teacher professional growth programs.

Keywords: English language teaching, communicative language teaching, teacher training, Pakistan, educational effectiveness.

THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF WATER CONFLICT: A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF WATER DISPUTES ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH ASIA

2025-02-06T13:56:58+00:00

Water disputes in South Asia have profound human dimensions, affecting millions of individuals who rely on shared water resources for survival, agriculture, and livelihoods. This study explores the social, economic, and political impacts of water conflicts on local communities, particularly in regions where cross-border water resources are contested. The research examines the human consequences of water disputes in countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, focusing on how communities experience water scarcity, reduced agricultural productivity, and heightened socio-political tensions. As water becomes an increasingly scarce resource due to both natural variability and human-induced factors, communities are facing growing challenges in managing water resources, leading to conflicts that further exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. This study uses qualitative and quantitative data to assess the impact of water conflicts on rural populations, highlighting their struggles to secure water access, their role in water governance, and their involvement in local negotiations or resistance movements. In regions like the Indus River Basin and Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, water disputes are often intertwined with broader geopolitical issues, adding complexity to local community dynamics. These conflicts often result in displacement, economic loss, and sometimes violence, as different stakeholders including governments, agricultural groups, and local communities; vie for control over vital water sources. The study also looks at the role of international agreements and local cooperative efforts in managing water disputes and their effectiveness in promoting peace and sustainable resource management. By focusing on the human dimension, this research underscores the importance of equitable water distribution and cooperative governance to prevent further harm to vulnerable populations and ensure sustainable access to water.

Keywords: Water Disputes, South Asia, Water Scarcity, Local Communities, Human Impact, Cross-Border Water Resources, Water Governance, Socio-Political Tensions, Agricultural Productivity, Water Security, Displacement, Geopolitics.

JOURNALISTIC DISCOURSE AND NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEADSCARF BAN COVERAGE IN THE TIMES OF INDIA AND DAWN NEWS

2025-02-06T15:18:40+00:00

This study carried out qualitative content analysis for studying as to how Indian and Pakistani newspapers expressed their ideological standpoints regarding the banning of headscarf in the Karnataka educational institutions. Close analysis of Dawn News and The Times of India regarding their mention of ban reflected their different worldviews on the issue. The study analysed the news coverage about the educational institution ban and tried to look into the linguistic and tonal communication patterns used, besides analysing the framing methods through Fairclough's three-dimensional model. It surfaced that the According to research Dawn News employed discriminating terminology and challenged the headscarf ban by terming it as a violation of human rights and religious discrimination against the Muslims of India. Contrarily, the Times of India held somewhat unprejudiced view and focused on how the ban went against the interests the Muslim minority. The Times of India implicitly expressed a prejudiced view by terming the hijab-wearing women as being oppressed or being unaware of their condition. Dawn News gave very objective outlook and subscribed to many other social reactions toward the hijab alongside its cultural values. Research outcomes demonstrated that fundamental beliefs and historical components together with societal customs determined how media showed things which subsequently shaped social beliefs and understanding of various concepts. This research added new information about how media affected public sentiments while focusing on cultural attitudes and religious aspects. Critical examination of media representation along with its effects on public dialogue receives significant importance according to these research findings that guide media studies along with cultural studies and communication research.

Keywords: Journalistic discourse, Dawn News, The Times of India, Ideology, Headscarves Ban.

REGRESSIVE HYBRIDITY AND THE STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY: ANALYZING CULTURAL NEGOTIATION IN SHAHRAZ’S ‘A PAIR OF JEANS

2025-02-07T14:35:17+00:00

This study examines the concept of hybridity and its implications in Shahraz’s short story A Pair of Jeans. The narrative explores the challenges faced by second-generation immigrants as they attempt to balance their cultural identity with the host culture and ancestral heritage. Although this paper argues that the hybridity depicted in the story forms a binary opposition that favors modern thought over traditionalism, hybridity is also considered a subversive strategy to challenge dominant norms. This study uses the concept of regressive hybridity to examine how identity construction in diasporic intellectuals and second-generation immigrants becomes exclusionary and westernized. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the thought patterns that stigmatize tradition and explore how hybridity becomes regressive when traditional markers are marginalized in second-generation immigrants and diasporic intellectuals. The primary issue is the essentialization of modernity and traditionalism as progressive or normal and backward respectively. In this regard, the theoretical framework of Homi K. Bhabha is applied to explain the basic understanding of hybridity in a post-colonial context. Further critique is drawn from Pnina Werbner, David Theo Goldberg, and Friedman to analyze the favoring of one thought over the other in the story.

Keywords: Identity, Hybridity, Essentialization, Second generation.

EMPOWERED OR MARGINALIZED? EXPLORING THE JOURNEY OF PAKISTANI WOMEN THROUGH KHULA IN MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS

2025-02-08T06:39:02+00:00

This research analyzes how sociocultural and economic conditions affect woman’s standing and marriage satisfaction levels in District Mandi Bahauddin City Pakistan through a study of gender roles, Khula initiatives and divorce stigma. A qualitative research design was used to collect data through in-depth interviews with 37 respondents: Research participants included women seeking or obtaining Khula in addition to related men and interviews conducted with their family members while components such as legal experts and religious authorities together with community leaders also contributed responses. The study deliberately chose specific data that showed diverse viewpoints followed by thematic analysis to understand these datasets. Research finds that emotional neglect along with financial problems and patriarchal systems leading to conservative gender role expectations are the main causes for women’s marital dissatisfaction. In their decision to seek a Khula, women responded to domestic violence and economic and emotional abuse yet they maintained agency through societal stigma obstacles. Men supported traditional gender divisions yet they pressurized women more than necessary to work harder to sustain marital harmony. Research on women's resistance to oppressive relationships after divorce uses feminist theory together with symbolic interactionism and social exchange theory as its foundational theoretical framework. The study conducted about South Asia's gender relations within marriage demands both structural adjustment of gender inequalities and cultural progression to bolster women empowerment.

Keywords: Socio Culture, Khula, Economy, Women, Marital Relationship, Satisfaction

WATER FOR PEACE: A COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK FOR THE INDUS RIVER BASIN

2025-02-10T10:00:33+00:00

This paper analyzes the strategic importance of water resources in the wider context of India-Pakistan relations, and in particular in the Indus River Basin, which is a lifeline for both states. Using a neo liberal theoretical approach, this study analyzes how the Indus River water conflict can be converted from a source of tension to a platform for cooperation and peacebuilding through the transboundary governance of the Indus River system. The study provides insight into the historical context, legal frameworks (e.g. the Indus Water Treaty and the evolving geopolitics between India and Pakistan) and the risk of water as a driver of conflict in South Asia, but also into the potential of collaborative water governance as a mitigation strategy. The paper calls for creative, cooperative solutions and suggests a multilateral institutional mechanism that not only deals with the equitable sharing of water resources, but also ensures long term stability and shared prosperity. The importance of international mediation, collective action, and long term diplomatic engagement is brought out in this study to ensure that water provides an instrument for peace rather than an instrument of international discord and provides a sustainable pathway for the resolution of complex water issues between India and Pakistan.

Keywords: Indus Waters Treaty, Hydropolitics, Climate Change, Water Security, Collaborative Water Governance

DECIPHERING RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE: LESSONS FROM GEORGIA TO CRIMEA AND UKRAINE

2025-02-11T09:19:31+00:00

The Third Industrial Revolution gave birth to computers and electronics thus strengthening communication networks. The increased flow of information across the globe enhanced research and development; however, the technology-savvy nations became more vulnerable to ‘Information Warfare’ an umbrella term for cyberwarfare, disinformation, propaganda, and psychological operations. This type of warfare is primarily based on technology and information systems. The Cold War period saw a huge loss of human life and resources – given such a high cost of resorting to conventional war, states realised the importance of having control over cyberspace. A profound application of information warfare is found in Russia’s conduct of war – the country has evolved to familiarize itself with information warfare tactics. In the 21st century, the Russian leadership has integrated ‘information superiority’ into its military doctrines and strategies. This paper provides insights into the means and methods used under information confrontation. It sets out to examine how Russia conducts information warfare and has consistently developed its information warfare doctrine over the past two decades. By referring to three conflicts including the Georgian crisis of 2008, the Crimean annexation in 2014 and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, it shed light on various aspects of Russian information warfare. Though Russia achieved concrete gains in the Georgian crisis and during the annexation of Crimea, the paper underscores why Russia fell short of meeting expectations in the invasion of Ukraine.

Keywords: Information warfare, cyberwarfare, disinformation, propaganda, social media

THE CONCEPT OF AMIR AND ITS IMPORTANCE FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

2025-02-12T16:14:22+00:00

The concept of leadership holds a fundamental position in Islamic governance and social structure. Without a leader (Amir), no community or nation can achieve stability and unity. Islam emphasizes the necessity of having a just and capable leader to maintain order and ensure justice. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stated, "When three people set out on a journey, they should appoint one among them as their leader"highlighting the significance of leadership even in small groups.This article explores the importance of an Amir, the conditions required for leadership, and the practical application of this concept in Islamic governance. The essential qualities of an Amir include faith, justice, knowledge, competence, and integrity. A true Islamic leader is not merely a ruler but a servant of the people, responsible for upholding justice, implementing Shariah, and ensuring the welfare of the Ummah.The authority of an Amir is not absolute; rather, it is bound by Islamic law. If a leader deviates from justice and righteousness, the Muslim community has the right to hold him accountable or even remove him. Conversely, obedience to a just leader is a fundamental principle that ensures unity and social harmony.In conclusion, the Islamic leadership system promotes balance, justice, and progress. A righteous and competent Amir leads the society towards prosperity, while the absence of effective leadership results in division and weakness. Muslims must uphold the principles of Islamic governance by selecting and obeying leaders who adhere to the teachings of Islam for the betterment of both their worldly and spiritual lives.

Keyword: Islamic leadership, Amir, governance, justice, unity, social harmony, Shariah, accountability, faith, competence, integrity, Islamic law, obedience, righteousness, welfare of the Ummah, stability, progress.

COMPARING THE REPRESENTATION AND IMPACTS OF FEMALE POLITICIANS IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

2025-02-13T01:34:28+00:00

This article provides a critical analysis of female politicians, their portrayal and their experience in the social cultural, legal and institutional contexts in South Asian nations. This paper argues that even though South Asian women have greatly improved their political engagement and participation, they face challenges such as gendered violence, culture, legally enforced constraints, and low political standing. This article overviews the past and the present situation with the females’ political participation in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Afghanistan, their achievements and challenges. Specifically, while some countries like Nepal have gained considerable progress by ways of quotas in increasing the number or representation of women in the politics, many countries, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, experienced slow progress Amin (2016) Though the presence of political yearn has been increased slowly in the Parliament and politics of Pakistan and Bangladesh, patriarchal politics and political instabilities obstruct the overall political participation of females. The article also investigates details the part played by women in political leadership, gender proportions in political systems, female leadership initiatives, as well as measures being taken to counter embedded gender prejudices. It ends by revisiting the theme of women politicians adapting to and remaking governance and policy even where structures remain hostile. The paper leverages findings by highlighting the need for legal changes, quotas for women, and institutional encouragement for the improvement of women’s political authority in South Asia and demanding changes that would create fair conditions for women in politics.

Keywords: South Asian Women, Women Political Leadership, Political Instability, Political Systems, Policy and Governance, Gendered Violence, Institutional Barriers.

SPILLOVER EFFECTS OF RUSSIA UKRIANE WAR ON TRADING PARTNERS OF RUSSIA

2025-02-13T11:28:59+00:00

The objective of this research is to determine spillover effects of Russia Ukraine war on stock market returns of Russia`s trading partner countries. Trading partner countries are taken as per report of world bank 2022. Apart from this, secondary data from march 2022 to may 2023 with daily frequency is taken. Further, unit root, lag selection criteria, impulse response function and variance decomposition is used for analysis. The results indicated that United Kingdom stock market returns is less responsive to war, whereas China, Germany, Italy and Kazakhstan are parallel responsive towards war of Russia. Russia contributes 1.02% spillover effects on China, 2.45% spillover effects for Germany, 2.8% spillover effects for Italy and 1.17% spillover effects on Kazakhstan throughout war period indicating short and long run spillover effects. Furthermore, first lag was selected based on results and data was stationary at first level as well as returns of stock markets were taken. Hence, this report reveals that partner countries of Russia have respond towards this war and their stock markets are influenced with this war.

Key Words: Russia Ukraine War, Spillover Effects, Stock Market Returns, Impulse Response Functions and Variance Decomposition Model.

THE PARLIAMENTS OF NEPAL AND PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

2025-02-14T09:59:32+00:00

A parliamentary government is a system where the executive branch is drawn from and accountable to the legislative branch. The head of government, typically a prime minister, executes the decisions of the legislature. This article presents a comparative analysis of the parliamentary governments of Pakistan and Nepal, two South Asian nations with distinct political histories and systems. Through a qualitative research methodology, employing a case study approach and content analysis of constitutional provisions, legislative documents, and expert opinions, this study identifies the similarities and differences between the two parliamentary systems. The results reveal that while both countries have adopted the Westminster model of parliamentary democracy, significant variations exist in the exercise of executive authority, legislative oversight, and judicial independence. The study concludes that despite challenges and limitations, both countries can learn from each other's experiences and adopt best practices to strengthen their parliamentary institutions, promote democratic governance, and ensure the rule of law.

Keywords: parliamentary government, legislature, Pakistan, Nepal, judiciary and executive.

THE PARLIAMENTS OF NEPAL AND PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

2025-02-15T16:31:18+00:00

The problems concerning Muslim migrants pertaining to integration and identity preservation have grown in significance due to the global migration crisis. These individuals are faced with many barriers as they settle down in different societies characterized by alienation in the cultural aspect and socio economic hardships. The migrant experience is where faith is where culture, and it is where social belonging intersect and these intersections shape their adaptation strategies and that of host communities. This paper studies Muslim migrant's identity issues in integration processes, examining barriers to integration resulting from systemic factors including language barriers, employment discrimination, and political bias. Additionally it examines the social functions that religious and cultural institutions serve in conserving the bonds of communal and fostering communal social cohesion. The research examines the necessity of inclusive strategies to adapt and support migrant groups, yet with respect to their cultural inheritance, through the analysis of the policy frameworks and community initiated programmes. However, this is not pessimistic in any sense as they find that identity preservation does not prevent integration, but instead promotes multiculturalism and social stability. The study finally backs a policy measure which would balance the national security concerns and the human rights, which would be conducive to creating a more harmonious global society, and inclusive.

Keywords: Migration Crisis, Muslim Identity, Integration Challenges, Cultural Preservation, Discrimination, Social Cohesion, Policy Frameworks, Multiculturalism, Human Rights.

EARLY MARRIAGE AND ITS ENDURING IMPACTS: INVESTIGATING HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG WOMEN IN TIMERGARA, DISTRICT LOWER DIR

2025-02-16T01:24:49+00:00

The study was designed to examine health inequalities among women married before the age of 18 years in Timergara, District Dir Lower. The study included early marriage as the dependent variable and health inequalities as the independent variable. A sample size of 384 respondents was purposively selected for primary data collection through structured questionnaire. Furthermore, the collected data were evaluated using Chi-square test at the bivariate level. The study concluded that early marriage has severe impacts on women's health including physical issues such as physical illnesses and limited access to health services, specifically during pregnancy. They study further highlighted the importance of psychological counseling of spouses to help them to navigate their personal and marital life problems. Thus, jointly efforts by government and non-government organization are essential in implementing awareness programs about early marriage to mitigate negative health impacts. Additionally, various sessions should be organized to educate young women about contraceptives and health issues during pregnancy.

Key words: Early marriage, child bearing, early pregnancies, physical impacts, marital life and statistical test.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF AI-CHATGPT ON CREATIVITY SKILLS OF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS AT KUST KOHAT

2025-02-17T07:15:06+00:00

This research explores how AI-ChatGPT influences creativity skills at the higher level of thinking among the postgraduate students at Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) Kohat. The study examines the connection between AI-ChatGPT as an independent variable and the creativity skills measured as a dependent variable. These include originality, flexibility, innovation and problem-solving etc. A standardized adapted questionnaire applied to gather data from 150 postgraduate students who underwent regression and correlation analysis with SPSS statistical analysis. AI-ChatGPT usage demonstrated positive effects on creativity skills in students because they developed improved concepts and conceptually innovative approaches. Findings show that AI generates challenges in student creative abilities through AI over usage since dependence on AI interferes with students' ability to think independently. The research outcomes present essential knowledge to educational leaders and policy makers about implementing AI tool integration successfully to develop creative capabilities in graduate studies.

Keywords: AI-ChatGPT, higher-order thinking, creativity skills.

IF FAMILY PLANNING IS A HUMAN RIGHT, WHERE IS THE HUSBAND IN DECISION-MAKING ABOUT FAMILY PLANNING AND METHOD SELECTION?

2025-02-17T15:13:06+00:00

Family planning is a Human Right, a woman or a man is free to decide for his/her family with full autonomy, as well as to select any family planning method according to their wish, however, in some social contexts, the process of family planning is not so simple as it is perceived in basic right based family planning conceptual framework. This paper aims to present the findings of qualitative research on the decision-making process of a husband regarding his family planning method selection in the a typical rural environment of Sindh, Pakistan. A descriptive exploratory model was adopted, and in-depth interviews were employed to collect the data while using in-depth interview guides. A total of 12 interviews were conducted in two districts Daddu and Thatta, Sindh, currently using any contraceptive method, such as injection, pills, or condoms. The results reveal that the decision to use family planning is a complex process, where the husband’s socio-economic status (SES), his attitude toward family planning, and the availability of FP services and products are identified influencers of the process of family planning. A discussion was made with the perspective of human rights and family planning to get a conceptual understanding. This study identified additional factors that influence the decision of the husband for the selection of an acting contraceptive method, including side effects of the wife's attitude toward any specific family planning method. The type of family structure is also seen as an influencing factor and potentially alters the desire of couples in the domain of family planning. The study also identifies the gaps in the literature, focusing on exploring more social factors triggering or hindering the decision-making process.

Keywords: Family Planning, Husband Role In FP, Human Rights, Contraceptive Prevalence Rate, FP Decision-Making.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING PRACTICES: AN ANALYSIS

2025-02-18T16:39:14+00:00

This study was conducted to analyze the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in educational practices over the past decade (2015-2024). Artificial Intelligence is rapidly and continuously reshaping teaching and learning. This research was conducted to explore how AI has increased paradigm shifts from inactive to dynamic learning, from vogue to personalized education, and from teacher-centered to student-centered. A mixed-method approach was employed to explore the implications of AI on teaching dynamics and student outcomes. Qualitative data were collected through literature review, surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions which were processed and analyzed by using NVivo, however, quantitative data were collected by employing a questionnaire. The findings indicate trends, and practices in vogue, and provide guidelines for teachers, officials, and shareholders on the successful integration of AI into learning. It is recommended that further research be conducted to find out further insight and depth to maximize AI's worth use in pedagogy.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Teaching Practices, Analysis

INDIA’S SWING FROM SOFT POWER TO HARD POWER IN MODI ERA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

2025-02-18T19:29:16+00:00

India’s "Look East Policy" (LEP) rests mainly on the soft power of attraction but deep down consuming it to advance hard power. Yet, its rising military strength has been used strategically ultimately firming up its hard power. Since 2014, India's foreign and domestic policies have been marked by intense religious and extreme nationalism. In his election campaigns, Modi continued to emphasize that, if voted to BJP, he would have a hard line against Pakistan and would place Indian-Occupied Kashmir (IOK) right under the control of the central government—a policy that raised huge fears. Subsequently, India's highest foreign policy objective has been to encircle Pakistan from all sides and isolate it internationally. Major global powers, including Muslim countries, have largely been in favor of diplomatic relations with India, thereby enabling it to strategically use regional and international alliances against Pakistan. Operating without facing much regional or international opposition, India unilaterally abolished the special constitutional status of IOK. Concurrently, Pakistan's reactive foreign policy demonstrated a glaring absence of active initiatives to counter India's strategic actions, which were primarily focused on diminishing Pakistan's status. India has persistently exploited Pakistan's weak and vague diplomatic strategies. One of the key findings of this study is that India's stable democratic framework and political continuity have been instrumental in facilitating effective policymaking and institution-building. Conversely, Pakistan's absence of both these attributes has led to institutional instability, weak governance, and passive decision-making approach. The unfolding of this dynamic swing of India from soft to hard power amid coercive military doctrines adaptation is a foundation of discussion. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to study trajectories responsible for Indian hard power designs with South Asian states and results after changing economic, political and military agendas. The data collection of this qualitative research is based on secondary data to demonstrate the analysis under the theoretical lens of Neorealism.

Keywords: BJP, RSS, Pakistan, India, US, China, CPEC, Hindutva.

ADDRESSING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL (SDG): ANALYZING THE TEACHERS’ READINESS ABOUT TRANSFORMATIVE PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES AT COLLEGE LEVEL

2025-02-22T06:22:35+00:00

In 2015, United Nations has introduced the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and vision 2030 agenda for peaceful, healthy prosperous and egalitarian world. The goals of SDGs and vision 2030 can be achieved through transformative pedagogy. The aim of the research is to examine how teachers engage students in learning, thinking, research and publishing in research journals to address the transformative pedagogy. 293 college teachers and students participated in the survey. To validate the questionnaire, the experts’ judge the content and then it pilot tested. The reliability of the questionnaire was .78. The chi-square for independent statistical technique applied to analyze the data. The research concludes that college teachers engage students in collaborative learning and critical thinking. Whereas they do not engage students in self-directed learning, creative thinking, projects, case studies and publication in research journals.

Key Words: Sustainable development goals (SDGs), transformative pedagogy, college teachers, self-directed learning, collaborative learning, critical thinking, creative thinking, research projects, case studies & journals.

ASSESSING THE RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON FRUITS PRODUCTION IN PERIPHERAL AREAS OF QUETTA

2025-02-23T17:20:30+00:00

ABSTRACT

Background: Fruit crops are quite profitable; thus they have a big impact on growers' economies. Rain, which also satisfies crop-watering requirements, has a significant impact on fruit production and the ability to make or break fruit output. Despite being a difficult process, the cultivation of fruit crops involves a variety of elements that can affect the annual fruit yield. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of rainfall variability on main fruit production in the study region and to analyze the pattern of rainfall variability in Quetta. Method: The results of the correlational study, which is based on secondary data, were examined in SPSS (22.0), and descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the findings. The 2000-2022 data was used to calculate both the effect and the findings. The Directorate of Crop Reporting Services Agriculture Department, Balochistan Quetta, and the Meteorological Department of Quetta provided the information for this study. Result: The study's key findings revealed that fruit output is positively correlated with rainfall variability in Quetta, which fluctuates from time to time. The relationship between total output and cumulative rainfall in the year 2021, shows that rainfall in Quetta, District of Balochistan, is not the only source of irrigation. Conclusion: The production of Quetta's fruit crop showed the impact of annual unpredictability. The global fluctuation of rainfall has a significant impact on the fruit harvest.

Key Words: Rainfall Variability, temperature variation, weather variability, Fruits Production, Correlation.

THE DIFFERENCE IN THE NUMBER OF VERSES IN THE QURAN: A RESEARCH STUDY

2025-02-24T17:47:30+00:00

The number of verses in the Quran has been a subject of scholarly discussion among early Islamic scholars. While there is a consensus that the total number of verses is no less than six thousand, variations exist due to differences in the methods used by scholars from different regions, including Medina, Mecca, Kufa, Basra, and Sham. These differences arise from factors such as the inclusion or exclusion of Bismillah as an independent verse, the principles of waqf wa wasl (pausing and continuation), and the treatment of huruf muqatta’at (disjointed letters). Historical sources, including the works of Abu Amr al-Dani and Al-Qurtubi, document these variations and their underlying reasons. Some scholars counted 6,236 verses, while others recorded numbers such as 6,204, 6,219, or 6,226, based on their methodologies and regional recitational traditions. Despite these differences, the integrity and structure of the Quran remain unchanged, as these variations do not affect the meaning or recitation of the text. This study critically examines the reasons for these differences, the scholarly methodologies employed in verse enumeration, and the impact of these variations on the understanding of the Quran. By analyzing classical Islamic sources, this research highlights the role of ijtihad (independent reasoning) in Quranic studies while reaffirming the divine preservation of the Quranic text.

Keywords: Quranic Verses Count, Scholarly Differences, Regional Variations, Ijtihaad in Quranic Studies, Preservation of the Quran

A RESEARCH STUDY ON THE EVOLUTIONARY PHASES OF HANAFI FATWA IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

2025-02-25T10:25:49+00:00

This research study explores the evolutionary phases of Hanafi Fatwa in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, tracing its historical development, scholarly contributions, and institutional influences. The study examines how the Hanafi school of thought has shaped religious verdicts (fatwas) in the region over different periods, from the early Islamic era to contemporary times. It highlights the role of prominent scholars, madrasas, and religious institutions in interpreting and issuing fatwas based on Hanafi jurisprudence. The study also investigates the impact of socio-political changes on the fatwa-issuing process, particularly during the colonial period, post-independence era, and modern legislative reforms. It analyzes the methodology adopted by Hanafi jurists in addressing evolving legal and social issues while maintaining adherence to traditional Islamic jurisprudence. Using a qualitative research approach, the study relies on historical sources, classical Hanafi texts, and contemporary fatwas issued in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The findings reveal that while the Hanafi fatwa tradition in the region remains deeply rooted in classical jurisprudence, it has also adapted to new challenges, including modern legal frameworks and socio-cultural transformations. The study concludes that the evolution of Hanafi fatwas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reflects a dynamic interplay between tradition and reform, ensuring the continued relevance of Islamic jurisprudence in the region.

Keywords: Hanafi Fatwa, Islamic Jurisprudence, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Evolution of Fatwa, Religious Institutions

PARENTS' INVOLVEMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

2025-02-26T11:05:43+00:00

LAMIC countries would benefit substantially from early childhood education (ECE) programs because these programs assist disadvantaged children to achieve their full potential according to research findings. These educational programs continue to receive insufficient research regarding their effects on child mental health and comprehensive welfare development. Parents enable fundamental growth in their children during their early years. The involvement of parents brings enduring changes to their children's capability to learn. The correct stimulation of children during early childhood years from birth through age five leads to stronger academic performance in the future. The research examines how parents as well as instructors in Pakistani early childhood education and care institutions think about and interact with their roles. The research shows how parental influence affects government legislation because current policy development lacks adequate parental input.

Keywords: ECE, ECEC, LAMIC

MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE TANGLED (2010)

2025-02-26T17:29:16+00:00

Multimodal discourse analysis is an important method for exploring meaning-making in different semiotic modes, especially in the context of visual media. The Disney animated film Tangled (2010) is a classic example of multimodal storytelling, combining linguistic, visual, and gestural modes. Previous studies on the film have focused largely on feminist interpretations, speech patterns, and critical literacy leaving a gap regarding how multimodal elements support the expression of emotion and theme in key scenes. This study uses Kress and van Leeuwen's Visual Grammar (2006) to examine the climactic scene using representational and interactive metafunctions. A qualitative research design has been used to analyse vectors in action processes, gaze, and camera angles that depict Rapunzel's transformation from vulnerability to empowerment. Findings reveal that lighting, framing, and spatial arrangements add emotional depth while interactivity builds the connection between the viewer and the character. This research sheds new light on the importance of multimodal analysis in animated storytelling and reveals further dimensions of the construction of narrative in the film.

Keywords: Multimodal analysis, visual grammar, representational meaning, interactive meaning, Tangled (2010), animated storytelling, discourse analysis.

DECIPHERING THE CANOPY: TREES AND THEIR ASSERTIVE ECHOES IN THE OVERSTORY

2025-02-28T15:45:05+00:00

This paper examines Richard Powers’s novel The Overstory with specific reference to challenging traditional forms of narration. I argue that Powers’s novel challenges anthropocentric biases in narration by centralizing trees in his text and advocating eco-consciousness. However, the novel provides a significant shift in human-centric narration by acknowledging the interconnectedness and interdependence of human and non-human entities. Drawing upon the conceptual horizons of the material ecocriticism, this paper suggests that matter is not passive rather, it’s a site from where meanings can be generated and conveyed, and stories can be told. It makes us rethink the question of agency, interconnectedness, and narrativity. I will deploy material-discursive practices and intra-action put forward by Karen Barad and semiotic-materiality being co-constituted by Donna Haraway to address the activeness of matter in overall environmental operations. Hence, this paper argues that materials convey meanings, they are the co-participators of humans in the physical world, and they can bring a transformative shift through their meaningful existence.

Keywords: The Overstory, centralization of trees, anthropocentrism, material ecocriticism, Karen Barad and Donna Haraway.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF EDUCATED WOMEN IN THE JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM OF PASHTUN SOCIETY: A SHARIAH AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS

2025-03-02T10:53:51+00:00

This study explores the psychological challenges faced by educated women within the joint family system in Pakhtun society, analyzed from both Islamic and sociological perspectives. The Pakhtun joint family system is deeply rooted in cultural traditions that emphasize collective living and decision-making. While this system fosters familial unity and mutual support, it also creates unique psychological pressures for women, particularly those who are educated and aspire for personal autonomy and career advancement. Educated women often encounter conflicts between traditional familial expectations and their professional aspirations, leading to stress, identity crises, and a sense of being undervalued. The study investigates these challenges, considering the role of societal norms, gender roles, and the influence of Islamic teachings in shaping family dynamics. It also examines the expectations placed on women regarding household responsibilities, adherence to cultural norms, and the restrictions they face despite their education. Islamic teachings emphasize balance, justice, and mutual respect within families, offering a framework that supports women's rights and acknowledges their contributions. This study highlights how these principles can be applied to address the psychological issues faced by educated women, advocating for a balanced approach that respects cultural values while promoting individual well-being and empowerment. The research provides insights into how societal reforms and awareness of Islamic principles can reduce the psychological burden on women, fostering a more equitable and supportive environment.

Keywords: Pakhtun society, joint family system, educated women, psychological challenges, cultural norms, Islamic perspective, family dynamics, gender roles, women's rights, societal reforms.

THE INFLUENCE OF SUFISM ON ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE

2025-03-02T11:24:45+00:00

Sufism is the name of a devotional and philosophical approach to Islam that, historically speaking, represents a form of mysticism within the Islamic tradition. Sufism began relatively early in the history of Islam, influenced by certain Arabic ascetics among subsequent generations. The first generation to tread this path were Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Zunnun al-Edhem, al-Hasan al-Basri and Ibrahim ibn Adham Balkhi. In the following years, it quickly spread and became popular. By the 5th/11th centuries it took a more organized form. These early ascetics in the classical Islamic tradition were alchemists- in a spiritual sense- for turning base human nature (nufs) into pure metal, that is, for humans to rid themselves of material wishes, sensory urge and sexual desire. The masters and followers of this line of Sufism are called “Darwishes” over the centuries. The heart of the Sufism is “Suf” which means clean like in the Turkish or Persian and “sufya” in Arabic that means wool, where the famous dervish cloths made from wool use to be worn.

Keywords: Sufism, Islamic Philosophy, Culture, Material Wishes

CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AS A TOOL FOR PAKISTAN’S SOFT IMAGE

2025-03-03T12:47:45+00:00

A country can enhance its global image by utilizing the tool of cultural diplomacy. It enables countries to proliferate their cultural values to the outside world. Pakistan is blessed with diverse culture which can be used for attracting the foreign world and creating a soft image. This paper sheds light on the idea of cultural diplomacy and its possible utilization in the foreign affairs of Pakistan. It can play a significant role in countering negative stereotypes about Pakistan. It can send the message of peace and love to the external audience. This paper explains the various strategies through which cultural diplomacy can be used such as educational exchanges, promoting tourism, highlighting local brands and organizing sports activities. Furthermore, the challenges facing cultural diplomacy are also being discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy, Global Image, Cultural Exchange, Foreign Policy, Media.

APPROPRIATION OF LANGUAGE IN FAZLI’S INVITATION: A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS

2025-03-04T06:31:11+00:00

This study analyses the language appropriation strategies identified by Ashcroft, Griffiths, & Tiffin (1989) employed in Shehryar Fazli’s novel Invitation (2011). The study evaluates the language appropriation tactics and strategies employed in the discourse to portray the native culture effectively and with more authenticity. The strategies include glossing, untranslated words, syntactic fusion, and code switching. The data collection process for this qualitative study involves using content analysis method. Thus, this study examines the effective role of language to resist against the colonizers under the realm of postcolonial studies in the novel Invitation.

Keywords: Appropriation, Language, Postcolonial, Resistance

THE TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVES IN FRANCIS BACON’S ESSAY “OF DELAYS”: A TEXTUAL ANALYSIS

2025-03-04T06:59:19+00:00

The piece "Of Delays" by Francis Bacon presents valuable material for studying temporal perspectives through textual analysis methods, as described by Catherine Belsey (2013). Belsey's method studies how multiple text significances form through historical and cultural scenarios. Bacon presents his pragmatic approach toward timing by investigating the contrast between haste and procrastination throughout his essay. The results show that Bacon supports the design of a situationalical framework to select appropriate timing for each circumstance. The classical references and historical advice in his arguments grant Bacon strong authority and simultaneously display the cultural context of the early 17th century. The research shows that Bacon's thoughts about timing encompass issues that modern people face with time organization and deciding when to make important choices. Applying Belsey’s method enables us to understand how Bacon strategically employed language in his writing to deliver ageless knowledge about human actions. Bacon presents complex insights about time, which lead readers to learn how to effectively manage decision-making by uniting the traits of being prompt and patient in their activities.

KEYWORDS: Multiplicity, Procrastination, Aphorisms, Temporal perspective.

EXAM-DRIVEN PEDAGOGY: THE WASHBACK EFFECT OF HSSC-ELE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN KOHAT DISTRICT, PAKISTAN

2025-03-05T10:32:43+00:00

This study investigates the influence of the Higher Secondary School Certificate English Language Examination (HSSC-ELE) on teaching practices in Kohat District, Pakistan. Using a quantitative research design, data was collected from 254 English language teachers through a 19-item Likert-scale questionnaire. The findings reveal that the HSSC-ELE exerts a strong influence on classroom practices, with teachers prioritizing exam-specific content and techniques to ensure student success. Key practices include focusing on grammar, using past papers, and aligning teaching objectives with exam requirements. Teachers often avoid methods that do not directly contribute to exam performance, such as teaching communication skills, due to the high-stakes nature of the test. The study highlights a tension between exam preparation and holistic language learning. While some teachers attempt to incorporate broader skills, systemic pressures and the exam’s rigid structure often limit their efforts. These findings align with previous research on washback effects, demonstrating how high-stakes exams can narrow teaching focus and discourage innovation. The study concludes that reforms are needed to reduce the negative impact of the HSSC-ELE, such as incorporating assessments of speaking and listening skills and encouraging more communicative teaching methods. Such changes could help align exam goals with the broader objective of promoting genuine language proficiency among students.

Keywords: Washback Effect, High-Stakes Testing, English Language Teaching, Exam Preparation, Curriculum Alignment

OWNERSHIP IN ISLAM: DEFINITION, TYPES, PROTECTION, AND AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF COAL MINES IN LIGHT OF MAQASID AL-SHARIAH

2025-03-05T11:01:23+00:00

Ownership holds a central place in Islamic economic thought, governed by ethical and legal principles. This study examines the concept of ownership in Islam, including its linguistic and jurisprudential definitions, classifications, and protection under Islamic law. It highlights the balance between individual rights and societal welfare in light of Maqasid al-Shariah. The research explores different types of ownership—private, public, and state-controlled—within the Islamic economic system. A special focus is given to the ownership and management of coal mines and other mineral resources, analyzing whether they fall under state control, communal ownership, or private possession from an Islamic jurisprudential perspective. By drawing on classical Islamic sources and contemporary scholarly opinions, this study provides insights into the governance and ethical distribution of natural resources. It aims to contribute to the discourse on Islamic economics, ensuring sustainable resource management and equitable economic justice.

Keywords: Ownership in Islam, Types of Ownership, Protection of Property, Maqasid al-Shariah, Coal Mines Analysis

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN'S INFORMAL LABOR SECTOR

2025-03-05T15:01:47+00:00

Women in Pakistan play a significant yet often overlooked role in the informal labor sector, contributing to the economy through activities such as domestic work, agriculture, handicrafts, and small-scale trade. Despite their substantial contributions, women in this sector face numerous challenges, including low wages, lack of social protection, and limited access to legal rights and healthcare. This study explores the dynamics of women's participation in Pakistan's informal labor sector, examining the socio-economic factors that drive their involvement and the barriers they encounter. It also highlights the intersection of gender, poverty, and cultural norms that perpetuate their marginalization. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the conditions under which women work and the impact of their labor on household economies. The findings reveal that while women's work in the informal sector is crucial for family survival, it often goes unrecognized and undervalued. The study calls for policy interventions to improve working conditions, provide social security, and empower women through education and skill development. By addressing these issues, Pakistan can unlock the potential of its female workforce, contributing to broader economic growth and gender equality.

Keywords: Women, informal labor sector, Pakistan, gender inequality, socio-economic challenges, social protection, empowerment, household economy, policy interventions.

THE INFLUENCE OF SUFISM ON ISLAMIC SPIRITUALITY AND CULTURAL PRACTICES

2025-03-05T18:10:29+00:00

Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, has profoundly shaped Islamic spirituality and cultural practices across centuries. Emerging as an esoteric tradition within early Islam, Sufism emphasizes inner purification, divine love, and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment through practices such as dhikr (remembrance of God), sama (spiritual music and dance), and muraqaba (meditation). This paper explores the historical evolution of Sufism, from its origins in asceticism to the establishment of various Sufi orders (tariqas), such as the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Chishtiyya, which played a pivotal role in the transmission of Islamic teachings across diverse regions, including the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa. The influence of Sufism extends beyond theology and spirituality, deeply impacting Islamic art, poetry, architecture, and music. Prominent Sufi poets like Rumi, Hafiz, and Bulleh Shah have conveyed mystical themes through their works, inspiring both Muslim and non-Muslim audiences. Additionally, Sufi shrines and festivals continue to serve as centers of communal gatherings, fostering interfaith harmony and social cohesion. However, Sufism has also faced criticism from orthodox Islamic scholars and modern reformist movements, leading to debates about its compatibility with mainstream Islamic thought. This study examines the enduring legacy of Sufism in shaping Islamic spiritual life and cultural expressions. Despite challenges posed by contemporary socio-political changes, Sufism remains a dynamic force, offering a pathway to spiritual fulfillment and communal solidarity. The paper underscores the significance of Sufi teachings in promoting tolerance, love, and a deeper connection with the divine, making it a crucial aspect of Islamic heritage and global spirituality.

Keywords: Sufism, Islamic Spirituality, Mysticism, Dhikr, Tariqa, Rumi, Sufi Poetry, Islamic Culture, Sufi Orders, Spiritual Enlightenment

FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN

2025-03-06T04:59:34+00:00

This research evaluates the structure of federalism in the three constitutions i.e. 1956, 1962 and 1973 of Pakistan. The research adopted historical and analytical method to describe and analyses the federal structure in Pakistan. Almost all of the political parties of India were demanding for federal form of government before Independence. Thus the Act of 1935 provided a defective structure of federation. After independence the same Act was adopted by Pakistan as Interim constitution. Later on, Pakistan in its own constitutions adopted federal form of government but all these carry out the less criteria of federalism and it operates most like a unitary system of government. The 18th amendment to the constitution of 1973 could be regarded as step towards inclusive and democratic federalism in Pakistan. The federal issues in Pakistan stem from a complex interplay of centralization tendencies, economic disparities, specific regional demands, and inter-provincial disputes. Resolving these issues will require concerted efforts from the central government to address provincial concerns, promote equitable development, and strengthen the institutions meant to facilitate federal cooperation.

Keyword:

Federalism, Elections, Constitution, Centre, Relations, Provincial Autonomy, 18th Amendment

YOUTH RADICALIZATION IN PAKISTAN: CAUSES, TRENDS, AND COUNTER-STRATEGIES

2025-03-06T17:10:32+00:00

Youth radicalization in Pakistan has emerged as a pressing concern, with a significant portion of the country's young population being vulnerable to extremist ideologies. This study explores the causes, trends, and counter-strategies related to youth radicalization, focusing on socio-economic, political, and ideological factors that contribute to this phenomenon. Poverty, lack of education, unemployment, and exposure to extremist propaganda are identified as key drivers of radicalization among Pakistani youth. The paper also examines the role of social media and religious institutions in spreading extremist narratives, as well as the impact of regional conflicts and geopolitical dynamics on youth perceptions. Furthermore, it evaluates existing counter-radicalization strategies, including deradicalization programs, community engagement initiatives, and educational reforms, while highlighting their limitations and successes. The study concludes with recommendations for a multi-faceted approach to counter youth radicalization, emphasizing the need for inclusive economic policies, improved education systems, and stronger community-based interventions to address the root causes of extremism and foster resilience among young people.

Keywords: Youth Radicalization, Pakistan, Extremism, Counter-Radicalization, Socio-Economic Factors, Ideological Propaganda, Deradicalization Programs, Community Engagement, Education Reforms, Geopolitical Influences

PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY: BALANCING DETERRENCE AND GLOBAL NON-PROLIFERATION NORMS

2025-03-06T18:16:17+00:00

Pakistan’s nuclear diplomacy has been shaped by its need to balance deterrence against India with adherence to global non-proliferation norms. The country’s nuclear program, initiated in 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was a direct response to India’s nuclear ambitions and the perceived threat of Indian hegemony in South Asia. Following India’s nuclear test in 1974, Pakistan accelerated its nuclear program, culminating in its first successful nuclear test on May 28, 1998. This test marked a significant shift in the regional strategic balance, providing Pakistan with a credible deterrent against India. However, Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions have often placed it at odds with global non-proliferation efforts, particularly the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), leading to international scrutiny and sanctions. Despite these challenges, Pakistan has maintained that its nuclear program is purely defensive, aimed at ensuring regional stability and deterring aggression. The evolution of Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine reflects a focus on "tactical deterrence," emphasizing punitive retaliation rather than aggressive war-fighting capabilities. This approach aligns with its broader goal of maintaining a strategic balance with India while navigating the complexities of global nuclear diplomacy. Pakistan’s nuclear strategy has also been influenced by its economic constraints and the need to counter India’s conventional military superiority. The country’s nuclear program has become a cornerstone of its national security policy, with successive governments upholding its continuity despite international pressure. As Pakistan continues to navigate the challenges of nuclear diplomacy, it faces the dual task of maintaining its deterrent capabilities while engaging with global non-proliferation norms to ensure regional and international security.

Keywords: Pakistan, nuclear diplomacy, deterrence, non-proliferation, India, South Asia, tactical deterrence, NPT, strategic balance.

THE RISE OF CHINESE SOFT POWER: CULTURE, DIPLOMACY, AND INTERNATIONAL PERCEPTIONS

2025-03-07T15:35:09+00:00

In recent years, Chinese soft power has drawn much attention worldwide and has become an important part of the nation's larger national strategy. This paper looks at the fundamental elements of Chinese soft power to increase China's global influence, such as its values, cultural legacy, and outreach initiatives. It also examines China's different development strategies to build and project its soft power, including bolstering cultural diplomacy, using educational exchanges, and advancing popular culture through media campaigns. The paper also assesses the difficulties encountered in these endeavors, such as geopolitical tensions and cultural misunderstandings. The analysis emphasizes how complex Chinese cultural soft power is and how crucial it is in determining China's reputation internationally.

Keywords: China, Culture, Soft power, Diplomacy, Education

OFFENCES OF FORCED MARRIAGE, RAPE, AND HONOUR KILLING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN

2025-03-07T16:04:50+00:00

It is a comparative study focusing on the crimes of honour killings, rape, and forced marriage in Pakistan and Afghanistan with an emphasis on the role of judiciary along with social, cultural, and legal factors that influence how these crimes are handled and how common they are in both nations. The legal reactions and social views towards these offences show notable variances, despite the fact that they are heavily influenced by patriarchal regimes and conservative religious interpretations. In both countries, forced marriage is frequently viewed as a means of upholding social standing and family honour, rape victims are severely stigmatised by society, which results in underreporting and insufficient legal remedies. Despite legal embargoes, honour killings continue to occur, frequently with the justification that they are necessary to preserve family honour. The paper examines how customs, the predominance of traditional values, and lax law enforcement make it difficult for legislation in both nations to adequately address these problems. The study compares the court cases decided by the superior courts as quantitative data in order to draw attention to the parallels, discrepancies, and difficulties that Pakistan and Afghanistan encounter in dealing with these serious human rights abuses. It also makes suggestions for enhancing legal safeguards and raising public awareness.

Keywords: Forced Marriage, Rape, Honour Killing, Court, Comparative

THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS ON PAKISTAN'S ENVIRONMENT: A STUDY OF DEFORESTATION, DESERTIFICATION, AND WATER SCARCITY

2025-03-09T15:49:54+00:00

Pakistan, like many developing nations, is grappling with the severe consequences of global environmental trends, which have exacerbated local ecological challenges such as deforestation, desertification, and water scarcity. This study examines the interplay between global environmental changes and Pakistan's deteriorating ecosystem, highlighting the country's vulnerability to these interconnected crises. Despite early warnings from international organizations like the UN in the 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan's response to environmental degradation has been inadequate, with policymakers prioritizing short-term economic gains over long-term ecological sustainability. The research identifies deforestation, driven by urbanization, agricultural expansion, and illegal logging, as a critical factor contributing to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and increased carbon emissions. Desertification, fueled by unsustainable land use practices and climate change, is transforming arable land into barren landscapes, threatening food security and livelihoods. Water scarcity, exacerbated by glacial melt, inefficient water management, and pollution, is emerging as a pressing issue, with implications for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study analyzes the socio-economic and political factors that have hindered effective environmental governance in Pakistan. It also explores the role of global environmental trends, such as climate change and transboundary pollution, in amplifying local challenges. The findings reveal a lack of public awareness, weak enforcement of environmental laws, and insufficient integration of environmental education into academic curricula as key barriers to addressing these issues. The study concludes with actionable recommendations, including the adoption of stringent environmental policies, reforestation initiatives, sustainable land management practices, and improved water conservation strategies. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that aligns local actions with global environmental goals to ensure the resilience of Pakistan's ecosystems and communities.

Keywords: Environmental Degradation, Deforestation, Desertification, Water Scarcity, Climate Change, Pakistan, Sustainable Development, Environmental Policy, Global Trends, Ecological Resilience.

GWADAR’S DISPLACEMENT CRISIS: A CALL FOR INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

2025-03-10T13:53:17+00:00

The displacement crisis in Gwadar, driven by the development of the Gwadar Deep-Sea Port and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), highlights a profound conflict between economic growth and the preservation of indigenous identity and autonomy. This paper examines the historical and cultural significance of Gwadar, emphasizing the deep-rooted connection between the Baloch people and their land. It explores how development policies have systematically eroded the traditional way of life of the indigenous Dars, threatening their social reproduction and cultural heritage. The analysis is structured around three "necessities" of indigenous life space, time, and lineage all of which are under threat from current development practices. The paper argues for inclusive and equitable development policies that respect the identity and autonomy of the indigenous population, proposing a distributive model focused on land, time, and sustainable development. The urgency of addressing these issues is underscored by the determination of the Dars to resist further displacement and protect their way of life.

Keywords: Gwadar, Displacement Crisis, Inclusive Development, Equitable Policies, Indigenous Rights, Balochistan, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Cultural Heritage, Social Reproduction, Land Rights, Sustainable Development, Identity, Autonomy, Historical Context, Economic Growth, Indigenous Life, Space, Time, Lineage.

UNEXPECTED ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN REAL AND HYPERREAL: AN ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST THEMES IN PAKISTANI DRAMA

2025-03-10T19:22:47+00:00

This article has been part of a larger research project done under HEC flagship research grant National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) with a particular focus on mapping out the social impact of feminist consciousness on Pakistani culture. For this, we have taken Pakistani drama as a primary source by taking a sample out of a carefully curated list of dramas. In so doing, our primary assumption is to view how drama as a medium has engaged with the feminist themes and issues as they emerge in society and engage their audience either by way of acceptance or rejection or a kind of negotiation,. In either case, the article analyses how has this engagement impacted or shaped public perception about feminism, in both theory and practice? How far and in what ways, these serials have played a major role in developing a palpable feminist consciousness in society, especially among the female audience over the years.

Keywords: HEC, NRPU, Social Impact, Feminism, Pakistani Culture, Drama.

THE IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLE ON ADOLESCENT AGGRESSION: EXAMINING THE MEDIATING ROLES OF PEER VICTIMIZATION AND EMOTION REGULATION

2025-03-06T19:54:11+00:00

This study examines the mediating roles of peer victimization and emotion regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent aggression in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A sample of 580 adolescents (338 boys and 242 girls), aged 14 to 21, was drawn from public and private educational institutions to ensure diversity. The Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (MPVS), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21 and PROCESS Macro v4.2, applying descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and parallel regression models. The results indicated that the authoritative parenting style was negatively associated with aggression, whereas authoritarian and permissive parenting styles showed positive associations. Emotion regulation significantly mediated the relationship between parenting styles and aggression, reducing its impact. However, peer victimization did not serve as a significant mediator. The study outlined key findings, acknowledged its limitations, and provided recommendations for future research.

Keywords: Parenting style, Aggressive Behavior, Peer Victimization, Emotion Regulation, Adolescents.

ANALYZING THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF THE 2010 SUPER FLOODS ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES OF KANDH KOT, SINDH

2025-03-12T07:24:22+00:00

The floods of 2010 declared as super floods because its results were more dangerous from the previous ones which resulted the damages of infrastructure, affected the human lives, become a cause of displacement for the local communities and many more. It was the first time in the history that country’s GDP highly affected due to the floods based natural disaster. Besides, it had profound impacts on the health based issues like malaria, diarrhea, water borne diseases etc. On the other hand, it directly damaged the infrastructure like homes, education sector, hospitals, bridges and roads which showed the lack of transport facilitation and convenience had remained quit for the local community. There were majority of people who faced psychological issues because the helpless factor had emerged among them in the form of poor rescue and relief at that time. The floods were among the worst in the country’s history which wreaking havoc in numerous provinces, including Sindh. The socio-economic impacts of the super floods of 2010 on district Kandh kot, Sindh are the main subject of this article. The area was heavily affected and the indigenous people became more vulnerable because of its geographic location and they had deprived from the clean water and sanitation, shelter, and loss of agricultural areas. Besides, the business setup of Kandh kot was also badly affected due to the floods and the stock of wheat and rice in flour mills completely washed away. The study looks the impacts on the’ infrastructure, economy, agriculture and the basic needs based thing of the indigenous people. The study shows major disruptions in livelihood, displacement of every individual of that area, and deterioration of public health and education system respectively. However, the long recovery process was also caused by the floods exacerbation of pre-existing vulnerabilities, such as poverty and limited access to essential services. The results emphasize the need for infrastructural resilience, catastrophic preparedness in flood prone areas.

Keywords: Floods of 2010, socio-economic impacts, displacement, geographical importance of Kandh kot, Sindh

IMPACT OF MACRO ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE STOCK MARKET MEDIATING ROLE OF THE UNSYSTEMATIC RISK

2025-03-13T09:17:24+00:00

This study examines the mediating role of unsystematic risk in the relationship between macroeconomic factors and the performance of Pakistan's stock markets. The researcher gathered data from two sources: stock market data from the Pakistan Stock Exchange and respective company websites (2000–2022) from the Pakistan Mercantile Exchange (2010–2022). The data for selected macroeconomic variables were obtained from the IMF's International Financial Statistics website. The data is quantitative and analyzed through various statistical tools and tests, including the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, Ramsey RESET test, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, and Phillips-Perron test. Regression analysis has been employed to test the causal relationships among these variables. The findings indicate that macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, and GDP growth significantly impact market performance; however, their effect is often mediated by changes in unsystematic risk. As macroeconomic conditions change, they affect individual companies' operational stability and financial health, altering the unsystematic risk associated with them. For example, rising interest rates increase companies' borrowing costs, increasing their risk exposure. The study's originality is that very little work has been done regarding unsystematic risk as a mediator, particularly in the Pakistan capital markets. Overall, the findings add clarity to how macroeconomic variables influence market results, thus enhancing comprehension of market operations in emerging economies like Pakistan. Based on the study's findings, various steps are suggested to be adopted to work on reducing unsystematic risk and stabilizing markets. Accordingly, the recommendation to policymakers is to strengthen institutional frameworks on monitoring macroeconomic impacts in sectors or companies. They should thus know what to protect and how to manage the various risks more effectively.

Keywords: macro-economic factors (interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, GDP, Import, Export), Stock market, unsystematic risk.

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL INFLOW ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

2025-03-14T07:52:44+00:00

This research analyses how economic growth (Real gross domestic product) responds to the symmetric as well as asymmetric inflow of foreign capital (Foreign Direct Investment and Official Development Assistance) in Pakistan. For this purpose, data has been selected for the FY 1980-81 to 2021-22 and the data sources are World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) and the various issues of Economic survey of Pakistan. The net inflow of FDI and ODA received is deemed as the foreign capital inflows. The results revealed the existence of cointegration between the foreign capital inflows and real gross domestic product in Pakistan. Moreover, comparing component wise symmetric impact of FDI is positive and growth inducing however, while the impact of ODA is contrary to the FDI. The asymmetrical impact reveals that as compared to the inflows of foreign capital any reduction in foreign capital effect the economy more adversely. In this scenario government and policy makers of Pakistan should adopt Investors friendly policies to fascinate more investors as compared to depend on ODA.

Keywords: Economic Growth, Foreign Capital Inflow, Foreign Direct Investment

HISTORY OF PAKISTAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM FROM BRITISH ERA

2025-03-14T08:58:25+00:00

This article seeks to describe the progress of Pakistan’s judicial system over the years. It aims to explain how the legal infrastructure of Pakistan today was influenced by the legal reforms of the British administrators, the East India Company’s policies, and the Company’s rule. Alongside this, the article also captures the development of the judicial system during and after the rule of colonizers. The legal system that Pakistan inherited after gaining independence in 1947 was built on the judicial framework developed during British rule. As a result of colonization, many efforts were made to ‘localize’ the justice system to fit within the boundaries of British common law with additional various quasi-cultural and quasi-religious polish. This included setting up new courts, legislating local laws, and merging local customs with British legal principles. Eventually, this system became increasingly hierarchical, organized and structured with distinct functions and subdivisions. Pakistan was bound to inherit this complicated system after independence, which it gradually continued to improve. In the years that followed independence, Pakistan sought to amend the system to acknowledge the country’s rich cultural heritage and historical setting. This marks the change in the system’s structure and illustrates the fact that Pakistan continues to face new legal challenges and transforms its structure to accommodate them however, it still remains integrated with the remnants of colonial legacies.

Keywords: Judicial System, British Era, Pakistan, Amendments, Customs, Hybrid System

SOCIAL MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR LEARNING: A SURVEY OF PUBLIC SECTOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DISTRICT LAHORE

2025-03-15T18:39:36+00:00

Social media have turned out to be effective means for learning, offering innovative ways to engage students and support educational processes. The study was intended to find out the perceptions of students regarding social media as a learning tool in the secondary schools of district Lahore. Quantitative research design, using a survey method was used to collect data. It was conducted on 399 students of public sector secondary schools of district Lahore. The sample size was selected using Yamane Formula and proportionate stratified sampling technique was used. Data was collected by using a self-developed close-ended questionnaire. The validity of the instrument was ensured by experts’ opinions and the reliability was established through pilot testing. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent samples t-test) seeking the help of SPSS software was used to analyse data. The study concludes that platforms like YouTube, WhatsApp, and Facebook enhanced learning of students by fostering collaboration, improving comprehension, and boosting engagement. However, distractions, unequal access, and low digital literacy remained key challenges.

Keywords: Student Perceptions, Social Media, Secondary Level.

ROLE OF PARENTAL INFLUENCE, SOCIAL MEDIA AND PERSONAL CHOICE IN SELECTING CAREER AMONG PAKISTANI YOUTH

2025-03-16T15:37:52+00:00

This survey study was carried out with the objective to investigate the role of parental influence, social media and personal choice in selecting career among youth. A sample of 500 university students aged 18-29 (Mean age = 19.65, SD =1.514) was selected through convenient sampling technique from different universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Participants responded to demographic information form and then to a self-developed survey questionnaire. Analysis reveals that parent’s profession was the most influential factor for youth while selecting their careers. With respect to media influence the youngsters are most likely to be influenced by the occupations portrayed by media. Lastly, Pakistani youth mostly prefer to seek career counseling by a professional when selecting their careers as a personal choice. Findings also suggest that young women prefer to select career influenced by their parents’ profession and field of choice as compared to men. The research investigates how parenting affects young Pakistani individuals while showing that media and individual preferences also guide their career direction. Youth from Pakistan show a strong preference for career counseling services that originate from professional sources especially among the female population. Women demonstrated a stronger tendency to let their parents select their future occupation compared to men in this study group. This study provides essential findings concerning Pakistani career decision-algorithms while demonstrating that career counseling helps young people reach wise career decisions. This research generates valuable information about Pakistani youth career choices thus indicating societies need to establish awareness initiatives that help young people pick their professions.

Keywords: career choice, social media, parental influence, personal interest, youth.

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE OPINIONS OF MODERN SCHOLARS AND INTELLECTUALS RELATED TO THE SYSTEM OF DEMOCRACY

2025-03-18T12:00:14+00:00

The word “Democracy” is derived from the Arabic Language, which means something to be in abundance and high or prominent. Political experts do not agree on any definite definitional of democracy, so if a society or a state, according to its circumstances, arranges a system of government that includes the will of the people instead of an individual or a specific class, it will be called a democracy. The fundamental roles in the establishment of democracy in the world are the ideas of political thinkers and intellectuals and other revolutions that took place in America and France. In this sense, Europe is called the cradle of modern democracy. There is a difference in the opinions of ancient scholars and intellectuals regarding the system of democracy.In this regard, it is necessary to try to determine a clear path for the nation by critically evaluating the opinions of modern scholars and intellectuals related to democratic governance. So that the Islamic countries can have their leadership skills in the world by following the principles of Islam.

Key Words: Democracy, Modern Scholars, Critically Evaluating Opinion.

CHALLENGES FOR FORMATION OF NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION

2025-03-18T21:33:14+00:00

The challenges faced by child-focused non-profit organizations (NPOs) in Pakistan, highlighting key barriers such as bureaucratic hurdles, limited regulatory frameworks, and financial instability. These challenges are compounded by social mistrust, political instability, and limited community engagement, which hinder the sustainable operation of these organizations. Using qualitative methods, including thematic analysis and case studies, the research identifies the need for regulatory reforms, diversified funding strategies, and capacity-building measures to increase the sector’s impact. The recommendations emphasize fostering collaboration among stakeholders, improving transparency, and developing culturally sensitive programs to better serve child welfare in Pakistan.

Keywords: Non-profit organizations, child welfare, Pakistan, regulatory challenges, financial sustainability, community engagement, capacity building, stakeholder engagement.

EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS REGARDING SOCIAL GLUE IN PAKISTAN:AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2025-03-18T22:10:25+00:00

The aim of this study is to explore the presence of “social glue” conceptualized as the mutual values, trust and cooperation holding healthcare teams together facilitating cohesion and teamwork among Allied Health Professionals (AHP’s) in Pakistan. The study was conducted to identify the crises AHP’s facing in Pakistan. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used and in-depth semi-structured interviews with (N=12) practicing within government health organizations were conducted to obtain insight into their personal experiences till the point of saturation. The four main themes that emerged from the analysis were (i) Professional Challenges and Growth (ii) Client Relationships and Ethical Practice (iii) Personal Fulfillment and Motivation (iv) Future Aspirations. Key challenges such as undefined professional roles, stigma in society and a lack of interdepartmental coordination were identified by participants, along with the significance of respect for one another, teamwork and common goals in transcending these challenges. The findings underscore the pivotal role played by social glue in boosting job satisfaction, improving teamwork and enhancing patient outcomes, especially in resource-limited environments. The study highlights the imperative for system changes, including uniform training programs, interdisciplinary teamwork initiatives and more deliberate recognition of AHP’s roles, to enhance social cohesion among healthcare teams. This study adds to the increasing body of literature on inter-professional collaboration and offers practical recommendations for healthcare organizations and policymakers. This study provides a rich understanding of how trust, shared values, and collaboration can revolutionize healthcare delivery in difficult settings.

Keywords: social glue, allied health professionals, social identity

LANGUAGE POLICY AND MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN PAKISTAN’S EDUCATION SYSTEM

2025-03-20T04:38:06+00:00

Language policy and the medium of instruction play a critical role in shaping Pakistan’s education system. The country’s multilingual landscape presents a complex challenge in balancing national, regional, and global linguistic priorities. Urdu and English serve as official languages, yet the use of regional languages remains a point of contention. Historically, colonial influences have elevated English, making it the dominant medium in higher education and administration, while Urdu is promoted as the national language. However, the imposition of these languages has marginalized local languages and created socio-political disparities. This study examines the implications of Pakistan’s language policy on education quality, social integration, and national identity. The findings indicate that the dominance of English in elite schools and higher education perpetuates inequalities, limiting access to quality education for non-English speakers. Furthermore, the lack of teacher training in bilingual and multilingual pedagogy hinders effective language instruction. The study highlights that an inclusive language policy that incorporates regional languages alongside Urdu and English can promote equitable learning opportunities. Addressing these challenges requires a reformed language policy that supports multilingual education, enhances teacher training, and bridges socio-economic divides. A balanced approach to language planning can foster national cohesion while ensuring linguistic diversity is preserved.

Keywords: Language Policy, Medium, Multilingual Education, Pakistan Education System, Urdu, English, Regional Languages, Socio-Political Disparities, Teacher Training, Language Inequality, National Identity

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF AMTHAL AHADITH IN SAHIH BUKHARI: EXPLORING INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT

2025-03-21T06:03:49+00:00

This paper critically examines the Amthal Ahadith (proverbial sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) in Sahih Bukhari, one of the most authoritative and widely recognized collections of Hadith in Islamic tradition. The study aims to explore how these proverbial sayings address both individual and social issues, and how their timeless teachings can be applied to contemporary challenges. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bridge the gap between the classical Islamic teachings and the need of the modern society through a detailed analysis of the thematic content, linguistic structure, and contextual relevance of these Ahadith. It employs a qualitative methodology of the textual analysis of Ahadiths combined with contemporary case studies to display the relevance of them for time and place in morality, justice, the community cohesion, and personal development issues. These Amthal Ahadith are known for their use of metaphors, similes, and analogies, which not only characterize, but also enhance the mental as well as the emotional impact of the statements. They are saying that these phrases encapsulate profound wisdom in a crpt concise manner and guide on ethical behavior, spiritual growth, social responsibility, and relationships. Through a study of these Ahadith, it shows that these Ahadith can be a source of a solution to our modern day problems like moral decay, social injustice, and the disappearance of the community values. What the findings show is that the Amthal Ahadith contain timeless principles that can help us people as well as societies in dealing with the challenges of modern life, ensuring ethical behaviour, social harmony, and spiritual well being. The paper also stresses the need to contextualize classical Islamic teachings, particularly in order to deliver them in a manner that addresses the modern era’s challenges. The argument is that the Amthal Ahadith are not just religious or historical texts, they are still living sources of wisdom that can trigger positive change in people’s individual lives and in structures of society across the world. The study argues that it is possible to build a more just, cohesive and a more morally grounded society by integrating these teachings in modern frameworks. Lastly, this research emphasises how the Amthal Ahadith remain relevant to existing concerns and how they can be applied to the present-day. The study recommends reorienting towards classical Islamic texts as a resource for answering contemporary moral, social and spiritual challenges in the modern world. By bridging the gap between tradition and modernity, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how Islamic teachings can continue to inspire and guide humanity in the 21st century.

Keywords: Amthal Ahadith, Sahih Bukhari, Islamic Teachings, Contemporary Issues, Social Justice, Morality, Hadith Studies.

IBN MANDA AL-ISFAHANI'S PERSONALITY AND HIS METHODOLOGY AND STYLE IN MA'RIFAT AL-SAHABAH

2025-03-21T08:02:17+00:00

Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ishaq Ibn Manda al-Isfahani (310-395 AH) was a renowned Islamic scholar, Hadith expert, and historian known for his significant contributions to the preservation of Islamic traditions. His work Ma'rifat al-Sahabah is a comprehensive biographical compilation dedicated to documenting the lives of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ companions. Ibn Manda’s methodology in this work is characterized by meticulous authenticity, adherence to strict hadith verification principles, and reliance on primary sources. He systematically presents narrations with isnads (chains of transmission) to ensure the credibility of reports. His style reflects a balanced approach, combining historical detail with scholarly rigor while maintaining a clear and structured narrative. One of the distinguishing features of Ibn Manda’s approach is his emphasis on ilm al-rijal (the science of narrators), where he critically evaluates the reliability of transmitters. He follows a thematic and alphabetical arrangement, making the compilation both accessible and academically valuable. Furthermore, he integrates the virtues, contributions, and roles of the Sahabah in early Islamic history, portraying their significance in the transmission of religious knowledge.His work remains an essential reference in hadith studies and Islamic historiography. By upholding authenticity and precision, Ibn Manda significantly contributed to the preservation of the Prophet’s ﷺ legacy. His methodological rigor has influenced later scholars and remains a model in the field of biographical literature.

Keywords: Ibn Manda al-Isfahani, Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Hadith methodology, Islamic historiography, Ilm al-Rijal

ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONTEMPORARY SITUATION OF PAKISTANI WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS

2025-03-21T12:54:38+00:00

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical development and contemporary situation of women's rights movements in Pakistan. It explores the evolution of these movements from the pre-independence era to the present day, highlighting the key figures, organizations, and milestones that have shaped the struggle for gender equality in the country. The study examines the political, social, and cultural factors that have influenced the trajectory of women's rights activism, as well as the challenges and obstacles faced by these movements in a deeply patriarchal society. Despite significant progress in areas such as legal reforms, political representation, and education, Pakistani women continue to confront systemic discrimination, economic marginalization, and cultural barriers that hinder their full participation in public and private life. The paper also discusses the role of intersectionality in contemporary feminist discourse, emphasizing the need for inclusive approaches that address the diverse experiences of women across different social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds. Finally, the study highlights the transformative impact of digital activism and social media in amplifying women's voices and fostering a more engaged civil society. By bridging historical and contemporary perspectives, this paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the ongoing struggles and achievements of Pakistani women's rights movements, offering insights into the future prospects for gender equality in the country.

Keywords: Women's Rights Movements, Pakistan, Gender Equality, Intersectionality, Patriarchy, Digital Activism, Legal Reforms, Political Representation, Social Barriers, Feminist Discourse

WOMEN'S AUTONOMY AND GENDER EQUALITY

2025-03-21T22:34:16+00:00

Women's autonomy and gender equality are widely discussed topics in contemporary discourse. From an Islamic perspective, these concepts are deeply rooted in the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah, which emphasize justice, dignity, and equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of gender. Islam grants women rights concerning education, economic independence, and participation in public life, establishing a framework for personal autonomy and societal involvement. The historical contributions of Muslim women in fields such as scholarship, commerce, and politics illustrate the practical application of these teachings. However, cultural practices and patriarchal interpretations in certain societies have contributed to gender disparities that diverge from Islam's foundational principles. This paper explores the concept of women's autonomy in Islam, highlighting how Islamic jurisprudence and ethical values support gender equality while addressing common misconceptions. The study concludes that promoting gender equality in Muslim societies requires returning to Islam's authentic teachings and fostering an environment where women's rights are respected and upheld.

Key words: Quran: Hadith and the books of search of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)