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The Role of International Organizations in the Development and Advancement of International Law: A Case Study of UN and EU

Dr. Tahira Mumtaz — 2025-07-01

By creating and upholding global values and standards, international organizations play a vital role in the development of international law. This research paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) amd EU, prominent international institutions, in establishing and enforcing international law. Specialized UN agencies such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC) have played a significant role in the development, codification, and implementation of international law. The European Union operates on the principle of upholding and ensuring this right, and respect for international law is one of its main goals. In addition to the norms of international law that the European Court of Justice disagrees with, the Union guarantees these values. The development of the international legal order is influenced by its involvement in treaty-making, its impact on customary law, and its involvement in dispute resolution. In order to settle conflicts and expand its global role, the Union has strengthened and established an appropriate institutional and legal framework. The United Nations and European Union collaborate with other regional and international organisations, promote ongoing communication, identify emerging issues, and provide dispute resolution mechanisms. However, this research also acknowledges the UN's and EU's inherent flaws and challenges. It explores reform proposals to address these issues, strengthen the organization's authority, and more effectively achieve its primary objectives. By critically analyzing the UN's and EU's role and impact on international law, this article aims to shed insight into how international organizations function and how they influence international legal standards.

Keywords: International institutions, International courts, impacts, Unions.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Task-Based Learning for Improving English Speaking Skills Among Undergraduate Students

Hajra Aslam — 2025-07-01

This study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Learning (TBL) in enhancing Sanghar University undergraduate students' English-speaking abilities. Due to a lack of practical experience, students who are learning English as a second language sometimes find it difficult to communicate effectively and clearly. The effectiveness of TBL in university-level English classes in remote or underdeveloped areas like Sanghar, however, has not received sufficient attention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether giving students involving, interactive activities may improve their English communication skills. The study uses a quantitative descriptive methodology and involves 141 undergraduate students learning English for coursework from several academic areas. A validated questionnaire was used to gather data, and convenience sampling was used to choose participants. Fluency, vocabulary, accuracy, confidence, and engagement were the five main topics of the survey, which also included demographic questions and 15 statements with Likert scale ratings. In order to represent real-world communication, students took part in a number of TBL exercises over four weeks, including role-plays, conversations, and problem-solving exercises. SPSS was used to analyze the data afterwards the intervention, and the findings demonstrated definite improvements. Students expressed more confidence when speaking English, improved vocabulary usage, and enhanced communication abilities. Additionally, students were very satisfied with the TBL experience, stating that it was more fun, inspiring, and successful than conventional approaches. These findings imply that TBL is an effective strategy for assisting students in using English more comfortably and self-assuredly. According to the findings, TBL should be taught in English classes, and instructors should receive training on how to use it.

Keywords: Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Speaking Skills, Student-Centered Classrooms

Exploring University Student’s Experience of Self-Regulation and Mental Wellbeing in Context of Short Form Social Media Engagement: Investigating the Challenges

Dr. Iram Naz — 2025-07-01

The current qualitative work investigates how university students self-regulate and experience well-being when using short-form content engagement (SFCE) on social media platforms such as YouTube Shorts, TikTok and Instagram Reels. Fifteen participants (aged 19-27) were interviewed as part of a series of semi-structured interviews and data were analyzed using (Braun and Clarke’s 2006) systematic approach to thematic analysis. The deductive method was followed and informed by the literature of digital engagement and psychological well-being. Three key themes were noted: (1) Helix of Scrolling, representing the routine and immersive aspect of SFCE use; (2) Adrift or Docked Up, (3) paralleling how students were trying to control their utilization, either consciously or through inner battles; (3) Digital Comfort Zones, illustrating that SFC was both an emotional escape and a mental burden. Some students used active tactics such as app restrictions or mindful breaks, others said they felt overwhelmed or emotionally splintered. Results underscore the two-sided role of SFCE—both as coping and as a stressor—and emphasize the value of educational interventions promoting digital literacy and healthy online practices in the university students.

Keywords: SFC (Short Form Content), Well-Being, Self-Regulation, Emotions, Reels, Engagement, SFCE (Short Form Content Engagement), Students

Pakistan’s Cyber Defense Revolution: AI & Machine Learning for Threat Mitigation

Zoya Bandukda — 2025-07-01

Pakistan faces escalating cybersecurity threats, including ransomware, phishing, and state-sponsored attacks, which jeopardize businesses, government institutions, and critical infrastructure. Traditional defense mechanisms are increasingly inadequate, necessitating advanced solutions like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to revolutionize cyber defense. This article explores how AI and ML enhance threat mitigation through real-time anomaly detection, behavioral analysis, and automated response systems, with specific applications in Pakistan’s financial sector, government databases, and critical infrastructure. The country has made notable strides in AI-powered cybersecurity, with initiatives led by the National Response Center for Cyber Crimes (NR3C), Pakistan Information Security Association (PISA), and emerging startups. Collaborations with international tech firms and academia further bolster these efforts. However, challenges persist, including a shortage of skilled professionals, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs. Looking ahead, AI-driven advancements promise to transform Pakistan’s cybersecurity landscape, supported by evolving policies like the Personal Data Protection Bill. With strategic investments and workforce development, Pakistan has the potential to emerge as a regional leader in cyber defense. This article underscores the transformative role of AI and ML in securing Pakistan’s digital future while addressing existing barriers and opportunities for growth.

Keywords: Pakistan, Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Threat Mitigation, Cyber Defense, Ransomware, NR3C, Data Privacy, Critical Infrastructure

Metaphysical Dimensions of Mirza Ghalib’s Poetry: A Philosophical Evaluation

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Shah — 2025-07-01

Ghalib has been regarded as a towering and celebrated figure in Urdu and Persian poetry for the last one hundred and fifty years. His poetry has multidimensional approaches, besides conventional issues of love and romanticism. The poetry includes meta-physical, philosophical, theological and mystical elements. Moreover, the universality of vision, deviation from the conventional ordinary themes, versatility of thoughts, all have given his poetry an everlasting fame and recognition. Due to these qualities, Ghalib’s poetry has been a source of inspiration for all types of intelligentsia belonging either to romantic poetry or philosophy, theology, mysticism etc. His rich imagination, using of metaphors, paradoxes, irony, depths of thoughts, hinting the combination of Persian and Indian literary customs and culture, focusing the problems of the Self in transitory life and existence, deliberations on the mysteries of death and here-after, have given him unique place not only among the contemporaries but a status of lighthouse for the coming generations of poets. The objective of this research paper is to discover, in his general poetry such metaphysical thoughts, theosophical issues, mystical, epistemological revelations which elevated him form the rank of just a poet and has given him everlasting fame and ‘Ghalib’ on others.

Keywords: Epistemology, Existentialism, Fatalism, Metaphysics, Ontology, Pantheism, Pantheism, Theology

The Digital Battlefield: A Comparative Analysis of AI-Driven Cyber Warfare in the U.S. and China and Its Implications for Pakistan’s National Security

Uswa Khalid — 2025-07-02

The study explores the deepening U.S.-China competition in cyber warfare driven by artificial intelligence and its strategic consequences for Pakistan. Relatively smaller states such as Pakistan are forced to adapt and maneuver within a digitally contested security landscape, which is shifting due to the integrated use of AI innovations in military and cyber domains by both superpowers competing with one another through differing models of innovation, governance, and deployment. The research focuses on the U.S. and Chinese rival cyber strategies comprehensively around their doctrinal, operational, technological differences along with contextualizing them into the scenario of India-Pakistan conflict 2025 where AI-enabled warfare was crucial. Using offensive realism as the framework, the research highlights the impacts of structural forces that compel Pakistan to take advantage of Chinese technological backing while simultaneously being exposed to geopolitical-strategic dependency risks. Qualitative methods were used to identify policy gaps in response to dual vulnerabilities the urgent need for development that will lead to national resilience within ethical bounds and the lack of self-reliance in AI and cybersecurity drawn from literature reviews, policy analyses, and expert interviews. The conclusion outlines strategic autonomy as well as investments stressing proactive governance concerning digital design frameworks. It emphasizes cross-sector synthesized approaches responding to rising threats mounting at accruing strained interdependence framing peripheral states from dire subordinated status onto clear vision revealing new frontiers waiting exploration having transformative potential metamorphosing states like Pakistan sidelined into pivotal players drawing direct contribution shaping discourse on global asymmetrical dynamic rivalry headlined south-east continuum STEM as tributary fueling supers.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber Warfare, U.S.-China Rivalry, Pakistan National Security, Offensive Realism, Military-Civil Fusion, Strategic Autonomy, Digital Sovereignty, AI Ethics, Geopolitics

Promotion-Linked Training Program in Punjab: Analysing Educational Managers’ Satisfaction through Demographic Lenses

Zil e Huma — 2025-07-02

It is widely acknowledged that enhancing the caliber of education managers is crucial to upsurge the standard of education. This entails launching wide-ranging training programs intended to equip them for the challenges of their roles, along-with a robust evaluation to gauge training effectiveness. The study aimed to provide a demographic analysis of educational managers’ level satisfaction as part of a broader evaluation of the Promotion-Linked Training program’s effectiveness using Kirkpatrick's four-level model. However, though this paper specifically focuses on the evaluation of educational managers’ level of satisfaction with the Promotion-Linked Training program through the lens of demography factors including gender, qualification, and experience. Therefore, demographic factors of 264 educational managers were analyzed using inferential statistics. It was revealed that gender, academic qualification, and years of administrative experience have no statistically significant influence on the satisfaction levels of educational managers. Thus, the findings confirms that the PLT program is effective across demographics. Its effectiveness is not confined to a particular gender, qualification level, or experience bracket, suggesting it is a fundamentally sound and well-conceived initiative.

Keywords: Promotion linked training, educational managers, satisfaction, demographic analysis

Examining the Interaction of Green Working Engagement for explaining the Eco-friendly empowerment of Employees by Green HRM. A study on higher education sector of Pakistan using SEM

Dr. Rubab Rauf — 2025-07-03

The present study was aimed to examine the mediation effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM practices and eco-friendly employee empowerment in the higher education sector of Pakistan. For achieving these objective, the data was collected from 368 respondents using convenience sampling approach through online means from the employees serving in the chartered universities in the major cities of Pakistan. The exogenous variable was green HRM practices, while the endogenous variable was eco-friendly employee empowerment and the mediating variable was green work engagement. The initial analysis using SPSS and Smart PLS of the data revealed that all the factors along-with their constructs were internally and externally reliable and valid by meeting the threshold level. The structural equation modelling revealed that all the hypothesis was accepted and the SEM estimation concluded that there is a strong mediating effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM and eco-friendly employee empowerment. The managerial implications of the study are that the policymakers and management of higher education sector of Pakistan can boost the eco-friendly empowerment of their employees by carefully considering the green practices of HRM and green work engagement of their employees. The findings of the study are applicable to the education/higher education sector of other regions but no other sector due to the distinct nature of targeted population. The future research may include the other factors of green management like csr or cg for examining their impact in the eco-friendly employee empowerment for the higher education sector of Pakistan.

Keywords: Green HRM, Green work Engagement, Green Employee empowerment, Higher education, Pakistan.

South Asia's Power Play: Pakistan, India, China, and the USA in Strategic Relations

Dr. Syed Munib Ali Bukhari — 2025-07-03

Predictably, the study delivers a detailed view on modern South Asian strategic context, accentuating deep Triangular Security complex of China-Pakistan-India relations as well as addressing the impact of US presence in the region. Considering the current and emerging global and regional politics this research focuses on the nature of interests and affiliations that shape them and rivalry that underlines them. About conflicts of interests such as borders, militarization, economics, and diplomacy, are discussed in detail. Further focus has been provided to the analyzing of potential consequences of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the Indian strategic perspective and the US strategic interests in the region. As such, through integrating these issues, this study intends to bring forth the complexities of those large powers’ interests and intents as well as their influence over the stability of the regions and global security.

Keywords: US, China, India, Kashmir, CPEC, BRI, Counterterrorism, Extremism, Economics, Strategies, Diplomacy, Bilateral

The Practical Implementation of 'Bunyan al-Marsous' in the Contemporary Era and the Establishment of an Islamic Social System

Dr. Zeeshan — 2025-07-03

Bunyan al-Marsous (a solidly constructed structure), as mentioned in Surah As-Saff (61:4) of the Quran, symbolises a model of unity, strength and collective order in Islamic thought. The relevance and practical application of this concept is therefore assessed in the modern era, particularly in the rebuilding of an Islamic social system convulsed with moral, political and cultural challenges. It then demoniazes the Bunyan Al marsous framework as a comprehensive strategy of instituting Islam culture and civilization among the Muslims as an organized, just and spiritually rooted society. For today’s fragmented and ideologically influenced Muslim world, where sectarianism, foreign cultural influence and systemic injustice are rampant, the research explains that revival of a strong and unified social order according to Islamic teachings is not only necessary, but absolutely possible. The paper draws from Qur'anic exegesis, prophetic traditions and classical Islamic scholarship, to point out the importance of ideological clarity, institutional strength and collective responsibility as the three pillars on which a viable Islamic society should be founded. The paper delineates the requisite of the spiritual and intellectual training of individuals, before the farreaching reforms of the society. It focuses on a restructured education system: bringing together Islamic epistemology and modern sciences and leadership based on piety and capability. Moreover, zakat, interest free finance and equitable income distribution, as institutional reforms encourage economic reforms.The practicability of the Bunyan al-Marsous model is validated by case analyses from the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphate and select Islamic movements in the modern age. It recognizes contemporary challenges, including secular influence, digital disinformation and political instability which obstruct Islamic societal progress. On this basis, the research calls for a phased and strategic path: first individual purification (tazkiyah); then family and society reform; and finally full societal transformation. Further, it emphasizes the role of youth engagement, women's leadership and technology in Islamic revival. In sum, Bunyan al-Marsous frame provides a comprehensive worldview, around divine guidance, regarding spiritual, social and civilizational renewal adapted to today’s realities.

Keywords: Bunyan al-Marsous, Islamic Social System, Contemporary Challenges, Ummah Unity, Spiritual and Institutional Reform, Islamic Governance, Civilizational Revival.

The Impact of Social Interaction Anxiety and Perceived Social Support on Academic Motivation among University Students

Gohar Khalil Chaudhary — 2025-07-04

The present study aimed to examine the impact of social interaction anxiety and perceived social support on academic motivation among university students. Specifically, it explored whether perceived social support mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. A total of 110 university students (55 males and 55 females) participated in the study using a cross-sectional survey design. Standardized scales including the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Student Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS) were employed. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that social interaction anxiety showed a weak and non-significant direct effect on academic motivation while perceived social support was a significant positive predictor. Mediation analysis revealed that perceived social support significantly mediated the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. Subscale analyses demonstrated that various sources of social support (family, friends, and significant others) differentially influenced the subtypes of academic motivation. No significant gender differences were found in overall academic motivation. These findings underscore the critical role of social support in fostering academic motivation, particularly among students experiencing social anxiety. The study suggests that enhancing peer and family support mechanisms may serve as an effective strategy to promote students’ academic engagement and success.

Keywords: Social interaction anxiety, perceived social support, academic motivation, university students, gender differences

Occurrence of Political Violence in the Boat of Social Alienation, Meaning in Life, and Criminal Attitude

Hayat Muhammad — 2025-07-04

This study scrutinize relationship between social alienation, meaning in life, criminal attitude and support for political violence among students, prisoners and drug addicts. A total of 354 individuals from multiple subdivisions, prisons and altered drug rehab centers contributed in the study, with a number of male and female defendants. By means of a purposive sampling technique, participants accomplished validated scales: the social alienation scale, meaning in life scale, criminal attitude and support for political violence scale. The study shows that there is positive association between social alienation and support for political violence (r = .335, p<.001), meaning in life and support for political violence (r = .409, p<.001), criminal attitude and support for political violence (r=.397, p<.001), representing that individuals with sophisticated constantly socially alienated, have meaning in life and those people who have criminal attitude incline to practice a bigger support for political violence. Conferring to the learning, those who feel alone or alienated from others, who think of other people as less than human, and those who have a deep purpose in life will use these factors to defend any violent conduct. Future research can also look into defense elements that could lessen the impact of dehumanization and alienation on violent conduct, like social support, community service, or religious survival.

Keywords: Occurrence, Political Violence, Social Alienation, Life, Criminal Attitude

Psychological Barriers to English Communication in EFL Classrooms: A Study of Undergraduate WTC at NUST, Pakistan

Dr. Najma Begum — 2025-07-04

This paper presents a research on the psychological factors of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in English among undergraduate students during the teacher-student communication in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes. Although language proficiency is adequate, a lot of students exhibit reluctance to oral participation as a result of affective barriers. The study embraced the mixed-methods design that allowed gathering quantitative data using surveys (n = 276) and qualitative data via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The results indicate that language anxiety is the greatest impediment with two-thirds of the respondents (68 percent) expressing moderate and high anxiety during English speaking. Some of the contributing factors are the fear of judgment, accent shaming and grammatical inaccuracies. Moreover, self-efficacy was also identified as a strong predictor of WTC (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), which is a manifestation of the gap between the perceived and real linguistic skills. The classroom climate and teacher behavior were also of importance, students were found to work better with collaborative and supportive teaching methods and the WTC was 40 percent higher under such methods than under authoritarian methods. The participation was also moderated by peer influence especially in the collectivistic environment, spontaneous speech was repelled by fear of peer judgment. Nevertheless, the interactive pedagogical methods, including task-based learning, role-plays, and formative feedback, were revealed to minimize anxiety rates and increase communicative confidence in the long run. Students who were always involved in such activities showed a 25 percentage increase in WTC. The research finds out that linguistic competence is frequently trumped by such psychological constructs as anxiety, self-perception and motivation in students in shaping their communication behavior. It suggests that the teacher should train, have peers and technology integration to support a more emotional and interesting learning environment. These conclusions provide an overall guideline to the redesign of English language pedagogy, especially in multilingual and culturally diverse environments.

Keywords: Willingness to Communicate (WTC), Language Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Teacher-Student Interaction, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Classroom Climate, Peer Influence, Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Psychological Barriers

The Importance of the Study of Social Sciences

Irfan Ahmed Gorshani — 2025-07-04

In this paper, the author seeks to discuss how social sciences are very important in the study of and finding solutions to modern issues in the society. The paper, viewed through the prism of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behavior, institutional frameworks, and cultural interactions, demonstrates the critical role of social sciences in understanding human behavior and the cultural and institutional frameworks, as well as cultural interactions. The theoretical framework uses the insights of the leading thinkers of the past, such as Weber, Marx, Durkheim, and such modern intellectuals as Sen and Said to show how the social sciences connect the experience of an individual with the history and the structure. Among the most important contributions, we can distinguish the development of critical thinking, the formation of inclusive policies, the encouragement of civic participation, consideration of social inequalities, and the improvement of intercultural awareness. Contextually, the article reveals some systemic issues in the teaching of social science in Pakistan, such as perpetual underfunding, obsolete curriculums and the lack of social value, which all impede the potential of social science to play a role in national development. In the study, the author advocates the immediate reformation of the curricular, faculty, and funding of research to realize the potential strength of social sciences in creating a fairer and more sustainable society.

Keywords: Social Sciences, Critical Thinking, Public Policy, Civic Engagement, Social Inequality, Intercultural Understanding, Pakistan, Education Reform, Theoretical Framework, Sustainable Development

The Holy Veil: Hijab as a Fluid Signifier of Agency and Oppression in The Holy woman

Ch Muhammad Uzair Chohan — 2025-07-04

This study delves into the symbolic and performative aspects of the hijab in Qaisra Shahraz's novel The Holy Woman, examining how the veil serves as a fluid signifier of both empowerment and subjugation. Drawing on Judith butler's theory of gender performativity and the principles of Islamic feminism, the study interrogates the ways in which veiling is socially constructed, imposed, and eventually reappropriated by the female protagonist, Zarri Bano. Initially employed as a means of patriarchal control after she was designated as a 'holy woman,' the hijab becomes a contested space where cultural tradition, religious devotion, and personal autonomy converge. Through close textual analysis, the research reveals that Shahraz complicates dominant western and traditionalist Islamic narratives of the veil, portraying it not as a fixed symbol but as one who’s meaning shifts according to context, choice, and power. The study adds to the ongoing conversation in feminist literature by emphasizing how religious and cultural symbols can be reimagined and reclaimed by women as a means of challenging oppressive systems.

Keywprds: Hijab, Agency, Oppression, The Holy Woman, Gender Representation

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on English Language Teaching at University Level: A Study of EFL Teachers’ Perspectives in Pakistan

Samra Bibi — 2025-07-04

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant technological advancement in various fields. One area where AI shows particular promise is in English Language Teaching (ELT). Due to rapid technological development, online resources, classrooms, and language learning platforms now incorporate AI to teach and learn English, transforming the approach to language education. AI has great potential to improve learning outcomes and the teaching process. This research explores the impact of AI on English Language Teaching (ELT) at the university level in Pakistan, focusing on EFL teachers. Data were collected through a quantitative descriptive analysis from 50 teachers using a questionnaire based on validated sources, which assessed AI's effectiveness, challenges, and ethical issues. The results indicate strong agreement on AI benefits such as personalized learning (mean value of 4.24) and increased efficiency in lesson preparation (mean value of 4.28), with 86% of teachers confirming its effectiveness (mean value of 4.16). Concerns mentioned include data privacy (mean 3.64), reduced critical thinking (mean 4.02), and a digital divide (mean 3.48). Teachers emphasized the need for training (mean 3.80), and AI is viewed as a complement to traditional methods (mean 4.26). The study underscores the importance of addressing ethical issues, ensuring equitable access, and enhancing training to fully harness AI’s potential for ELT. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive training programs and ethical guidelines to support human instruction rather than replace it, ultimately improving English language skills in higher education in Pakistan.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching (ELT), Perception, University Teachers

Lessons Learned for Future Peace Processes: Drawing insights from the 2015-2020 efforts for potential future negotiations

Dr. Nusrat Rehman — 2025-07-04

Afghanistan is the land of tribal warriors who fought with every invader and contemporary examples are the Soviet Union and the USA. The organization of the Taliban which emerged on the surface of Afghanistan in 1994 and took the Government very easily and ruled across the country was also a result of the Soviet-Afghan war. Hence, Afghanistan have cultivated mistrust and uncertain conditions due to the 9/11 terrorism. After the 9/11 during Hamid Karzai regime, Afghanistan expressed her great desire for good relations with other countries which have long common border and deep social, religious and cultural connection and wants to create peace. Uncertainty in the region after 9/11 increased the high concerns and threats to the regional peace and security as terrorists have safe heavens in the tribal areas of Pakistan and along the border areas of Afghanistan. American war against terrorism and special focus on Afghanistan has developed the new dimensions. In May 2014, Obama declared to withdraw America’s troops from Afghanistan since the civilians of America were not happy and the American soldiers were being heavily slaughtered in the war. So, the absence of peace was difficult for the government since it brought about many more problems. There seemed to be no end to this war. The war proved to be a danger to not only regional peace but also national peace, the locals were conflicted and bothered as well all because of the war and lack of peace.

Keywords: Peace Processes Afghanistan, regional peace, national peace

Revamping Real Estate Taxation in Pakistan: Prospects and Challenges

Dr Mahak Mansoor — 2025-07-06

This research paper aims to study, describe and analyze challenges faced in effective real estate taxation in Pakistan and reforms in this sector since 2017. It studies its progress in the province of Punjab. It substantiates the validity of such reforms by comparison of Pakistan to other countries. It elaborates their role in the documentation of the tax base. It will provide administrative and legal recommendations to counter its shortfalls.

Keywords: real estate taxation, Pakistan

Space Competition and Warfare: China-Russia Space Cooperation and Its Implications on U.S. Strategic, Technological, and Economic Administration

Sheza khan Durrani — 2025-07-06

Over the past decade, space has shifted from a predominantly cooperative domain to a highly contested arena, driven by renewed great-power rivalry and the proliferation of dual-use technologies (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 2024; Congressional Research Service, 2024). Notably, China and Russia have forged an increasingly strategic partnership, encompassing joint lunar exploration, interoperable navigation constellations, shared space situational awareness (SSA) architectures, and co-developed counterspace capabilities (Egorov, 2023; Roscosmos & China National Space Administration [CNSA], 2018). This collaboration builds on post–Cold War realignments wherein Russia’s expertise in human spaceflight and propulsion complemented China’s rapidly expanding industrial base (Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], 2023; Xinhua News Agency, 2016). Key bilateral agreements such as the 2016 lunar exploration Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and the 2021 SSA information‐sharing pact demonstrate the depth of their integration and the latent military potential of ostensibly civilian programs (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs [UNOOSA], 2021; Wright et al., 2022). Joint initiatives like the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and the forthcoming Silver Fox on-orbit servicing platform underscore the dual use nature of modern space technologies (RAND Corporation, 2022). For U.S. policymakers, this Sino-Russian axis complicates deterrence models, accelerates technology diffusion, and challenges the competitiveness of American commercial providers (U.S. Department of the Air Force, 2025; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, 2023). To address these challenges, the United States must adopt a coordinated response integrating active deterrence, allied SSA integration, industrial incentives, and enhanced export controls while championing transparency and new norms to preserve freedom of operation in orbit (Johnson- Freese, 2025; Rosenberger, 2024; Moltz, 2025).

Keywords: Space Cooperation, China-Russia Alliance, U.S. Strategic Security, Space Warfare, Technological Competition

Ecocriticism and the Non-Human in The God of Small Things: A Study of Environmental Memory and River Symbolism

Ch Muhammad Uzair Chohan — 2025-07-07

This paper examines Arundhati Roy’s portrayal of the god of small things through the perspective of ecocriticism, with a specific focus on the symbolic and narrative importance of the natural environment, particularly the Meenachal River. While the novel has been extensively analyzed for its postcolonial, feminist, and sociopolitical themes, this study shifts the focus to the non-human elements that shape and reflect the emotional and psychological landscape of the characters. By analyzing how the river and its surrounding environment serve as conduits for memory, trauma, and resilience, the paper contends that nature in the novel is not a mere backdrop but an active participant in the unfolding of human history and the endurance of suffering. The study also integrates post humanist perspectives to emphasize how non-human entities, such as rivers, decay, insects, and weather, disrupt human-centric narratives and enhance the novel's critique of environmental deterioration and cultural decay. Through their research, the authors not only highlight the environmental awareness present in the story but also suggest a more comprehensive understanding of ecological memory and the interdependence of human and non-human beings.

Keywords: Ecocriticism, Non-Human Agency, Environmental Memory, River Symbolism, Postcolonial Ecology

Examining the Role of Code-Switching in Shaping Linguistic and Social Identity among Bilingual Youth in Pakistan

Mahrukh Nawaz Butt — 2025-07-07

This study investigates the phenomena of code-switching in Pakistani cities. It also exposes how language is shaped by both individual and societal identities through discussions and interactions. Code-switching, or shifting between two or more languages, is a prevalent communication strategy in Pakistan, a linguistically varied nation. Languages from different cultures coexist in multicultural centers. In these settings, regional or mother languages are utilized to express emotions and preserve cultural links, whereas English is frequently used for official communication. NVivo software is used to do thematic analysis of recorded interviews and discussions as part of a qualitative research design. Mix research method is used to figures out the trends and for underlined code-switching forces. Information is collected from a wide range of participants in the chosen urban areas. The results expresses that code-switching is a linguistic strategy. In particular, young people use switch codes to express their emotional depth, sense of group connection, and contemporary identity. In postcolonial Pakistan, it is also essential for negotiating social spaces and forming cultural hybridity. In order to promote multilingual competency and inclusive language policies, educators and legislators are urged to accept code-switching as a valid and effective linguistic activity in social and academic settings.

Keywords: Code-switching, Societal identities, Multicultural, Linguistic strategy, Pakistan, Cultural hybridity

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Pakistan Law, Practice, and Gaps

Dr. Hafiz Abdul Rehman Saleem — 2025-07-07

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been one of the most important tools towards environmental governance across the world with the potential positive benefit being an active legal tool in determining the potential environmental impact of intended development projects prior to their actual start-off. In Pakistan, the EIA system is captured in the main through the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 which is complemented with the Review of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and EIA Regulations 2000. These legislations require the advocates of some industrial, infrastructural and commercial developments to seek environmental consent of concerned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prior to commencing any physical exercise. Although the presence of this framework is an important step forward in the defense of the environment, its practical use offers us numerous gaps.

The present paper airs a critical analysis of the EIA regime in Pakistan by delving in its legal backgrounds, administrative implementation, and overall performance in ensuring the abatement of environmental degradation. It proposes that despite the fact that the EIA process is mandatory by law, in most cases it has been turned to a mere bureaucratic needle which has not served its purpose of environmental sustainability. But as we now take an even closer look at the high-stake infrastructure programs and primary one, the Lahore Orange Line Metro Train and energy set-ups within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) reveal that EIAs are hurried through, poorly scrutinized or given a license to go ahead despite having potent tangible ecological hazards. This compromises the confidence of the populace and poses a fundamental question about regulatory winds and politicization of the environmental decision-making process.

The other significant barrier has been the lack of technical skills as well as independence of the EPAs at the federal and provincial levels. These departments are frequently understaffed, underfunded, have a political albatross around their necks, and so cannot be severe evaluators of EIA reports or demanding in insuring follow-through enforcement after authorization. Although community involvement constitutes one of the key pillars in proper environmental governance, in Pakistan, it remains purely representational because in most cases, the communities and individuals who are affected have no real part to play in consultative mechanisms. Moreover, transparency and accountability are limited by a lack of centralized data, publicly available, of accepted or denied EIA applications.

The advantages of more participatory, transparent, and independent EIA systems are visible through comparative views across such jurisdictions as India, South Africa, and Canada. As an example, the EIA Notification 2006 of India has clearer project classification and better proceduralizing of public hearings, whereas the Impact Assessment Act of 2019 in Canada institutionalizes and secures federal regulators, and considers climatic aspects in the assessment. Such overseas experiences can be used as useful examples of how to change the EIA process in Pakistan.

The conclusion of this research is that the EIA system in Pakistan was established legally but has some inherent weaknesses which are adverse to its forceful performance. It is complex and involves: reform of the law so it is up to date and easy to follow, strengthening of EPAs as an institution, enforced and meaningful public participation, and incorporation of more modern environmental issues, including loss of biodiversity and resiliency to climate change. It is only in the face of these wholesome reforms that the EIA system will effectively be utilized as the means of achieving an environmentally sustainable development in Pakistan.

Keywords: Environmental Legislation, Impact Assessment, Policy Implementation, Legal Framework, Sustainable Development

Agriculture Practices responsible for Climate change and the step taken for mitigation

Naveed Iftikhar — 2025-07-07

The present research was carried out in Pakistan, and it focuses on the contribution of agricultural activities to climate change and mitigation efforts, which are dependent on the socio-economic and institutional factors like climate change awareness, education level, size of landholding, farming experience, and access to information. A mixed-method was used where quantitative item responses were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and chi-square statistics, whereas a thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative data in the form of narrative responses of farmers. The results show that awareness and education have significant effect in enhancing the knowledge base of the farmers on major drivers of climate change such as the utilization of chemical fertilizers, deforestation, burning of crop residues and methane emissions by livestock. The size of landowning and access to the extension services and mobile/social media are positively correlated to such perceptions. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between awareness and the practice of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), including organic composting, rotation of crops, integrated pest management (IPM) and drip irrigation. Thematic analysis reveals that the biggest challenges of farmers include economic strains, environmental depreciation, pesticide dependence, institutional failures and short-term adaptation measures. These findings support the necessity of specific training, development of infrastructure and favorable policies that would enhance climate resiliency and sustainable agriculture in the region.

Key Words: Climate, Adaptation, Mitigation, Sustainability

Effect of Transformational Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance

Kifayat Ullah Mian — 2025-07-07

This study investigated the perceptions of secondary schools teachers and heads regarding the effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and job performance and also found the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction, transformational leadership and job performance and job satisfaction and job performance. The population of research was all the secondary schools heads and teachers of district Malakand. There were total 83 high and higher secondary school in district Malakand in which there were 819 teachers are working in these schools. Therefore the total population of the study will be comprised on 83 heads and 819 teachers. The researcher were used the area or cluster sampling technique selected 20 heads randomly for the collection of data in which 11 heads were male and 9 heads are female. The total numbers of male and female teacher were 200. Three questionnaires were developed after review of related literature and previous studies. The transformational leadership variable containing eleven statements, job satisfaction containing sixteen statements while other variable job performance containing 19 statements. The researcher used SPSS for data analysis. The tests applied for data analysis were independent sample t-test. The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.276) at 0.01 level of significance, therefor there is positive significant weak relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction It shows that if the principal follows transformational leadership style then his job satisfaction level will be increased, The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.358) at 0.01 level of significance, therefor there is positive significant moderate relationship between transformational leadership and job performance It shows that if the principal follows transformational leadership style then his job performance level will be increased, The results show that the value of coefficient of correlation was found (0.247) at 0.05 level of significance, therefore, there is positive non-significant weak relationship between job satisfaction and job performance It shows that if the Job satisfaction level increase then his job performance level will be increased. No significant difference was found between the perception of heads and teachers of secondary schools regarding transformational leadership style, Job satisfaction and job performance. It is recommended that arrangement of pre-service, in- service training and refresher courses for heads may be a worthwhile strategy for improving the leadership abilities of secondary school principals.

Keywords: transformational leadership, job satisfaction, Job performance, School sector.

Statistical Analysis of Crime Against Property in Qasimabad, Hyderabad

Muneer Ahmed Channa — 2025-07-07

Crime is an unlawful exhibit meriting a state or other position. Whether given exhibition or avoidance sets up a crime doesn't depend upon that act or oversight; it depends upon the possibility of the genuine results that may follow it. (Piatkowska 2020) examined the social cost of poverty in terms of increasing suicides rates, crime rates, and total violent rates in the United States and across 15 European nations during the period of 1993–2000.Basic aim of this research paper is to evaluate the crime against property in Qasimabad and the data is obtained from the SP-office for the years 2014 to 2019. The SPSS- 21 version was used for the purpose of analysis. Least square estimate technique is applied to identify the trend of crime rate. Table 01 indicates the relationship between the time and number of dacoity held in Qasimabad during 2014-2019. It determines that there is a significant linear relationship between time and the number of dacoity incidents. It means that crime rate is decreasing with the rate of 1.328 as one year is passing, further results are shown the tables and graphs. These results are indicating that other dacoity, other robbery, burglary, car snatching, motorcycle theft, motorcycle snatching, other theft, are decreasing with little rate of change by the passage of time. Besides, other motor vehicle snatched, cattle theft, are increased by very minimum rate of change of time. It is also observed that receiving stolen property is also increased with the change of time.

Keywords: Property Crime Rate, Least Square Estimate, Decreasing

Effectiveness of Task-based Language Teaching at Secondary Level in District Vehari: A Teachers’ Perspective

Muhammad Arif — 2025-07-07

Although the world is now focusing much on the communicative and learner-centered processes, there is still a great dependence on the conventional size of teacher-centered English language teaching in the Pakistani middle and high school system. The research paper examines the performance of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) at secondary school level in District Vehari through teacher perceptions. The study caters to the current demand of unifying the standards of practicing the classroom to the modern expectation of pedagogical methods that lead to the promotion of communication, interaction, and the usage of language in real life. The quantitative research design has been used, a structured questionnaire, containing 35 Likert scale statements, and surveyed on 144 English language teachers enrolled in government schools (District Vehari). It was found that the majority of teachers identified student-centered and skill-integrative principles embedded in TBLT as well as home dynamic environments; however, they also cite practical dilemmas associated with such context, such as limited resources, training, and inconsistency with the existing curriculum and assessment systems. According to the findings, it is possible to say that TBLT may have a great potential to improve language learning, provided that enhancement may be achieved through improvement of the institutional support and through the teacher training. Curriculum planners are advised to ensure some principles of task-based education are introduced into the national textbooks and start delivering specific professional development interventions in order to assist the teachers to put TBLT into practice in the classroom.

Keywords: ELT, TBLT, Secondary Level, Classroom

Regional Comparative Analysis of Personal Income Inequality in Pakistan

Muhammad Waqar — 2025-07-08

This study paper's main goal is to provide an econometric analysis of Pakistan's income distribution pattern on three levels: overall, province as regional. In this empirical study, trends are presented and compared with two distinct micro-level data sets that show either rising or falling inequality. Either a rise or fall in inequality is not of importance to us. Nonetheless, scholar efforts to pinpoint the social and economic elements that contribute to rising or falling inequality are crucial. We have used a few criteria for this, such as the household's educational attainment, family size, and various income brackets. We broke down the data in this descriptive analysis into various levels, such as based on provincial.Three distinct indices, the Gini, Atkinson, and Generalized Entropy were employed in the empirical investigation to assess inequality. The most recent data rounds for the Pakistan Social Living Measurement (PSLM/HIES) were conducted in 2015–16 and 2018–19. The main goal of this research is to enhance the social and economic circumstances of Pakistani citizens by contributing to planning and policy-level studies.

Keywords: Income, Inequality, Indices, Gini, Atkinson, Entropy, Province, PSLM, STATA, DASP

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Portrayal of Climate Change in Pakistani English Newspapers' Headlines

Hazaima Aslam — 2025-07-08

Climate change has emerged as a major global issue in this century, impacting the environment, society, the economy, and politics. Although scientists agree on its causes, most people's perceptions and policies are influenced by media portrayals of the phenomenon. This study investigates how climate change is depicted in leading Pakistani English newspapers. Five samples from Dawn are analyzed. Using Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (1992), the study reviews various headlines from these articles. It examines how word choices, metaphors, and references to earlier texts communicate specific messages, assign responsibilities, and shape public perceptions of environmental issues. The research explores how lexical choices, metaphorical framing, and intertextual references create particular meanings, distribute responsibilities, and influence perceptions of ecological crises. Findings indicate that discussions about climate change are often shaped by government beliefs, Pakistan’s economic development plans, and international opinions. Often, climate change is framed as a result of disasters like floods and heatwaves rather than as a policy or sustainability issue.

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Portrayal, Climate Change, Pakistani English Newspapers' Headlines.

Navigating a Turbulent Neighborhood: Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan (2018-2022)

Momna Mushtaq — 2025-07-08

This paper discusses Pakistan-Afghanistan bilateral relations from 2018-2022. From 2018 to 2022 it was a critical stage in Pakistan’s foreign Policy viz-a-viz Afghanistan. There was not only the transformation of the government system in Afghanistan from democracy to Afghan government what may be called an Islamic democracy, theocratic regime or Taliban government. This research will further explain the role of Pakistan in facilitating the Doha Peace Accord and how Pakistan played its role in bringing the Taliban to negotiating table. In addition, it will further investigate the factors leading to the fall of Kabul in 2021 and the formation of the Taliban interim government in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. Regional Security complex theory has been used to explain bilateral relations of Pakistan and Afghanistan. This research is qualitative in nature. Both primary and secondary data has been utilized in this paper .Furthermore, this paper will also elaborate the high-level diplomatic engagements between both countries.

KEYWORDS: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Doha Peace Process, Taliban.

Impact of Transformational Leadership on Affective Commitment: Job Satisfaction as Mediator

Nazia Dildar — 2025-07-08

This research analyzes the impact of Transformational Leadership (TL) on Affective Commitment (AC). This study also finds out the mediating effect of Job Satisfaction (JS) on the connection of Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment among employees working in Cement Industry across Punjab. The study is based on cross sectional data, which was collected through convenience sampling technique from a sample of 384 (trainee engineer, Staff, workers). Each variable was measured by using a five-point Likert scale. A total of 384 questionnaires were circulated, out of which 284 have been received showing 73% response rate. Data analysis has been performed using Smart PLS version 4.0 and statistical tools and techniques, such as Regression and Correlation have been performed. For demographics like age, gender and tenure SPSS software has been used. Results have obtained through structural equation modeling (SEM) depict a positive significant direct relationship between Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment. A similar positive connection between Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction has also been found. However, any such positive, significant relationship also found positive. In mediation analysis, it has been found that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Affective Commitment. Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan has a need to adopt the concept of Transformational Leadership in order to improve Affective Commitment.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership (TL), Job Satisfaction (JS), Affective Commitment

Scripture and Society: Quranic Ethics in the Age of Globalization

Saliha Kanwal — 2025-07-06

The paper discusses the significance and the use of Quranic ethics in solving the modern global issues confronting the Muslim communities in the era of fast globalization. Globalization is not only an ethical opportunity and a dilemma as economic, cultural and moral orders are being restructured. This paper looks into the principles of Quranic ethics like justice (adl), compassion (rahmah), trust (amanah), and God-consciousness (taqwa), and the relevance of these values in providing moral engagement in pluralistic societies. It examines some of the most important social matters such as economic inequality, environment degradation, and human rights and how the teachings of the Quran support social justice, the environment, and dignity of all humans. The article also talks about the Quran supporting moral pluralism by its command of mutual understanding and collaboration of nations. These ethical values, however, are questioned by internal forces like interpretive rigidity, a politicized outlook of religion as well as external forces like Islamophobia and the secular spearheading of world affairs. The role of the reform-minded scholars, civil society, and digital platforms in restoring the Quranic ethics to a contemporary context is highlighted in the paper. Finally, it claims that the moral instruction of the Quran by no means limited to inner spirituality can provide a relevant and principled answer to the ethical dilemmas of the contemporary globalization and help to create a more equitable, inclusive and spiritually oriented international system.

Keywords: Qur’anic Ethics, Globalization, Islamic Morality, Social Justice, Environmental Stewardship, Human Rights, Ta‘Aruf, Pluralism, Muslim Societies, Interfaith Dialogue

Educational Planning in PML-N's Electoral Manifesto and Its Implementation Under PML-N's Government in Punjab (2012-2018): An Analysis

Azra Parveen Satti — 2025-07-08

This research work is conducted to analyze educational reform’s implementation in the Punjab under the election manifesto of PML-N (2013 to 2018) using mixed method i.e. qualitative and quantitative. This research work focused on educational legislation in the Punjab initiated by the PML-N government during specific time period. The Punjab government implemented several reforms in education sector including development of school infrastructure, provision of free textbooks, scholarships, stipends to poor children, initiative in teacher trainings programs, establishment of classrooms in early childhood education, and upgradation of schools in most of the Punjab districts. Similarly, skills development programs were also launched by the Punjab government which included technical and vocational training institutions with the main purpose to develop skills among the students throughout the Punjab. The analysis of the data from the survey and interviews showed that most of the teachers had the perception that PML-N government made implementation of educational reforms in the Punjab Province. But implementation challenges remained in rural areas.

Keywords: election manifesto, educational reforms, PML-N, Implementation process

Explore the impact of Digital Literacy on Research Practices among BS Students at the University Level

Amna Manzoor — 2025-07-08

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of digital literacy on the research practices of BS Education students studying at University of Narowal. Digital literacy has increasingly to be seen as a key component of academic success and as a factor that impacts on students’ research practices. This was done by investigating how digital literacies impact on what students can and cannot do when researching at postgraduate level in terms of being able to make use of digital resources, tools and databases. Both quantitative and qualitative modes of data collection were used in a mixed-method research design. The sample, which was distributed across academic years, was of 120 students of BS Education taken through simple random sampling. The information was collected using a structure questionnaire on students’ use of digital tool, digital literacy level and problems in academic research. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 of these students to gain greater insight of study practices and experiences. The results indicated that most students (68%) had moderate digital literacy and that a substantial number (45%) reported not using academic databases and research management tools. Both were positively associated with the digital literacy level and good research practices. Digitally literate students are more familiar with digital tools and uses more efficient research methods. But it was important that (52% ) of respondents cited a lack of training in advanced digital research tools. This study provides insights into the role of digital literacy, which may improve research practices in the area of teacher education. The results indicate that the universities need to provide a specific training on digital literacy in curricula to boost students’ research performance. Subsequent studies could examine the enduring impact of digital literacy interventions on academic achievement and research productivity.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Research Practices, BS Education Students

Developing a Brain-Friendly Teaching Model for Teacher Professional Development in the Digital Age

Fakhar-Ul-Zaman — 2025-07-08

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a brain-friendly teaching model for teacher professional development (TPD) in the digital age, grounded in contemporary neuroscience and adult learning theory. The research was conducted using a qualitative exploratory research design, situated within the Design-Based Research (DBR) framework, allowing for iterative model construction through cycles of literature review, expert consultation, and practitioner validation. The primary objectives were to synthesize key brain-compatible teaching principles, integrate cognitive, emotional, and social learning strategies with digital tools, and assess the model's applicability and effectiveness in real-world educational contexts. The purposive sample comprised 18 participants, including 6 teacher educators, 6 professional development experts, and 6 in-service secondary school teachers, all with a minimum of five years of professional experience. Data were gathered in three phases: (i) document analysis of 20 key sources including policy reports and academic articles, (ii) semi-structured interviews with 12 experts, and (iii) a focus group discussion (FGD) with in-service teachers to evaluate the model’s usability, cultural relevance, and pedagogical feasibility. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data, revealing core design priorities such as emotional safety, cognitive engagement, reflection and metacognition, social interaction, and usability in digital platforms. Participants highlighted the model’s cultural responsiveness and practical alignment with their classroom realities. The study concludes that a brain-compatible, context-sensitive, and digitally integrated PD model can offer sustainable pathways for enhancing teaching practices in diverse educational settings.

Keywords: Brain-friendly teaching, teacher professional development, educational neuroscience, design-based research, emotional safety, cognitive engagement, Pakistan, digital learning environments

A Strategic Analysis of Educational Leadership Practices and Their Impact on Teaching Quality

Laiba Rani — 2025-07-08

This qualitative study investigates the strategic leadership practices employed in Pakistani secondary schools and their impact on teaching quality. Grounded in transformational, instructional, distributed, and strategic leadership theories, the research explores how educational leaders influence teaching performance and learning outcomes, and examines teachers’ perceptions of leadership support. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, including school leaders and teachers, and analyzed thematically. Findings reveal that vision-driven leadership, continuous professional development, and data-informed instructional supervision are pivotal strategies that enhance teaching quality. Moreover, leadership practices positively affect teacher motivation, instructional planning, and student achievement. However, challenges such as hierarchical leadership and limited teacher autonomy were also reported, highlighting the need for more participatory and distributed leadership approaches. The study fills a notable gap by providing context-specific insights into leadership dynamics in Pakistan, emphasizing the importance of inclusive, collaborative, and strategic leadership models to support effective teaching. Recommendations include fostering shared vision, enhancing professional development, adopting data-driven feedback mechanisms, and promoting teacher empowerment through distributed leadership. These findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers, educational leaders, and practitioners aiming to improve instructional quality and student outcomes in Pakistan’s evolving educational landscape.

Keywords: Educational leadership, strategic leadership, teaching quality, transformational leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, Pakistan, teacher motivation.

Exploring the Relationship between Teacher Burnout and Job Satisfaction among BS Education Graduates

Hira Tanawish — 2025-07-08

The present study focuses on the correlation of teacher burnout with job satisfaction among BS Education Degree Holders of University of Narowal. The study sought to explore the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among teachers, and to uncover the drivers of burnout. This study used a quantitative research design with 150 BS Education graduates from the Department of Education as a sample. Using descriptive statistics, doing correlation analysis, and regression analysis, data were collected through a structured questionnaire measuring burnout and job satisfaction levels. Teacher burnout was negatively correlated to job satisfaction (r = -0.386), while emotional exhaustion and lack of administrative support were identified as major burnout causes. On the flip side, factors like professional development opportunities, a positive climate at school, and work-life balance increased job satisfaction levels.

Keywords: Teacher burnout, job satisfaction, BS Education graduates

Role of Digital Literacy in Transforming Pedagogical Practices of University Teachers

Anam Shehzadi — 2025-07-08

The present study gives an insight into the Impact of Digital Literacy on Pedagogical Competence of University Teachers at University of Narowal. In light of extensive advances of technology, the successful use of digital tools for educational purposes plays a significant role in enriching the educational process and consequently, the degree of student achievement. The objective of this study is to investigate the current state of digital literacy in terms of faculty members, pedagogical use and the obstacles to an effective use of digital literacy. It has used the mixed method approach, quantitative and qualitative were followed to get data. A sample of 40 teachers of education” of the University of Narowal was taken by using stratified random sampling technique. Data was obtained using surveys and semi-structured interviews to understand faculty member's digital literacy, the use of technology in teaching and the challenges they encounter. The results indicate that while faculty have basic digital literacy skills, there is a gap in their capacity to implement advanced digital tools in their teaching. The lack of infrastructure, training and psychological resistance were reported as the main barriers. It also demonstrates the positive effects in terms of teaching of digital literacy on pedagogy (interest and better results of students). This study has implications for our understanding of the conditions that support the uptake of digital tools in higher education. Results highlight the importance of the respective need for targeted staff development programs, improved infrastructure and institution support to support digital literacy and teacher pedagogy.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Transforming, Pedagogical Practices, University Teachers

The Impact of Phonological Processes on Speech Intelligibility of Students at the University of Lakki Marwat

Rehab Ahmad Zakori — 2025-07-09

Phonological processes are natural and systematic changes in sounds that occur during speech. These changes often impact non-native speakers’ understanding, particularly in contexts where English is used as a foreign language (EFL). This issue is prevalent in multilingual nations like Pakistan, where students’ native languages can interfere with learning a second language. The current study aims to investigate the phonological processes that influence the speech clarity of sixth-semester students from different departments at the Gambila Campus, University of Lakki Marwat (ULM), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). A mixed-method approach was used in this research, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were gathered through recordings of selected words, sentences, and a paragraph from students. The analysis involved IPA transcription, comparison with Received Pronunciation (RP), and thematic analysis of their feedback. The study’s results indicated that the most frequent phonological processes affecting clarity included vowel substitution, elision, intrusion, rhoticity, deaspiration, and diphthong simplification. These issues were mainly due to the students’ native language (Pashto), a lack of phonological awareness, and overgeneralization from written English. The study concludes that these phonological processes significantly impede students’ speech clarity, which affects effective communication in both academic and social settings. In the EFL classrooms at ULM, where both students and teachers are non-native English speakers, the influence of first language interference on pronunciation is substantial, underscoring the need for better pronunciation teaching and awareness of Standard English phonology.

Keywords: Phonological Processes, Pronunciation, Speech Intelligibility, EFL Classes, ULM

Teachers’ Perceptions of Standardized Examinations: Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Instructional Impact, and Student Learning Outcomes in the Schools of District Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan

Mubashar Abbas — 2025-07-10

Standardized examinations play a critical role in secondary education systems worldwide, serving as key tools for assessing student achievement and guiding instructional practices. In Tehsil Bhowana, these exams are widely used to measure student learning outcomes and hold schools accountable for educational standards. Understanding teachers’ perceptions of standardized testing is essential because their attitudes and experiences can directly influence how tests impact teaching methods and student performance. This study explores male secondary school teachers’ views on the strengths, weaknesses, and overall effects of standardized examinations in this specific regional context.This descriptive quantitative study was conducted in Tehsil Bhowana, District Chiniot, targeting male teachers from 16 government high schools. A total population of 270 teachers was identified, from which a representative sample of 115 teachers was selected through stratified random sampling proportional to the teacher population in each school. Data were collected via a structured survey instrument measuring perceptions of standardized testing across multiple dimensions, including its Strengths, weaknesses, influence on teaching practices, and effects on student learning. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, focusing on means, weighted scores, and standard deviations to provide a clear overview of teachers’ collective views. This study explored teachers’ perceptions of standardized testing, focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, effects on teaching practices, and student learning, along with suggestions for improvement. The findings revealed strong agreement among teachers on the benefits of standardized testing, with the highest-rated statement being “Testing promotes goal-oriented learning” (Mean = 4.37), reflecting its role in enhancing academic focus. Conversely, the lowest-rated concern was “Standardized tests lead to poor teaching strategies” (Mean = 2.85), indicating general disagreement with this criticism. Teachers emphasized the need for flexibility in testing policies (Mean = 4.22) and the integration of test preparation into regular teaching (Mean = 4.21). Although standardized assessments were seen as helpful for evaluating learning outcomes and accountability, concerns remained regarding their emotional impact, limited scope, and potential to narrow instructional focus. Overall, the study highlights a nuanced view among teachers, who support the utility of standardized testing while advocating for reforms that enhance fairness, creativity, and inclusivity.

Keywords: Standardized Testing, Teacher Perceptions. Secondary Education, Teaching Practices, Assessment Reform

The Evolution of Code-Switching in Multilingual Societies: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

Dr. Noor Jehan — 2025-07-10

This paper is a sociolinguistic study that examine the development of code-switching within multilingual communities with a special focus on the code-switching as a versatile communicative tool used in identity negotiation, social belonging, and cognitive versatility. Code-switching has previously been stigmatized but has recently become a normative technique especially among urban youth and digital natives who mix languages in an unobtrusive manner both offline and online. The study uses the qualitative research approaches such as discourse analysis and an ethnographic observation to analyze the code-switching patterns between generations, in educational environments, and digital environments such as social media. The results indicate that code-switching has multiple uses that range between the establishment of hybrid identities and solidarity and the facilitation of clear pedagogical communication and jokes. Digital worlds also enhance creative language blending, such as it is in memes, hashtags and polylingual online communication. The research questions monolingual tendencies in education and policymaking that should be replaced by inclusive strategies that support translanguaging as a form of cognitive and cultural resource.

Keywords: Code-switching, Multilingualism, Sociolinguistics, Digital Communication, Hybrid Identity, Translanguaging, Language Policy, Social Media, Globalization, Educational Pedagogy

Unveiling Xenophobia: An Examination of Ideological Constructs in Sara Suleri's "Meatless Days”: A post-colonial Perspective

Ruqnaz bibi — 2025-07-11

Meatless Days has social and political overtones and written in a geographically and temporally dislocated manner. It documents Sara Suleri's recollections and her demonstration against the oppression and subjection of women in Pakistani culture due to erroneous, misunderstood, and incorrect interpretations of Islamic law. Since its founding, patriarchal behaviors have been more prevalent in Pakistani culture, which is a classic patriarchal group. The father of Sara Suleri is a man of words, and he completely understands himself via natural and intuitive speech. Sara Suleri attempted to include that entire condition of circumstances in the novella Meatless Days. In the setting of postcolonial Pakistan, she tells her experience about cultural differences, memories of the past, and her female partners in particular. Sara Suleri's Meatless Days is the main literature chosen for that aim. The theoretical framework used to analyze character from the perspective of Homi K Babha.

Key Words: Meatless Days, Sara Suleri, Postcolonial literature, Patriarchy, Gender oppression, Homi K. Bhabha

Appliances of Power: The Role of Objects, Tools, and Domestic Technologies in Constructing Class Consciousness in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders

Farkhanda jabeen — 2025-07-11

This paper examines both symbolic and functional meanings of material objects, domestic technologies, and tools in the short story collection In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin as a way of developing and strengthening class consciousness. The stories take place within the social-economic background of postcolonial Pakistan and all the characters involved have their identity and their stations in society defined by much more than wealth and land ownership, but by their ties to material goods. Using a Marxist literary approach and material culture religious studies, this study refers to the manner in which seemingly inanimate objects e.g. electric gadgets, furniture, clothing, and domestic infrastructure, act as agile indicator of classes, permitting control and social stratification, as well as maintain it. Through analyzing the politics of power, which is inherent in their usage, access and placement of objects, the study unveils how the differences in classes are not only physically felt but are also sustained ideologically. Finally, the paper suggests that, objects in the narratives of Mueenuddin are not mere statuses they are tools used invoicing the class, empowerment, and rebellion among the domestic and sociopolitical arenas of modern-day Pakistan.

Keywords: Class Consciousnessm, Domestic Technologies, Material Culture, Power Dynamics, Socioeconomic Stratification

Impact of Growth Mindset on Grit and Academic Flow of University Students: Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy

Iqra Hidayat — 2025-07-11

The current article examined the impact of a growth mindset on grit and academic flow among university students, with a specific focus on the mediating role of self-efficacy. Employing an explanatory and correlational research design, data were collected from a purposive sample of university students (N = 360), comprising equal numbers of males (n = 180) and females (n = 180). Standardized self-report questionnaires were used to measure growth mindset, grit, academic flow, and self-efficacy. Correlational analysis and multiple regression were used to test the hypotheses via the latest version of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed significant positive correlations among growth mindset, grit, academic flow, and self-efficacy. Regression analysis indicated that a growth mindset significantly predicted both grit and academic flow. Furthermore, self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between growth mindset and the outcome variables. A comparative analysis also revealed that male students reported higher levels of growth mindset than their female counterparts. These findings have insightful outcomes for academicians, psychologists, career counselors, and academic institutions, aiming to cultivate a growth mindset and self-efficacy to enhance perseverance and optimal learning experiences in higher education settings.

Keywords: Grit, Growth Mind-set, Academic Flow, Self-efficacy

Educational Methods of the Prophetic Era and Their Contemporary Applications

Muhammad Mujahid Aslam — 2025-07-12

This paper explores the educational methods adopted by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and their relevance in contemporary educational frameworks. It analyzes the pedagogical principles of the Prophetic era, including gradual learning, moral development, practical demonstrations, and individualized attention. The study highlights how these methods fostered critical thinking, strong character, and holistic development among learners. Furthermore, it proposes practical strategies for integrating these Prophetic educational models into modern Islamic and general education systems to address current pedagogical challenges, enhance teacher effectiveness, and nurture ethically conscious and socially responsible individuals in today’s globalised world.

Keywords

Prophetic Education; Islamic Pedagogy; Teaching Methods; Educational Reforms; Contemporary Applications; Moral Development; Holistic Education

The Geo-economics of the Green Transition: Strategic Competition over Lithium and Rare Earths

Naveen Zahra — 2025-07-12

The recent global green transition that has been fuelled by the pressing necessity to address the climate change and transition to a sustainable low carbon future enormously increased the strategic significance of some of the main raw materials, particularly lithium and rare earths elements (REEs). The electric vehicle (EV) batteries, wind turbines, solar panels, or energy storage systems rely on such materials as their core. Just like the pace of demand of such technologies is faster, the struggle to gain access, mine and control such vital resources is also at pace. This rivalry is now a major characteristic of international political economy which has reproached geopolitical allegiances, commerce, and national policing.

The dominance of China in the rare earths processing system and the increasing attempts of the United States and the European Union to acquire alternative sources indicate the ways regional economic interdependence has become the territory of strategic competition. Simultaneously, the Global South, which is frequently endowed with these resources, is progressively (and successfully) utilizing its mineral deposits to exercise sovereignty and demand new terms of foreign investments and to achieve sustainable development. This paper presents a geo economic framework linking states and markets in their quest of resource security in which the interlinking of environmental goals and economic competition and even geopolitical rivalries can be seen to exist. The report highlights the challenges and possibilities within the green transition and states the necessity of collaborative governance, moral sourcing, and sustainable models of development to avoid a new period of resource based inequality of opportunity and adversity.

Keywords: Green transition, Geo-economics, Lithium, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Critical minerals, Strategic competition, Global supply chains, Environmental politics, Resource nationalism, International Political Economy (IPE)

The Impact of Carbon Emission and Renewable Energy on Health Expenditure in Pakistan

Dr. Faiza Hassan — 2025-07-12

Climate change and air pollution are global challenges with substantial threats to public health. Extended exposure to CO2 can result in a range of negative health effects and illnesses leading to increased health expenditures. This study explores how carbon emissions and the usage of renewable energy affect Pakistan’s per capita health expenditures from 2000 to 2021. The 2SLS-ARDL method is deemed suitable to address potential endogeneity and due to existence of severe multicollinearity. The findings indicate significant positive association between carbon emissions and health spending both in short and long-run. Conversely, renewable energy consumption instrumented by its first lag) shows a negative association with health expenditures per capita both in short & long run. Therefore, promoting environment friendly and sustainable energy-favorable policies, along with limiting CO2 emissions are recommended steps in terms of reducing health costs.

Key words: Carbon emissions, Renewable energy consumption, Health expenditures, Pakistan,

The Spectacle of Slogans: Media, Populism, and the Manufacturing of Consent in Pakistan

Dr. Amna Khurshid — 2025-07-13

This study investigates the understanding between media, populism, and political slogans in Pakistan through the case of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Drawing from Herman and Chomsky’s theory of “manufacturing consent” and Debord’s concept of the “spectacle,” the research explores how PTI slogans such as “Tabdeeli,” “Naya Pakistan,” and “Imported Hukumat Na-Manzoor” function as affective, visual, and rhetorical tools of political communication. Using a qualitative case study design, the study analyzes broadcast media, social media content, and party communications from 2013 to 2022. Through discourse and visual analysis, it demonstrates how slogans are used to simplify political narratives, construct emotional engagement, and foster political conformity. The findings reveal that PTI’s slogans transformed into cultural artifacts by leveraging mass media aesthetics, repetition, and leader-centric imagery. These slogans played a dual role: they mobilized supporters by offering emotional clarity and nationalistic pride, while simultaneously delegitimizing political opponents through binary framing. Media platforms, including television, Twitter, TikTok, and WhatsApp, amplified these slogans, saturating public consciousness and narrowing space for dissent or critical reflection. The study highlights the media’s complicity in reinforcing populist consensus, not through coercion, but via emotional spectacle and aesthetic saturation. Ultimately, the article argues that PTI’s slogan-driven populism exemplifies how media ecosystems in fragile democracies can become vehicles for symbolic control and manufactured political legitimacy. It underscores the urgent need for critical media literacy and further research into alternative political narratives in postcolonial societies.

Keywords: Populism, Political Slogans, Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaf, Media Spectacle, Emotional Mobilization, Manufacturing Consent, Political Communication, Discourse Analysis, Visual Politics, Populist Aesthetics

A Comparative Study of Social Problems in Surah An-Nur in Light of Ahkam Al-Quran by Al-Jassas and Ahkam Al-Quran by Al-Arabi

Sakhi Rehman — 2025-07-13

This paper looks into the social problems as presented in Surah Nur by comparing two of the most important traditional exegeses; Ahkam al-Qur an by Al-Jassas (Hanafi school) and Ahkam al-Qur an by Ibn al-Arabi (Maliki school). Surah An-Nur is known to be a heavy legislative surah containing various provisions regarding ethical provisions, family life, modesty, chastity and all the limits of the public and the private life in the Islamic society. The purpose of the study is to find out how two scholars read the same verses in different ways and this reveals the plurality in legal and moral thought in Islamic jurisprudence. The thesis explores such key social issues as adultery and its punishment, the charge of unchastity, hijab (veil), and gender interaction, the marriage of chaste individuals, and the place of the community in upholding moral standards. Both scholars point out these problems yet use their legal approaches which are founded on the basis of their own madhhabs. To take an example, whereas Al-Jassas concentrates on legal technicality and juristic inferences based on Hanafi usul (principles), Ibn al-Arabi concentrates on maqasid (higher objectives) and the social implications of rulings in accordance with Maliki priorities. Further, the study throws light on the tale of al-Ifk (false allegation against Aisha R.A.) and how it reflects on the media ethics, social justice and how a news should be verified before being disseminated. It also explores the way both exegetes manage issues of privacy, domestic space (istidhan) and the institution of family that brings out a sophisticated interpretation of Islamic social order. Comparative approach will assist in showing the points upon which the two approaches are agreeing and disagreeing and the role of the historical, geographical, and methodological variables in conditioning their tafsir. By so doing, the research can be added to the academic discussion of tafsir al-ahkam and its applicability to modern ethical issues, i.e., to the problems of digital privacy, online defamation, and gender relations in the contemporary Muslim communities. Finally, this study has reached a conclusion that Surah An-Nur provides all-inclusive framework of creation of a morally upright society. Both Al-Jassas and Ibn al-Arabi testify that surah can be used in order to regulate individual behaviors and rectify society. The fact that they take different directions is not incompatible and instead complements the Islamic thought with varied understandings of how God reveals him or herself concerning the complex realities of human beings.

Keywords: Surah An-Nur, Ahkam al-Quran, Al-Jassas, Ibn al-Arabi, Social Ethics in Islam, Comparative Tafsir, Islamic Legal Thought

The Quranic Discourse on Animals and Its Relevance to Modern Zoology

Salma Kaleem — 2025-07-13

This paper discusses the theological and ethical meaning of animals in the Quran, and evaluates how the animals mentioned in the scriptures correspond to the present-day zoological knowledge. There are more than 200 direct and indirect references to the animal world in the Quran, and bees, ants, camels, and whales serve not only as biological creatures: they are also represented as signs of God (ayat), exemplars, and actors in prophetic fables. Examining verses describing bees in Surah An-Nahl, ant colonies in Surah An-Naml, and an ant to consider the camel in Surah Al-Ghashiyah, the article creates scientific correlations of the subjects of the insect communication, adaptations to the desert, or marine life. The Quranic worldview involves the ethical aspect that is supported by the idea of mizan (balance), khalifah (stewardship) and divine accountability which, in their turn, promote environmental conservation, animal rights and sustainable relationship with nature. Moreover, the paper criticizes compulsory scientific harmonic and rather advocates a reflective, symbolic, and epistemologically pluralistic attitude to scriptural zoology. Although the Quran is not a scientific textbook, the moral code and theology that underlies it complements the modern-day issues of biodiversity, ecological justice, and treatment of animals as living beings. The exchange between the Quranic doctrine and the contemporary science proves the validity of Islamic thinking in the contemporary ecological and ethical discussion, a spiritually embedded but intellectually sound explanation of the interaction between people, animals, and environment.

Keywords: Quran, Animals, Islamic Environmental Ethics, Zoology, Quranic Ecology, Bee Communication, Animal Rights, Scientific Parallels

China’s Economic Dominance in the Korean Peninsula and its Ramifications for Us Economic Hegemonic Influence in the Region

Umm e Hani — 2025-07-13

The Korean Peninsula conflict involves two major powers, China and the United States, making it a fundamental factor in regional stability and international geopolitics. This research examines the growing economic influence of China in the Korean Peninsula as well as its implications on the long-lasting hegemonic dominance of the United States in the East Asia region. Through an interdisciplinary approach, contemporary economic trends, encompassing historical analysis and geopolitical assessments, this study aims to provide a detailed understanding of the developing role of China and its multifaceted impact on US interests in the region. Examining the complex web of trade dynamics, infrastructure projects, investment patterns and strategic alignments, this research explains the extent to which the economic stabilization of China invades both South Korea and North Korea. By proposing strategic responses and policy recommendations, grounded in a deep understanding of regional dynamics and power shifts. Also, this Research is on the base of Qualitative approaches, utilizing a combination of secondary data source (e.g.: reviewing academic publications, official websites, statements, newspapers, magazines, news articles, research papers, and internet publications) to provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic influence of China in Korean Peninsula. This research aspires to make a substantive contribution to the academic discourse on East Asian geopolitics and international political economy, offering a comprehensive analysis of the developing power dynamics in the Korean Peninsula and their implications for US hegemony in the region.

Key words: Korean Peninsula Conflict, China’s Economic Influence, US Hegemony, East Asian Geopolitics, Strategic Alignments, International Political Economy, North and South Korea.

Customer Relationship Marketing: Role of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology, and Regulatory Environment in Telecom Sector of Pakistan

Waseem Mushtaq Khan — 2025-07-13

Consumer Relationship Marketing (CRM) is a critical strategy in the telecom sector, aiming to enhance customer engagement, trust, and long-term retention. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technology has revolutionized CRM by enabling data-driven decision making, personalized customer interactions, and secure data management this study examines the role of AI ,Blockchain, and regulatory environment in shaping CRM Practices in Pakistan telecom industry. AI driven tools such as predictive analytics, Chabot’s, and sentiment analysis enhance customer experiences, while blockchain ensures data security, transparency, and trust .However, the adoption of these technologies faces challenges, including high implementation costs, regulatory constraints, and a lack of technical expertise. The regulatory environment governed by the Pakistan telecommunication authority (PTA), plays a crucial role in defining data privacy policies and compliance measures, impacting how telecom firm integrate AI and Blockchain in their CRM strategies. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach where telecom companies align technological innovation with regulatory requirements to optimize customer relationship management.it includes that effective collaboration between policymakers and telecom operators is essential for fostering and ecosystem that encourages innovation while ensuring consumer protection and regulatory compliance.

Keywords: Customer Relation Marketing, Artificial Intelligence, Block Chain Technology

Hegemonic Masculinity and National Identity in Twentieth-Century American War Literature: A Comparative Study of the Selected works by Hemingway, Mailer, and O’Brien

Muhammad Hamid — 2025-07-14

This paper explores the construction and negotiation of hegemonic masculinity and national identity within the framework of twentieth-century American war literature, centering on Ernest Hemingway, Norman Mailer, and Tim O’Brien. Through a comparative textual analysis, the study scrutinizes how these novelists lucid masculine ideals and nationalistic discourses against the background of war’s physical and psychological trauma. By applying R.W. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity and drawing on cultural studies, the paper reveals how literary depictions challenge, reinforce, or complicate dominant narratives about gender and nationhood. The findings suggest that while Hemingway emphasizes stoic, heroic masculinity linked to American imperial identity, Mailer critiques and problematizes this ideal through a raw, often violent portrayal of masculine bravado. O’Brien, writing in the post-Vietnam era, deconstructs traditional masculinity by highlighting vulnerability and moral ambiguity, thus reflecting a fractured national identity. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how war literature shapes and contests hegemonic masculinity and national belonging in American cultural memory.

Keywords: Hegemonic masculinity, national identity, American war literature, Ernest Hemingway, Norman Mailer, Tim O’Brien, R.W. Connell

The Invisible Wounds of War: Trauma, Identity Loss, and Social Disintegration Among Bajaur’s Internally Displaced Persons (2008–2015)

Khubaib Ali — 2025-07-14

The paper addresses the psychological and emotional effects of forced migration on the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Bajaur, a tribal district in former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan, which witnessed forced migration between 2008 to 2015 because of military operation. With a qualitative framework based on narrative type inquiry and thematic analysis, the study looks into the multidimensional issues that these societies experience, more so on trauma, loss of identity, and social melting. Exploring the results on the basis of field interviews, case studies, and documentary analysis, it can be concluded that most IDPs display the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The mandatory excursion was not only deprived of people of homes but, also, cultural integrity, sex roles and tribal integration proved to be shattered, thus causing confusion of identity and cultural dichotomy. The camps and the receiving communities failed to offer psychosocial support required to aid in recovery, but mostly offered a prolonged state of dependency, instability and normlessness. However, the research is also based on the Trauma Theory, Social Identity Theory, and the notion of anomie by Durkheim, which provides a duality of theoretical perspective and views on the affliction of the person, as well as the group. It further combines Forced Migration theory with the Resilience theory in evaluating coping strategies and survival mechanism. Policy implications make it clear that even procedural trauma-informed rehabilitation systems, ethnically aware education, and identity recovery programs are urgently needed in such post-violence zones as Bajaur. The study is also one of the few studies focusing on localized IDPs in Pakistan and further calls upon the need to adopt a humanistic and perspective that transcends physical settlement, and further more focuses on the internal wounds of a war, the invisible wounds of war or what the IDPs call it the feeling of emptiness.

Keywords: Bajaur Agency, Trauma, Identity Loss, Displacement, Social Fragmentation, Mental Health, 2008–2015

Digital Disruption in Political PR: From Gatekeepers to Algorithmic Amplification

Quratulain Saleem — 2025-07-15

The landscape of political public relations (PR) has undergone a radical transformation, shifting from controlled press releases and traditional media gatekeeping to a dynamic, decentralized digital ecosystem dominated by viral content and social media engagement. This article examines the evolution of political PR, tracing its journey from the tightly managed narratives of the 20th century to today’s algorithm-driven, participatory communication environment. It explores how platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok have democratized political discourse, enabling grassroots movements and outsider candidates to challenge established elites while also amplifying misinformation, polarization, and ethical concerns. The discussion highlights key turning points, such as Barack Obama’s pioneering use of social media in 2008 and Donald Trump’s unfiltered Twitter dominance, as well as emerging trends like AI-generated content, micro-targeting, and immersive technologies such as virtual reality. The article also addresses the challenges of this new era, including deepfakes, algorithmic manipulation, and the erosion of shared factual ground. Finally, it considers the future of political PR, emphasizing the need for ethical frameworks, regulatory oversight, and media literacy to balance innovation with democratic integrity. As the tools of persuasion grow more sophisticated, the article underscores the urgent question: How can societies harness the power of digital PR without sacrificing public trust?

Keywords: Political PR, Social Media, Viral Content, Misinformation, Digital Communication, AI, Micro-Targeting, Democracy, Polarization, Ethical Regulation

Comparative Analysis of Cricket Batsmen Using Survival Analysis

Muhammad Waseem — 2025-07-14

This study presents a comparative analysis of exponential and Weibull distributions for modeling batting performance in T20 international cricket, using survival analysis to evaluate player consistency. Leveraging individual innings data from 10 elite batsmen (including Babar Azam, David Warner, and Virat Kohli) sourced from ESPNcricinfo, the research employs maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to fit both distributions and compares their goodness-of-fit via Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria. Results demonstrate that the exponential distribution, characterized by a constant hazard rate, provides a superior fit for most players, supported by lower AIC/BIC values and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests (p > 0.05). Survival probabilities at key thresholds (10, 30, 50, 80, and 100 runs) reveal Babar Azam as the most consistent performer, with a 75.6% chance of surpassing 10 runs and a 24.7% probability of reaching 50 runs. Conditional survival analysis further highlights his ability to convert starts (57.1% chance of progressing from 30 to 50 runs), outperforming power-hitters like Glenn Maxwell, who exhibit higher volatility. The Weibull distribution, while flexible, proves unnecessarily complex for T20 batting data. Practical applications include optimizing batting orders, real-time tactical decisions, and player development frameworks. The study underscores the exponential model’s utility in cricket analytics while advocating for its integration into team strategies.

Keywords: Survival Analysis, T20 Cricket, Exponential Distribution, Weibull Distribution, Batting Consistency, AIC/BIC, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Babar Azam, Conditional Survival Probabilities, Player Performance

Influencing Factors of Profitability in the Textile Sector: The Role of Firm Size

Hina Waheed — 2025-07-15

The profitability of Pakistan's textile industry is examined in this study, with a focus on firms that are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The aim of this study is to investigate how profitability metrics like net profit margin (NPM), return on assets (ROA), and return on equity (ROE) are impacted by factors that include debt, cash conversion cycle, operational cycle, firm size, and current ratio. For the time span of 2018–2022, panel data from 76 textile enterprises is analyzed using fixed and random effect models. Results reveal that leverage has a substantial effect on ROA and ROE and that fewer cash conversion cycles are preferred for ROA and NPM and longer cycles are superior for ROE. ROE is negatively affected by the operational cycle, but not ROA or NPM. The relationship between the cash conversion cycle and profitability is mediated by the size of the firm. The study presents valuable data that helps academics, industry experts, and officials make strategic decisions on debt control and operations efficiency in the textile sector.

Keywords: Profitability, Leverage, Size, Cash Conversion Cycle

Major Powers and the Gaza Crisis: Responses to the Post-2023 Israel-Palestine Conflict

Dr. Wajid Ali — 2025-07-15

The post-2023 escalation in the Israel-Palestine conflict, particularly in Gaza, has reignited worldwide tensions and produced varied responses from major world powers. This study critically examines the political, diplomatic, and strategic reactions of key global actors including the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union. By analyzing official statements, policy shifts, aid assurances, and geopolitical alignments, the paper highlights the divergence in international approaches and the broader implications for global order, international law, and regional stability. The research highlights how deep-rooted interests, alliance, and normative frameworks shape the international community's stance on the conflict. Ultimately, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the internationalization of the Gaza crisis and its potential to reshape the balance of power and diplomatic discourse in the Middle East.

KEY WORDSL: Israel-Palestine, Conflict, Gaza War, United States, Russia, China

Unmasking Digital Deviance: Analyzing Cybercrime Trends via Social Media in Pakistan

Fatima Rida Suddle (Corresponding Author) — 2025-07-16

The proliferation of social media in Pakistan has led to a significant rise in cybercrime, posing serious challenges to individuals, society, and legal systems. This paper examines the historical context and evolution of cybercrime, its conceptual foundations, and its manifestation on social media platforms in Pakistan. By analyzing the notion of crime through the perspectives of eminent jurists such as John Austin, Jeremy Bentham, and J.W. Cecil Turner, the study establishes the essential elements of criminal conduct and their applicability to the digital domain. The paper traces the origins of cybercrime from early telegraph manipulations in the 19th century to the sophisticated mobile-based threats of the contemporary era, highlighting the adaptive nature of cybercriminals and the vulnerabilities of emerging technologies. Focusing on the Pakistani context, the research identifies six major categories of social media-related cybercrimes: phishing and social engineering, hacking, malware dissemination, identity theft, spamming, and cyberbullying/harassment. The paper underscores the pressing need for comprehensive legal frameworks, enhanced digital literacy, and robust cybersecurity measures to combat the escalating threat of cybercrime. It advocates for a multi-stakeholder approach, encompassing legislative reform, institutional enforcement, public awareness, and private sector cooperation, to mitigate the harmful consequences of digital offenses and protect individuals' rights in cyberspace. The research contributes to the understanding of cybercrime's conceptual underpinnings, historical development, and contemporary manifestations, while emphasizing the urgency of effective countermeasures in Pakistan's rapidly evolving digital landscape.

Keywords: Social Media, Internet, Cybercrime, Digital Deviance, Pakistan

Society in Crisis: The Nexus between Drug Addiction and Criminal Behavior in Pakistan

Sada Hussain Soomro — 2025-07-16

The issue of drug addiction in Pakistan has become a complex problem that combines the aspects of both public health and the increasing rate of criminal activity. This paper will discuss the ubiquitous relationship that exists between substance abuse and crime covering the demographic patterns of drug use, institutional shortfalls, and the socioeconomic factors that feed the epidemic. The article draws attention to the threatening rates of heroin, cocaine, opium and synthetic drugs such as ice in both urban and rural settings, especially towards the young people and those who are socially disadvantaged. It examines how a cycle of addiction feeds criminal acts of petty thefts to organized trafficking as law enforcement is weak, and corruption and insufficient rehabilitation network add to the crisis. It has very severe social and psychological effects and causes family disintegration, mental health problems, and structural stigma, which impedes healing. Based on the best practices in the world, the article suggests evidence-based interventions, which include community-based models of rehabilitation, education, legal reforms that differentiate between users and traffickers, and more effective responses to the issue by public health. Pakistan can combat this growing menace by taking a public health approach to the issue rather than punitive solutions and treating the cause of the problems such as poverty and unemployment. The results highlight the necessity of the policy change, institutional responsibility, and cross-cutting partnerships to end the addiction and crime cycle.

Keywords: Drug Addiction, Criminal Behavior, Pakistan, Heroin, Synthetic Drugs, Rehabilitation, Public Health, Policy Reform, Organized Crime, Socioeconomic Factors

The Effect of Internal Marketing Factors on Services Quality of Organization; A Case Study of Private Sector Universities in Jalalabad Afghanistan

Hayat Ullah — 2025-07-16

The aim of this study to examine the effect of internal marketing on services quality of organization. This study mainly focused on the internal marketing factors that are the independent variables (employee empowerment, reward, customer orientation, internal communication and organizational commitment) and the dependent variable is services quality of organization. In this study the internal marketing factors apply on the services quality of organization that show the positive effect on the services quality of organization. All the hypotheses show the positive effect on the internal marketing effect. For this research the data were collected from the three private universities of Jalalabad Afghanistan. The population was 100 and the sample size for this study were 77 so the data analysis was conducted on 77 questionnaires. Five hypotheses were designed and all the hypotheses have the positive relationship with each other and the internal marketing factors have the positive effect on the services quality of organization.

Keywords; Internal Marketing Factors, Services Quality, Organization, Afghanistan, Employee Empowerment, Reward, Customer Orientation, Internal Communication

Enhancing Predictive Accuracy in Equity Markets: An Empirical Analysis of Outlier Robustness and Forecasting Efficiency in Dow Jones Index Returns

Shahid Akbar — 2025-07-17

This paper empirically examines methods for the detection of outliers and their effect on forecast accuracy in financial time series data using a number of criteria that have been found to discriminate among forecast methods. We have used daily returns from the Dow Jones Index (April 2002–June 2024) where we divide the sample into an in-sample estimation period (April 2002–May 2023) and an out-of-sample (1-year) forecasting window (June 2023–June 2024). In this paper, we also compare the above six outlier detection methods with three volatility forecasting models (GARCH and its extensions) to measure the impact of those synergistic effects on prediction.

We show that outlier removal systematically improves the precision of models, reflected in reductions in average mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The MADe Method is found to be the best outlier detection method, and the three models produce better predictions in all cases (GARCH: ΔMAPE = −18.3%, ΔMAE = −12.7%; EGARCH: ΔMAPE = −14.9%; GJR: ΔMAPE = −11.2%) also in both fields two auxiliary methods, namely Tukey’s Method and VH Boxplot, are respectively the second and third best outlier detection method. We observe that, in both outlier-adjusted and unadjusted cases, their GARCH versions consistently exhibit better performance compared to the respective asymmetric models (i.e., EGARCH and GJR), suggesting a better ability of GARCH under standard setting to address leptokurtic shocks but when associated with MADe-based filtration.

The best process, which includes MADe outlier method within GARCH(1, 1) forecasting, decreases overall autocorrelation forecast errors by 22.4% below benchmark levels. The obtained findings have important implications for quantitative finance for the purpose of developing better approaches to modeling volatility and for improving risk management in equity markets.

Keywords: Equity Markets, Outliers Detection, MADe Method, Forecasting, GARCH Models.

Effect of Teacher’s Vocal Tone and Pitch on Student Engagement and Comprehension: A Phonetic Analysis

Shumaila Shoukat — 2025-07-17

This study investigates the effect of teachers’ vocal tone and pitch on student engagement and comprehension, employing a mixed-methods approach grounded in phonetic analysis. Drawing from a purposive sample of 24 secondary school teachers and 240 students from grades 9 and 10 in Lahore, Pakistan, the research sought to (1) analyze the relationship between variations in a teacher’s vocal tone and pitch and student engagement during classroom instruction, and (2) evaluate how specific phonetic features of teacher speech influence students’ comprehension of academic content. Quantitative data were collected through structured classroom observations, post-lesson comprehension tests, and acoustic voice analysis using Praat software to measure mean pitch and pitch range. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and student focus group discussions, analyzed using thematic analysis. The quantitative results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between teacher pitch range and both student engagement (r = 0.63, p < 0.01) and comprehension scores (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Regression analysis further revealed that pitch range was a strong predictor of comprehension outcomes (β = 0.42, p = 0.005), accounting for 44% of the variance. Qualitative findings supported these results, revealing that students perceive varied vocal tone as engaging, emotionally expressive, and helpful for identifying key information. Monotone delivery, on the other hand, was associated with reduced attentiveness and comprehension. The study’s findings are interpreted through the lens of social cognitive theory and dual coding theory, emphasizing the role of vocal modulation as a cognitive and affective signal in instructional communication. This research contributes to the limited empirical literature linking phonetic features of teacher speech to measurable student outcomes and underscores the importance of incorporating vocal training in teacher education. It is recommended that teacher preparation programs include voice modulation techniques to enhance pedagogical effectiveness and student learning outcomes.

Keywords: teacher vocal tone, pitch, student engagement, comprehension, phonetic analysis, instructional communication, classroom pedagogy

Techno-Legality: The Legal Challenges of AI, Surveillance, and Digital Governance

Arshid Jan — 2025-07-17

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), surveillance technologies, and digital governance has ushered in unprecedented legal challenges, necessitating the development of robust frameworks to address "techno-legality." This article explores the intersections of law, technology, and power, focusing on the ethical, human rights, and governance implications of these innovations. Key issues include the accountability of autonomous systems, biases in AI-driven judicial processes, and the erosion of privacy due to mass surveillance. Case studies such as China’s Social Credit System and the NSA’s surveillance programs highlight the global disparities in legal responses. The article also examines regulatory efforts like the EU AI Act and GDPR, underscoring their limitations in safeguarding civil liberties. Digital governance emerges as a critical theme, with algorithmic decision-making and big tech’s influence posing challenges to transparency and democratic oversight. The comparative analysis of legal approaches across the EU, US, China, and the Global South reveals fragmented regulatory landscapes, calling for international harmonization. Ethical frameworks and human rights principles are proposed as foundational to responsible innovation, particularly for marginalized communities disproportionately affected by digital systems. The article concludes with policy recommendations, advocating for rights-based legislation, multi-stakeholder governance models, and collaboration between legal experts, technologists, and civil society. It emphasizes the urgency of legal innovation to keep pace with technological evolution and calls for further research into equitable and accountable digital futures.

Keywords: Techno-Legality, Artificial Intelligence, Surveillance, Digital Governance, Privacy, Human Rights, Algorithmic Bias, Regulatory Frameworks, Ethical AI, International Law

E-Waste in Pakistan: How Discarded Electronics are Poisoning the Land

Asif Ali — 2025-07-17

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), surveillance technologies, and algorithmic governance into modern societies presents complex legal and ethical challenges a phenomenon best captured by the emerging concept of “techno-legality.” This article explores the intersection of law and technology, focusing on how AI-driven systems, state surveillance, and digital decision-making are redefining accountability, privacy, and human rights. It critically examines issues such as the opacity and bias in algorithmic decision-making, the absence of legal personhood for autonomous systems, and the weakening of democratic oversight in digital governance frameworks. By analyzing prominent global case studies including China’s Social Credit System and the U.S. NSA surveillance programs the article demonstrates the uneven global landscape of techno-legal regulation. The discussion extends to regulatory instruments such as the EU AI Act and GDPR, highlighting their strengths and limitations in addressing rights-based concerns. Furthermore, it evaluates the ethical and legal implications for marginalized communities, who are disproportionately impacted by opaque digital systems. Emphasizing the need for international legal harmonization and inclusive governance models, the article calls for multi-stakeholder collaboration between legal scholars, technologists, and civil society. It concludes with actionable policy recommendations, including the formulation of human rights-centered digital laws, algorithmic transparency mandates, and democratic oversight structures. In an age where technology rapidly outpaces legislation, this paper underscores the urgency of rethinking legal paradigms to foster a more accountable and equitable digital future.

Keywords: Techno-Legality, Artificial Intelligence, Surveillance, Digital Governance, Privacy, Human Rights, Algorithmic Bias, Regulatory Frameworks, Ethical AI, International Law

Eco-Romanticism Revisited: Nature as Political Witness in Byron, Keats, and Shelley

Ch Muhammad Uzair Chohan — 2025-07-17

This paper looks back over Romantic poetry of Byron, Keats, and Shelley through the perspective of eco-Romanticism and offers an alternative view of nature; not as a source of beauty or spiritual contemplation but as an alert votary. Instead of presenting it as an inert background, nature in their works is made active in the form of winds, mountains, rivers as well as the seasons as silent and mute witnesses of historical trauma, imperial rot, revolutionary spirit, and social change. Investigating a group of poems, including Childe Harold Pilgrimage by Byron, Ode to the West Wind by Shelley, and To Autumn by Keats, the research argues that nature in the poems of these three authors is a symbolic record of the human violence, struggle, and loss. Such a reading allows ecocriticism to meet political historicism, discovering sub today ignored environmental sensibility in their poetic imaginations. By so doing, the paper goes on to provide a more politicized interpretation of Romantic nature, which exposes how the three most significant uses of the natural world by the poets are not only enlisted in the criticism of empire, modernity, and the breaking apart of enlightenment ideals.

Keywords: Eco-Romanticism,Nature and Politics, Romantic Poets, Byron, Keats, Shelley, Literature and Environment

Techno-Economic Analysis of Concentrated Solar Power with Molten Salt Storage for Gwadar

Mairaj Naseer — 2025-07-17

This study examines the feasibility of implementing a 50 MW parabolic trough Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) system with molten salt storage in Gwadar, an area facing significant energy insecurity due to its isolation from the national grid and dispersed energy demand. Using primarily quantitative and modeling-based methods, the research investigates the technical and financial aspects of CSP technology. The System Advisor Model (SAM) is utilized to simulate the CSP plant's performance, evaluating both technical and financial aspects. The methodology involves a thorough investigation into the viability of CSP plants, focusing on solar resource availability, land suitability, and molten salt availability. The findings suggest the technical feasibility of a CSP system in Gwadar, with optimal solar conditions observed in summer and ample land available in the industrial zone, with potential molten salt sourcing from Balochistan resources and Gwadar's seawater. Simulation results indicate the CSP system's potential to provide consistent and sustainable power generation, even under limited sunlight conditions, achieving a capacity factor of 23.3%, reflecting efficient energy production. Additionally, analysis of thermal energy storage dynamics highlights effective energy production and storage mechanisms, emphasizing the system's potential for renewable energy advancement. However, despite promising outcomes, the estimated Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of $0.2349/kWh presents competitiveness challenges compared to other CSP technologies, necessitating further optimization and cost reduction efforts to enhance economic viability. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of exploring options for cost reduction to improve the economic feasibility of deploying CSP technology in Gwadar, offering insights for sustainable energy solutions to address the region's energy challenges.

Keywords: Concentrated Solar Power, Parabolic Trough, National Solar Radiation Database, Solar Irradiance, Molten Salt Storage, Levelized Cost Of Energy, System Advisor Model

Transformational Leadership and Innovation Performance in Pakistan’s Tech Startups

Zulfukar — 2025-07-17

The tech startup sector in Pakistan is booming but most of the ventures are struggling with innovation, scalability, and sustainability. In this research, the researcher will examine how transformational leadership can be used to promote innovation performance among Pakistani tech startups. Based on the model of Bass and Avolio (1994), the transformational leadership is considered in its four dimensions which include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. The research employs a mixed-methods method, whereby, the quantitative data of 150 startups are used in combination with the qualitative case studies, in order to evaluate the role of leadership behaviors in product development, process innovation, and market disruption. The results indicate a positive correlation of high degree (r = 0.72) between transformational leadership and innovation outcomes. Inspirational motivation was the most powerful driver, and it accounted to 34 percent variation in product innovation. The individualized consideration had a high influence on the employee retention as well as on the creative output, and intellectual stimulation had to encounter the cultural resistance because of the high organization power-distance norms in Pakistan. Here, it is interesting to note that startups that had visionary and more supportive leaders experienced shorter iteration cycles, greater psychological safety, and better performance in the market. Nonetheless, the complete implementation of transformational leadership is constrained by resource shortages and subordinate-superior relationships at the workplace. Bootstrapped startups cannot afford to invest in leadership development and most of the employees fear confronting authority figures, which suppresses intellectual creativity. The research suggests the idea of implementing MLQ-based leadership training into the national incubation programs, aligning the incentives of venture capital to the concepts of leadership, and institutionalizing the practices of psychological safety. The study will be the first empirical attempt at understanding leadership and innovation in the emerging markets, and it will have actionable implications on founders, investors, and policymakers. It reiterates that in a turbulent Pakistani economic setting transformational leadership is no longer a competitive advantage but a survival necessity in the future of innovation-based entrepreneurship.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Innovation Performance, Tech Startups, Pakistan, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Psychological Safety, Entrepreneurial Leadership, Emerging Markets, Digital Ecosystem

Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Mental Health and Coping in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Pre-Post Intervention Study

Salbia Abbas* — 2025-07-17

The present study explored the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) in improving mental health outcomes among patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Utilizing an informal experimental pre-post design, 25 participants received structured MCBT sessions over a defined intervention period. The study aimed to assess changes in depression and anxiety levels, psychological adaptation (BASE), and coping skills (COPE) before and after the intervention. Quantitative analyses, including paired-samples t-tests, revealed statistically significant improvements across all three psychological domains. Depression and anxiety scores showed a substantial decrease from pre-test (M = 55.08, SD = 8.63) to post-test (M = 29.72, SD = 4.67), while adaptation scores (BASE) also significantly declined, indicating better psychological adjustment. In contrast, coping skills demonstrated a marked increase from pre-test (M = 51.98, SD = 6.86) to post-test (M = 112.93, SD = 3.66), suggesting enhanced resilience and stress management. Normality assumptions were met for all variables, confirming the suitability of parametric testing. These findings support the theoretical foundations of MCBT, which emphasize the role of mindfulness and cognitive restructuring in managing psychological distress. The results hold significant practical implications for integrating MCBT into routine mental health services for neurodegenerative patients. Recommendations include the formal adoption of MCBT in healthcare systems, training for practitioners, and the development of culturally adapted interventions. The study concludes that MCBT is a highly effective, non-pharmacological approach for enhancing mental health, coping capacity, and overall psychological well-being in patients facing the chronic challenges of neurodegenerative disease. Future research should expand on these findings through longitudinal and multicenter studies.

Keywords: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, anxiety, coping, psychological well-being, intervention effectiveness.

Conceptualizing the Alternate Dispute Resolution Models in the Contemporary World

Muhammad Atif Nazir — 2025-07-18

This paper is based on the review of the literature available on the different models of alternate disputes resolutions working in the contemporary world. This ranges from advanced states like USA, China and developing countries like India, Philippine, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In most of the countries the ADRs working with two options i.e., the court annexed option and community-based dispute resolution. Both options have merits and de-merits but adopted in all over the countries. These models range from the simple negotiation to complex mechanism of mediation and other approaches adopted by the different communities in different countries. The paper also discussed the disputes resolution in the religion of Islam and Christianity.

Key words: ADR, Community based disputes resolution, informal justice.

The Perception of Professionals Regarding Curriculum of Medical Jurisprudence to Medical and Law Students in Pakistan

Professor Dr. Aamir Bashir — 2025-07-18

The paper is focused on the current curriculum distribution in MBBS and LLB professions. The medical jurisprudence the law students is fulfilling their professional requirements during their practice. Similarly, how the law students experienced the study of medical and how the medical students study the law. The Lego-medical practioners faced what sorts of the deficiencies in their studies related to legal medical curriculum. The study is based on the perception of the legal and medical practioners regarding the deficiencies and challenges they have faced during their practice as a lawyer or as a medical expert working for the law enforcement or forensic agencies. The study is quantitative in nature and simple analysis have been made on this data regarding quality of evidence by doctors and medical witnesses to lawyers.

Keywords: Medical Jurisprudence, LLB & MBBS curriculum, legal fraternity, Medico-legal

Deaths Due To Pneumonia Related Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults

Zouha Shakir — 2025-07-18

Pneumonia can result in serious cardiovascular diseases, and for almost twenty years, pneumonia-associated death rates in the United States were continuously decreasing. Nonetheless, new findings indicate that this trend might be changing. The basic objective is to explore how different factors such as gender, race, region, city size intersectionality has influenced cumulative changes over time concerning CVD mortality owing to pneumonia from 1999 to 2020. It is desired to analyze the frequency of deaths caused by cardiac complications due to pneumonia with respect to time. For this purpose, we utilized the National Vital Statistics Report from 1999–2020. We divided the data by sex and race /ethnicity along with rural vs urban geography classification. Furthermore, it is assessed pre-2018 and post-2018 periods separately to evaluate potential shifts. From 1999 to 2018, pneumonia-related CVD mortality declined across all major population groups and regions. From 2018 to 2020, a sharp and statistically significant increase was observed. Males consistently had higher mortality than females, with a more pronounced spike after 2018. Black or African American populations experienced the highest relative increases, exacerbating existing health disparities. Geographic analysis revealed marked increases in the West and Northeast, and urban areas especially large central and fringe metropolitan regions saw the steepest rises. The observed reversal coincides with the emergence of COVID-19, suggesting misclassification, indirect effects, or compounded vulnerability during the early pandemic.

Keywords: Deaths, Pneumonia, Cardiovascular Disease, Older Adults, Pandemic

Impact of Fintech on Financial Inclusion: The Mediating Role of Digital Financial Literacy

Hamza Khatri (Corresponding Author) — 2025-07-18

This study examines the influence of Fintech on financial inclusion, particularly in developing economies, and explores the mediating role of digital financial literacy (DFL). By leveraging the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research analyses how Fintech innovations such as mobile payments, digital wallets, and peer-to-peer lending can enhance access to financial services among marginalized populations. A structured questionnaire was administered to 153 respondents, and the data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Findings reveal that Fintech significantly improves financial inclusion both directly and indirectly through digital literacy. Digital literacy was found to be a crucial enabler, allowing users to better understand and utilize digital financial platforms. The study highlights the need for targeted policies, regulatory support, and educational initiatives to maximize Fintech's potential. Theoretical and practical implications suggest that bridging digital gaps can contribute to equitable financial growth and economic empowerment, particularly in underserved communities.

Keywords: Fintech, Financial Inclusion, Digital Financial Literacy, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

Power, Identity, and Resistance in Maya Angelou’s Still I Rise: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Tariq Ullah — 2025-07-18

Language is not only utilized as a communication tool but also as an effective tool to construct identity, resist oppression, and exert social agency. Similarly, Poetry in literary fiction is an effective medium by which marginalized speech affirms resistance and recuperates narratives of dignity and empowerment. This research performs a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the poem Still I Rise by Maya Angelou, drawing on Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model to discuss how linguistic, rhetorical, and discursive resources generate themes of power, identity, and resistance. At the level of the text, the poem utilizes repetition, metaphor, lexical oppositions, and an assertive voice to represent a speaker who evinces self-value in opposition to racial and gender oppression. Through repeated words like "I rise," Angelou performs resilience and regains voice and agency for disempowered identities. On a discursive practice level, the poem subverts historical and institutional relations of power through direct address, rhetorical questioning, and intertextual allusion to slavery and institutional injustice, situating the speaker as a specific self and as a representative figure of collective resilience. Lastly, in the social practice sphere, Still I Rise is positioned within Black feminist scholarship and civil rights movements, counter-hegemonic to hegemonic discourse and delivering an alternative reading as one of ancestral pride and resistance. In this analysis, it is evident that Angelou's poetry is not only literary but a discursive intervention which remakes Black womanhood and recovers cultural and political space.

Keywords: CDA, Gender Oppression, Discursive Strategies, Poetry, Intertextuality

Work-related stress in teachers: a comparison between male and female teachers

Ayesha Javed — 2025-07-18

Teacher's stress can become problematic and even hazardous, according to research. Teacher stress is a reaction to a negative effect, such as a reaction to workload, it is typically accompanied by potentially pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes resulting from the demands of the job and its mediated by the teacher's perception that the demands pose a threat to their well-being and sense of self-worth. Compared to other occupations, teaching is the most demanding job in the world, according to numerous studies. The definition of teacher stress is discomfort or an unpleasant emotion and teacher stress can become problematic and even hazardous. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the main causes on work-related stress experienced by male or female teachers. Two public sector universities of Faisalabad. University of Agriculture and GC University. Faisalabad have been selected conventily Sixty (60) teachers were selected for each university (30 male or 30 female) conventiely. A sample size of 120 teachers were selected purposely. The data collected through questionnaire will he analyzed by using SPSS. The study revealed that male university teachers reported significantly higher levels of work-related stress than their female counterparts, particularly in areas such as workload, tight deadlines, and lack of autonomy. However, both genders exhibited similar levels of job satisfaction and experienced comparable physical and mental health impacts due to stress, with only a few statistically significant differences. These findings emphasize the urgent need for gender-sensitive stress management strategies in public universities of Pakistan. It is recommended that institutions introduce tailored stress management programs, improve the availability of teaching resources, and reduce excessive workloads by hiring more staff. Additionally, enhancing institutional support through counseling services, transparent promotion policies, and recognition of teachers’ efforts is crucial. Professional development opportunities and time management training should also be prioritized to help teachers cope with organizational demands. Moreover, promoting work-life balance—particularly for female faculty through flexible working hours and family support initiatives can contribute to a healthier and more productive academic environment.

Key Words: Stress, Education, Performance, Impact

Exploring Phonological Features in Hamid Khan’s Poem 'We Are Dreamers’

Muhammad Iftikhar Khan — 2025-07-18

This study examines the phonological aspects of Hamid Khan's "We Are Dreamers," exploring how the speaker uses sound devices to create two auditory worlds. Through the stylistic analysis of alliteration, assonance, and sound symbolism, the study highlights the difference between a world of nostalgic sounds and one that is characterized by harsh, unsettling tones. The article represents how the speaker creates a melodic rhythm by frequently using these opposed sounds, highlighting the difference between these two aural domains. Through examining the subtleties of sound, the speaker competently expresses the desire to leave the harsh reality of the dwellers and enter the cozy world of the dreamers. The poet skillfully creates a musical rhythm while emphasizing the differences between the two realms. The poem allows readers to briefly escape reality by submerging them in the fantastical realm of dreams through the collocation of two opposed sounds.

Keywords: Phonology, phonological level, stylistics, the Poem

The Existence of Jinn: An Analysis in Light of Quranic and Authentic Hadith Evidence and Modern Scientific Research

Associate Professor Dr. Naseem Akhter — 2025-07-18

Jinn existence is one of the most important beliefs of Islam, which was deep-rooted in the Quran and genuine Hadith. This study provides an in-depth interpretation of jinn by three major ways; the Islamic textual sources (the Quran and Hadith), contemporary scientific research and social and cultural approaches. The Quran also contains clear reference to the existence of jinn, and they are brought out in Surah Al-Rahman (55:15) and Surah Al-Hijr (15:27), where the jinn are said to be created of fire of no smoke. Authentic Hadith collections also discuss the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ speaking with jinn, giving sermons and stressing the protective virtue of such Surahs as the Ayat al-Kursi and the Muawwidhatayn (Surah Al-Falaq and Surah An-Naas) against their interference. Though not directly supporting the existence of jinn, modern science has given theoretical models that can accept the possibility of jinn. Sciences such as quantum physics, parapsychology, and neuroscience present the existence of invisible energies and dimensions, e.g., dark matter, infrasound and theories of the multiverse, which are conceptually similar to phenomena attributed to jinn as presented in Islamic literature. Parapsychological studies, including, EVP (Electronic Voice Phenomena) and EMF surveys, depict activity patterns in places where jinn sightings are historically documented, but such results do not pass the threshold of typical scientific tests. Another misperception dealt with in this paper is the prevalence of fear and mythologization of jinn, as well as an outright denial thereof by various societies, and this is solved by highlighting the difference between the real Islamic teachings and the cultural superstitions. It points out that although jinn are capable of causing harm to humans, there are a lot of benign or even believer jinn. The studies assert that the direct communication with jinn, asking them to assist and identifying them with gods is forbidden or shirk (polytheism) in Islam. Instead, they prescribe protective practices based on the Quran and Sunnah, e.g. daily adhkar (remembrances). In addition, the research puts a line between jinn influence and the psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, indicating the balanced diagnosis both in medical and spiritual aspects. This distinction is explained by looking at case studies of alleged jinn possession. Conclusively, according to Islamic teachings, the existence of jinn, which has been revealed through revelation, is consistent with some new scientific paradigms. The correct Islamic way, though, is to be in the middle--not to deny nor exaggerate. It is hoped that the complex, though important, nature of this issue will continue to be examined by future interdisciplinary studies that can be composed of both Islamic theology and empirical science.

Keywords: Jinn, Quran and Hadith, Parapsychology, Infrasound and EVP, Islamic belief, Superstition vs. theology, Modern scientific analysis

The Impact of Change in Custom ('Urf) on the Interpretation of Shariah’s Rulings: Analytical Study

Dr. Naveed Altaf Khan — 2025-07-19

Urf (custom/prevailing practice) is considered one of the sources of Islamic Sharia. Its reality lies in the fact that when considering rulings for those obligated by Shariah, taking into account the region, circumstances, time, and the mukallaf themselves holds key importance in Shariah. Therefore, observing 'urf in all rulings is a necessary matter. Despite this, such changes are generally observed in subsidiary rulings, and the underlying general principles of Shariah and their observance are considered behind this change. In this regard, the principles related to 'azimah (strict adherence) and rukhsah (concession) (foundational legal principles) are generally taken into account on one hand, while on the other hand, the principles based on maslahah (welfare) and the objectives of Shariah falling under it, are also considered. If observed, Shariah has adopted a three-pronged approach regarding the change in rulings. Islam maintained some customs of Arab society as they were, such as diyah (blood money) and some rulings of 'iddah (waiting period); it implemented some changes in others, for example, limiting the unlimited number of divorces to three; it discouraged some, such as the custom of keeping male and female slaves; and it abolished some customs, such as the rulings related to the prohibition of riba (usury) in business. The wisdom behind this seems to be that the customs that were in accordance with the general principles of Shariah and which do not harm the society, were maintained, and those in which agreement was possible after a fundamental or minor change were changed accordingly, while those that did not align with the universal and accepted principles and objectives of Shariah were changed completely or gradually.

Keywords: Urf, Islamic Shariah, Custom in Islam, Legal Maxims, Azimah, Rukhsah, Maslahah, Maqasid Al-Shariah, Change in Rulings, Social Customs, Legal Reform, Divorce in Islam

Exploring the Impact of School Climate and Mindfulness on Psychological Well-being of Secondary School Students: A Comparative Study of Private and Government Schools

Esha Irfan — 2025-07-19

Schools today are expected to foster students’ holistic development, including psychological well-being, beyond just academic achievement. Despite global focus on student mental health, research in Pakistan remains limited. This study examines how school climate and mindfulness affect the psychological well-being of secondary school students in Pakistan. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, and comprised 200 secondary school students ranging age 14-17. 100 students from private schools and 100 students from government schools participated in the study. Convenient sampling was used for the collection of data via the ED School Climate Survey (EDSCLS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale. Analyses included Pearson’s correlation, regression, and t-tests. Results showed significant positive correlations between school climate and psychological well-being (r = .28, p < .01) and mindfulness and psychological well-being (r = .53, p < .01). School climate and mindfulness significantly predicted psychological well-being by 31% variance. T-tests indicated gender differences. Significant differences were observed between private and government school students on several variables. On the Personal Growth, Positive Relations, Safety, Acting with Awareness, Non-Judging of Inner Experience scale, government school students score higher. No significant mean differences are found between private and government school students on Psychological Well-Being, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Purpose in Life, Self-Acceptance, School Climate, Engagement, Environment, Mindfulness, Observing, Describing, or Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience. The study highlights the importance of school climate and mindfulness on students’ psychological health, noting limitations like convenience sampling and self-reported data. This research contributes to the understanding of how psychological well-being can be enhanced through school climate and mindfulness practices, emphasizing the need for mental health interventions within school environments.

Keywords. School Climate, Mindfulness, Psychological Well-Being, Psychological Health

The Social System of Islam: The Global Civilizational Clash and the Islamic Way of Life in the Light of the Teachings of the Prophet (PBUH)

Tariq ur Rehman — 2025-07-19

This research paper examines the comprehensive social system of Islam in the light of the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It highlights that Islam is not confined to a set of rituals or personal beliefs but offers a holistic code of life encompassing social, political, economic, ethical, and spiritual domains. The study begins by identifying the foundational principles of the Islamic social system such as monotheism (Tawheed), justice, equality, brotherhood, consultation (Shura), modesty, and moral integrity. It emphasizes that these principles are not only theoretical but were practically implemented by the Prophet ﷺ in the society of Madinah.

The paper further analyzes the revolutionary changes introduced by the Prophet ﷺ including the abolition of slavery, empowerment of women, care for orphans and the poor, promotion of social justice, and interfaith harmony. These reforms laid the foundation for a just, moral, and balanced society, standing in contrast to the tribal, unjust, and exploitative structures of pre-Islamic Arabia.

In the contemporary context, the paper addresses the challenges posed by modern Western civilization, such as secularism, materialism, moral decay, and the breakdown of the family system. It argues that the Islamic social model, rooted in natural human values and divine guidance, offers a superior alternative to address these crises.

The research concludes by proposing practical steps for the revival of Islamic social values, including educational reforms, positive engagement with media, youth and women empowerment, and policy-level implementation of Islamic ethics. It calls upon the Muslim Ummah to adopt the Prophetic model not just in theory but as a living system that can guide modern society toward justice, peace, and harmony.

Keywords: Islamic Social System, Civilizational Clash, Prophetic Teachings (PBUH), Islamic Way of Life, Global Challenges

Nature Portrayed Linguistically on the Selected Ecotourism Websites of Pakistan: An Eco-critical Discourse Analysis

Mashal Hussain — 2025-07-20

Applying Stibbe's (2015) story framework, this study provides an eco-critical discourse analysis of nature representations on five selected ecotourism websites in Pakistan to examine their environmental beliefs. The study demonstrates the way these websites linguistically form nature-human relationships through a qualitative analysis to evaluate patterns. It focuses on the types of word choices, analogies, evaluation patterns, and overall communication related to natural habitats. Exploring the ideology underlying the appraisal pattern on particular ecotourism websites is the aim. Only five unofficial websites were included in this study, which could not accurately represent all of the content related to ecotourism in Pakistan. Furthermore, the study omitted visual components that might influence audience perceptions in favor of emphasizing only textual characteristics. Findings show that while portraying nature, these websites frequently employ positive language methods. To raise awareness of the environment, they use phrases like "pristine" and "vibrant," build living metaphors ("the mountains breathe"), and utilize inclusive vocabulary ("our natural heritage"). The tone is always one of adoration and awe, presenting nature as valuable and worthy of preservation. As to the study, more open communication that achieves a balance between actual environmental claims and promotional objectives could be beneficial for website makers.

Keywords: Ecolinguistics, Ecology, Appraisal Patterns, Evaluation, Ecotourism, Nature Representation, Eco-critical Discourse

International Law and Sovereignty: Between Legal Obligation and Political Will

Johar Wajahat — 2025-07-20

This article explores the enduring tension between legal obligation and political will within the framework of international law and state sovereignty. Tracing the historical evolution of sovereignty from the Westphalian model to its modern-day reinterpretation in an era of globalization, human rights, and supranational governance, the study examines how international legal norms often clash with the strategic interests of sovereign states. Theoretical perspectives including natural law, legal positivism, realism, liberalism, and Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) are employed to critically assess how states interpret and navigate their international obligations. By analyzing key legal sources such as treaties, customs, and jus cogens norms alongside institutional mechanisms like the United Nations, International Criminal Court (ICC), and World Trade Organization (WTO), the paper evaluates the enforceability of international law in light of selective compliance and political manipulation by powerful states. Case studies including the U.S. and the ICC, China's rejection of the South China Sea ruling, and humanitarian interventions in Kosovo and Syria highlight the asymmetries in enforcement and the instrumental use of law. The article advocates for norm internalization, civil society engagement, and institutional reforms to bridge the gap between international legal commitments and state behavior. It concludes by proposing a reimagined sovereignty one that balances national autonomy with global legal accountability to meet contemporary transnational challenges.

Keywords: International Law, Sovereignty, Legal Obligation, Political Will, ICC, UN, Realism, TWAIL, Global Governance, State Compliance

Internalized Stigma and Coping Strategies as Predictors of Mental Health Treatment-Seeking Behavior Among Urban Young Adults

Rabia Saeed — 2025-07-21

Purpose: The currebt study focused to investigate the predictive role of internalized stigma and coping strategies in influencing help-seeking behavior among youngsters living in urban areas.

Method: A correlational study design was used in the research. Sample comprised N=200 urban young adults aged 18 to 35 years. General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ),Brief-COPE Inventory and Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) were utilized for assessment. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to asses hypothesis.

Result: Results revealed that there is a significant connection between Internalized stigma, coping strategies and treatment seeking behavior in urban young adults.

Conclusion: Young adults who have high levels of self-stigma are tend to adopt less effective coping strategies which in turn less prone to get mental health treatment. Moreover, there is a mediating role of coping strategies in internalized stigma and mental health treatment-seeking behavior among young adults.

Implication: Results of this research article have significant implications for the mental health awareness department that they can use this research to raise awareness among urban young adults, institutions faculty, and mental health professionals about the importance of managing the stigma, use of coping mechanisms in the treatment of mental health issues.

Key Words: Internalized Stigma, Coping Strategies, Mental Health Treatment Seeking Behavior, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Gendered Narratives: A Comparative Study of Patriarchy and Matriarchy in the Dramas of Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar and Humaira Ahmad

Duaa Habib — 2025-07-21

This study's main goal is to critically examine how patriarchy and matriarchy are portrayed in a few Pakistani television dramas by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar and Humaira Ahmad. It also investigates how these gendered representations affect audience perceptions and either support or contradict social norms. In order to analyze language, character development, and theme components in the dramas, this qualitative study uses feminist literary theory and Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its theoretical framework. Transcripts, episodes, and other relevant media content are gathered as a sample from published interviews and streaming services. Six well-known dramas, three by each author, were chosen via the technique of purposive sampling to best represent the opposing gender views. The findings show that Qamar's stories reinforce patriarchal power systems by emphasizing matriarchy honour, emotional pain, and traditional gender binary thinking. Ahmad's works, on the other hand, focus on women's ethical complexity and spiritual development while quietly questioning patriarchal conventions through symbolic matriarchy. These depictions are supported by audience response, which reflects cultural differences in gender ideology. The study suggests that screenwriters and media producers create more multifaceted, balanced gender depictions. In order to encourage critical engagement with gender narratives and advance progressive cultural change in Pakistani culture, more interdisciplinary research and media literacy programs are recommended.

Keywords: Patriarchy, Matriarchy, Critical Discourse Analysis, Pakistani Television Dramas, Feminist Literary Theory, binary thinking, Gender Representation, Gender Ideologies, Pakistani culture

Democracy Under Turbulence: Unraveling Political Challenges of Pakistan (1988-1999)

Javed Ghani — 2025-07-21

This study analyzes a turbulent period of civilian rule in Pakistan, from 1988 to 1999, which witnessed the hope of democratic revival but was actually marked by challenges to democracy. It examines the basic political problems that weakened democracy during this period by focusing on the factors as misuse of institutional powers, volatile party conflicts, electoral manipulation, political instability, the destructive role of opposition parties, and the frequent misuse of constitutional provision of Article 58 (2b). The paper contextualizes the fact that four consecutive elected governments were unable to complete their tenures using a historical analytical approach and based on recent scholarly analyses. The findings confirm institutional weaknesses and the grip of military power, along with political conflicts had repeatedly aborted the democratic process. The covert role of Military establishment and misuse of constitutional powers by presidents, as well as political conspiracies destabilized elected governments during 1988-1999. This research demonstrates the importance of that turbulent period in understanding Pakistan’s efforts for democratic consolidation.

Keywords: Political Challenges, Power Struggle, Political Instability, Civilian Rule

Mathematics and Sufism (Faqar): A Journey of Balance and Unity

Muhammad Junaid — 2025-07-21

This article explores the profound connections between mathematics and Sufism (Faqar), revealing how both disciplines embody principles of balance, unity, and divine order. While mathematics provides a logical framework to understand the physical world through patterns, symmetry, and equations, Sufism offers a spiritual lens to perceive the deeper meaning behind these structures, emphasizing humility, love, and connection with Allah. The article draws parallels between mathematical concepts such as zero, infinity, the Fibonacci sequence, and geometric shapes and Sufi teachings on ego dissolution, eternal divine mercy, and the symbolism of the circle as a representation of Allah’s unity. Through Qur’anic verses, Hadith, and insights from Sunni scholars like Imam Ghazali, Rumi, and Ibn Arabi, the study illustrates how mathematical truths mirror spiritual truths, guiding seekers toward inner harmony and divine realization. Examples include the role of zero in mathematics and Sufi concepts of humility (fana), the infinite as a metaphor for Allah’s boundless mercy, and the straight path (Sirat al-Mustaqeem) as both a geometric and spiritual ideal. The article concludes that mathematics and Sufism are complementary paths to truth: one appeals to the intellect, the other to the heart, together leading to a holistic understanding of creation and the Creator.

Keywords: Mathematics, Sufism, Faqar, Divine Unity, Balance, Zero (Sifr), Infinity, Fibonacci Sequence, Geometric Symbolism, Spiritual Harmony

From Crisis to Catalyst: How Covid-19 Reshaped Digital Banking Practices

Dr Sadiq Ullah Khan — 2025-07-21

This research work examines how the use of digital banking services in Bannu, one of the regions in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan has been affected by COVID-19. During the pandemic when government restrictions were established and the behavior of consumers changed drastically, the switch to digital banking platforms increased considerably. The study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing simple random sampling to select 300 banking employees in Bannu. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS to perform correlation and regression analysis, test reliability, and determine descriptive statistics. The results indicate a positive correlation between government restrictions and the use of digital banking services, as well as between changes in consumer behavior and customer satisfaction. Moreover, it was revealed that the evolution of consumer behavior played an important role in the implementation of digital banking. Such results agree with previous research, which emphasizes the influence of exogenous forces of lockdowns and health consciousness on the use of digital banking. The research can help policy-makers and the financial institutions in the area to advance digital banking facilities and infrastructure even further.

Keywords: Covid-19, Digitalization, Banking, Digital Banking, Banking Sector, Digital Transformation

Investigating the Challenges and Instructional Approaches in Teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to Undergraduates in Pakistan’s Public Universities

Rimsha Ali — 2025-07-21

English ESP has become an important aspect of the postsecondary English language education especially in countries in the developing world which use English as the primary language of commerce, as well as of learning activities at the college and university level. It has become one of the major components of academic programs providing students with language-related skills analyzed by reference to their respective disciplines. The ESP is not merely aimed at general proficiency of the language, it is concentrated on specialized vocabulary and even the specifics of the language used in different spheres of professions. The pressure is increasingly put on the undergraduate students in the Pakistani public universities to acquire their language skills specific to the fields of work in anticipation of finding job later in life. Within such competitive atmosphere, proper ESP training is critical to the development of students who can fare well in the requirements of the work place in terms of communication particularly, when the languages of interaction and instruction are English. However, there are different factors that interfere with effective execution of ESP programs. Among them, there are the lack of prepared teachers of ESP, the lack of curriculum development, lack of teaching resources, the gap between the course content and the needs of the real world. The barriers to instruction and learning institutional barriers like administrative lackadaisical attitude and lazy support policies among others also contributes to these issues.The purpose is to identify the main problems that defy teachers and learners in the ESP classroom and how the instructors cope with the issues. Among the coping skills used by teachers, adaptation of materials and interactive strategies are frequently implemented by the former to improve the results of learning.The data will be also gathered with the help of interviews, the sample will be chosen with the help of purposive sampling approach. The sample will consist of the teachers who have first-hand experience of teaching at the undergraduate level, that is, in public sector universities, ESP. Thematic analysis will be applied on the data collected so that patterns and themes about ESP instructions are established. The results will prove useful to the body of knowledge and also benefit the practice of teaching ESP in the higher education sector in Pakistan.

Keywords: English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Undergraduate Education, Instructional Approaches, Teaching Challenges, Public Universities in Pakistan

A Thematic Study of Journalistic Principles in the Light of Qur’anic Verses

Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Malick — 2025-07-22

This research explores the foundational ethics of journalism derived from Qur’anic guidance, presenting a thematic analysis rooted in Islamic epistemology. Moving beyond conventional Western media frameworks, the study examines how the Qur’an lays a comprehensive moral and professional framework for communication, truth dissemination, and societal responsibility.

Beginning with the concept of truthfulness (ṣidq) and transparency, the research investigates the Qur’anic command to uphold honesty in public discourse. It then examines the principle of verification (tathabbut) as mandated in Surah al-Ḥujurāt (49:6), establishing the necessity of investigative integrity in news transmission. Other core values, such as justice (ʿadl), non-defamation, trustworthiness (amānah), and respectful speech, are evaluated as essential pillars of an Islamic journalistic ethic. The paper further highlights the Qur'anic objective of preserving communal harmony and preventing discord, emphasizing the role of media in upholding unity (ukhuwwah) and fulfilling the duty of enjoining good and forbidding evil (amr bil-maʿrūf wa nahy ʿan al-munkar).

By referencing classical exegesis—including Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, al-Rāzī, Ibn Kathīr, al-Qurṭubī, and al-Ālūsī—this study draws direct connections between revelatory guidance and modern journalistic practices. It critically evaluates the ethical vacuum in contemporary media and proposes Qur’an-based reforms to align journalistic functions with truth, accountability, and reformative intent. The research concludes that the Qur’anic paradigm offers not only a moral compass for journalists but a strategic model for reorienting the media toward collective well-being, justice, and social rectitude.

Keywords: Qur’an and Journalism, Islamic Media Ethics, Justice in Journalism

Econometric Analysis of Education-Based Individual Income Disparity in Pakistan

Muhammad Kashif — 2025-07-22

This study paper's main goal is to provide an econometric analysis of Pakistan's income distribution pattern on three levels called Gini, Atkinson and Generalized Entropy indices. In this empirical study, trends are presented and compared with two distinct micro-level data sets that show either rising or falling inequality in term of education of the households. However, scholar has made efforts to pinpoint the social and economic elements that contribute to rising or falling inequality. Scholar has used a few criteria for this, such as the household's educational attainment. Researcher broke down the data in this descriptive analysis into various levels but considered the education as main tool. Three distinct indices; the Gini, Atkinson, and Generalized Entropy were employed in the empirical investigation to assess inequality. The most recent data rounds for the Pakistan Social Living Measurement (PSLM/HIES) were conducted in 2015–16 and 2018–19. The main goal of this research is to enhance the social and economic circumstances of Pakistani citizens by contributing to planning and policy-level studies.

Keywords: Income, Inequality, Indices, Gini, Atkinson, Entropy, Education, PSLM, STATA, DASP

Understanding the Dilemma of Enforced Disappearances and Arbitrary Detentions in Pakistan: A Critical Study of the Legal Framework and National Security Justifications

Humail Zainab — 2025-07-22

Enforced disappearance of a person refers to the unlawful detention of a person by state authorities for unspecified time in which the whereabouts of the person are unknown. Such unlawful arrest and detention violates the constitutional guarantees regarding arrest and detention under Article 10 of Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. It also violates the right to a fair trial under Article 10-A of Constitutional of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. The Current paper critically analyzes the Legislative framework of Pakistan with respect to the arrest and detention, including the preventive detention laws and highlights the gaps in legislative and judicial framework that fail to prevent enforced disappearances. The study adopts Qualitative and doctrinal legal research design. The paper concludes that there are various loop-holes in the current Legislative framework which pave a way for the enforced disappearances in Pakistan. The study is imperative in Pakistani context as it provides recommendations aimed at law makers to devise and implement comprehensive legal reforms.

Keywords: Arrest, Detention, Enforced Disappearance, Human Rights, Fair-Trial

Digital Populism and the Erosion of Media Gatekeepers: The Role of Social Media in Modern Politics

Abdul Malik Gopang — 2025-07-23

The rise of digital populism has transformed political communication by enabling leaders to bypass traditional media and engage directly with the public through social media platforms. This shift allows politicians to disseminate unedited, emotionally charged messages, often appealing to anti-establishment sentiments, as seen in the strategies of figures like Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, and Narendra Modi. While this democratizes access to political discourse, it also undermines the gatekeeping role of traditional journalism, facilitating the spread of misinformation and polarization. Social media algorithms amplify sensationalist content, creating echo chambers and simplifying complex policy debates into viral slogans. The decline of institutional trust and the rise of authoritarian tendencies further complicate the democratic landscape. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including platform regulation, media literacy initiatives, and the adaptation of traditional media to new digital realities. The article explores the dual nature of digital populism its potential for civic engagement and its risks to democratic integrity and calls for systemic solutions to balance innovation with accountability.

Keywords: Digital Populism, Social Media, Political Communication, Misinformation, Traditional Media, Polarization, Algorithms, Democracy, Regulation, Media Literacy

Product Naming: Analyzing Customer Preferences

Dr. Sadia Siddiq — 2025-07-23

The first thing that represents a product is its title or name. It is observed that sometimes a very quality product can go unnoticed because of ineffective titles or names. The area, thereby, needs to be under a constant lens of observation. Despite that, previous research in this domain has been less explored. Thereby, the current study aims to explore and investigate customer preferences for product names. The researcher uses qualitative method to collect the data in the form of interviews. The study uses Bernard Berelson's content analysis and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. The findings revealed that product names significantly influence customer preferences, with emotionally evocative, imaginative, and simple names being the most favored. Younger participants preferred poetic and adventurous names such as Fragrance Like Dancing Stars, while older individuals favored comforting and dependable names such as Reliable Fragrance. Gender and professional background also shaped preferences, with creative individuals drawn to expressive names and structured professionals leaning toward familiar and trustworthy options.

Keywords: Customer preferences, Product names, Communication theory

Comparative Study: Pakistani Media Laws vs. International Free Speech Norms (UN, EU, US)

Irtaza Hassan — 2025-07-24

The freedom of press and independence of the media are the landmark components of the democratic world, but their construction and application differ greatly in different jurisdictions. In this study, the researcher undertook comparison of media laws in Pakistan to that of the international norms of free speech in terms of norms that were set at the United Nations, the European Union as well as the United States. Though Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan supposedly gives citizens freedom of speech, there are numerous and broad restrictions imposed by numerous legislations, including the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, and others, as well as sedition and defamation laws. Such tools have created a situation of widespread censorship, monitoring and closing down of expression of alternate opinion particularly in the name of religious security or national security or in the name of maintenance of order.

In contrast, the international standards, especially the ones in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) adhere to proportionality and necessity in restricting free speech. Europe European norms, especially in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), have envisaged strong criteria of acceptable speech restrictions, which balanced societal interests with individual rights. The same can be said about the United States, whose understanding of the free speech under the First Amendment implies a nearly absolute principle according to which prior restraint and content-based limitations are put to the highest standard of examinations.

This paper determines the gaps of the law, institutional and normative between Pakistani regulations of media and the international. It points to the unclarity of the legislative drafting, the excess in use of executive authority and the absence of judicial independence, which are systematic factors that lead to media freedom violations in Pakistan. It further talks about the jurisprudential difference as Pakistani courts have been found to be deferential to state power whereas international courts have been more focused on rendering rights-oriented meanings. By using comparisons of cases and analysis of the law in doctrine, the paper highlights the significance of harmonizing domestic legislations with the international lines so that democracy values are enhanced, hence guarding the reputation of Pakistan as far as human rights are concerned, internationally.

The paper finishes with the recommendation of structural reform like reconstitution of PEMRA as an independent institution, repealing or amending overbroad provisions in the statutes and initiative involvement of UN treaty bodies. The reforms would be fundamental in inculcating a media environment that constitutes accountability, pluralism and citizen engagement. Finally, the study is also aimed at contributing to the on-going debates regarding the importance of legal reform, media independence and the tendency of Pakistan to follow its agreements on the international level.

Effects of Visual Art Based Activities for Social Skills Development of Children with Down Syndrome

Madeeha Fasahat — 2025-07-23

This study is focused on the effect of visual art-based activities for the development of social skills in children with Down syndrome enrolled at a rehabilitation center Step to learn located in Rawalpindi Pakistan. Participants of this study is between the age of 8 to 11 year two boys and one girl. It is a qualitative case study, and an observation-based research method was used. The researcher designed five days art activities-based workshop, by borrowing the framework of Kolb’s experiential learning theory (ELT) to see the impact of these art activities on the development of their social skills. Primary Data of this research is collected in the form of photos and videos of the students during the workshop while participants were doing art activities and from semi-structured interviews of the institute's principal and faculty members. The themes of the literature review are derived from the responses of interviews and common words or phrases are color-coded. Secondary data is collected by analyzing the previous work done by students and from their health records. To assess the workshop results, the researcher took help from Dr. Kathleen Quill’s developed social skills checklist and from the already designed social skill checklist of Step to learn and developed another checklist. The findings of the study showed that if children with Down syndrome do art-based activities in the group, they can easily learn many essential social skills to lead a more constructive and accomplished life. Art-based activities helped them improve their relationship with peers and educators and enabled them to cooperate, share, and help each other. Not only this, but they also showed very positive results regarding self-helping skills.

Keywords: Art Intervention; Visual Art; Social Skills; Down Syndrome.

Teachers Role to Cultivate Tolerance among Students at Graduate Level

Ayesha Saddiqa — 2025-07-24

Teachers play a decisive role in fostering tolerance through inclusive classroom environments, encourage critical thinking, and model respectful dialogue. In order to assess the role of teachers to cultivate tolerance among college students’ researcher used explanatory sequential mixed-method research design. Population for this study was all Government Graduate Colleges (Women) and working teachers in Government Graduate Colleges (Women) from District Sialkot. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select sample from different departments of BS level program. Sample size was 204 students and 50 teachers from Tehsil Sambrial and Sialkot of District Sialkot. Data was gathered through two questionnaires, one is self-developed questionnaire which collected data from students and other questionnaire comprises an open ended question which collects data from teachers. Frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, and T.test were used to analyses of data. Thematic analysis was also used to analysed the open ended question. The result of the study depicts that a potential area for improvement because the outcomes of study recommended that educators may not find success in encouraging pupils to interact each other with respect and avoid biases. The study highlights the need of opportunities to promote tolerance effectively. A critical number of respondents accept that educators didn't organize collaborative activities, cultural exchange projects, or conversations about cultural diversity and decrease prejudices.

Keywords: Cultivate Tolerance, Critical Thinking, Social Harmony, Democratic Engagement

Disconnected Democracies: The Digital Divide and Unequal Access to Political Discourse in Pakistan’s Online Media Ecosystem

Muhammad Kamran Ijaz Khan — 2025-07-24

As digital media becomes a central arena for political discourse, assumptions persist that internet access inherently democratizes participation. However, in developing democracies such as Pakistan, deep structural inequalities continue to shape and constrain digital engagement. The research under study examines how the digital divide amongst the infrastructural, socioeconomic, cultural, and algorithmic inequalities constitutes unequal access to the political discourse in the online media environment of Pakistan. Using a mixed-methods approach, including digital ethnography, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis of platform-based political discourse, the research reveals that digital participation remains fragmented and stratified. Key findings highlight how algorithmic amplification favors urban elite narratives, while marginalized communities, particularly women, ethnic minorities, and rural populations, experience digital silencing. Moreover, participation often reflects symbolic engagement rather than substantive civic deliberation. This article attempts to debunk the mainstream digital empowerment discourse and proposes inclusive digital governance by placing these dynamics in the context of critical media theory and Global South digital studies. The study contributes to the growing discourse on platformized democracy, offering both theoretical insights and policy recommendations to bridge the political communication gap in unequal digital societies.

Keywords: Digital Divide; Political Discourse; Online Media Ecosystem; Algorithmic Visibility

Cyber Crime in Pakistan: Trends, Challenges, and Legal Responses

Asad U Allah Khan — 2025-07-24

Cybercrime in Pakistan has emerged as a critical challenge, threatening economic stability, social harmony, and national security. This article examines the current trends, key challenges, and legal responses to cyber threats in Pakistan, offering a comprehensive analysis of the evolving digital landscape. The study highlights prevalent cybercrimes, including financial fraud, identity theft, cyber harassment, and data breaches, alongside emerging threats like ransomware, deepfake technology, and cyberterrorism. Despite legislative measures such as the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, systemic gaps in enforcement, technological infrastructure, and public awareness persist. The article identifies three major challenges: technical limitations (outdated cybersecurity systems, low digital literacy), institutional weaknesses (slow judicial processes, jurisdictional hurdles), and socio-cultural barriers (underreporting due to stigma, lack of victim support). Case studies of high-profile cyber incidents, such as banking fraud and social media blackmail, illustrate the real-world consequences of these vulnerabilities. The analysis concludes with actionable recommendations, emphasizing the need for government-led initiatives (strengthening law enforcement, fostering public-private partnerships), corporate and individual responsibility (adopting cybersecurity best practices, improving reporting mechanisms), and legal reforms (updating PECA, expediting cybercrime trials). Ultimately, this research underscores the urgency of treating cybersecurity as a national priority. By implementing a multi-stakeholder approach combining policy upgrades, technological investments, and public awareness campaigns Pakistan can mitigate cyber risks and secure its digital future. The findings advocate for immediate action to bridge existing gaps and build a resilient cyber ecosystem.

Keywords: Cybercrime, Pakistan, PECA 2016, Cybersecurity, Financial Fraud, Cyber Harassment, Ransomware, Deepfake, Cyberterrorism, Legal Reforms, Digital Literacy, Public-Private Partnerships

Oppression and Defiance: A Feministic Analysis of Khalid Hosseini’s Novel A Thousand Splendid Suns

Muhammad Safyan — 2025-07-24

This paper examines women's systemic oppression and empowerment under Taliban rule in Khalid Hosseini’s novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. It analyzes the intersecting chords of power, patriarchy, oppression and liberation. The concept of suppression of French feminist Simon De Beauvoir is used as a framework for the analysis of the text. By keeping in view the feminist framework, the study explores the journey of two female protagonists and their forced marriage, domestic abuse, Taliban's oppression and their ultimate empowerment. Despite vitriol conditions, their lives are filled with moments of resistance, solidarity, rebellion against patriarchy and women's empowerment. They make education and mutual love their strength and found their identity. Deep reading of the text of the novel is used as a primary resource, while articles, interviews and different books are used as secondary resources of the text. This study is significant as it explores and highlights the effects of oppression, patriarchy and empowerment. Using the qualitative analysis, the study criticizes the systemic oppression of woman and the need for their liberation in the face of darkness.

Keywords: Oppression, Feminism, Khalid Husseini, Thousand Splendid Suns

Challenges Faced By Child Protection Officers in the Rehabilitation of Destitute Children: Case Study of Child Protection and Welfare Bureau, Punjab

Mariam Zahoor Khan — 2025-07-25

The case study is on the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau (CP&WB) in Punjab, Pakistan, as it confronts the difficulties of rehabilitating impoverished and neglected children. Punjab, as the most populous province in Pakistan, has distinct socio-economic and cultural variables that have an influence on the welfare of its children. The CP&WB, established to tackle such matters, plays a key role in safeguarding and rehabilitating children facing challenging circumstances. In-depth exploration of the rehabilitation and protection of children by the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau (CPWB) and the challenges faced by its core team. To achieve this, the researcher opted for the purposive sample technique for the type of population that was available and the study objectives and questions needed to access the population in the study. Interviews were conducted under data saturation, where the researcher realized that there was no new information to be obtained from the interviews. This was done according to the level of saturation in the study, with 45 participants comprising of 15 children and 30 practitioners. Altogether, the analyzed data show that participants share a rather favorable attitude toward safety within the CPB through appreciation of staff assistance and overall trust in care. The interactions between the staff and CPB seem to be generally positive in terms of the reception the organization has received, and some difficulties were mentioned in the areas of either being heard or understood. The answers concerning observing situations connected with abuse or neglect differ, stressing the action of a staff member as the important factor. Lack of equal training on rights, desire substantiation, and proposal to improve CPB services stresses the necessity of complete teaching and augmentation. The implementation of all the listed critical success factors is based on the four crosscutting themes: Communication, empowering, training, and individual support means that the CPB requires a supportive, transparent, and friendly environment that attends to individual and structural GAP children in protection.

Keywords: Child Protection, Rehabilitation Destitute Children, Child Protection Officers, Welfare Bureau (CPWB)

The Role of Pragmatics in Cross-Cultural Communication

Saima Merchant — 2025-07-25

Pragmatics, the study of how context, tone, and implied meaning shape communication, is indispensable in cross-cultural interactions. This article explores the critical role of pragmatic competence in mitigating misunderstandings arising from divergent cultural norms. Through theoretical frameworks such as Speech Act Theory, Politeness Theory, and Grice’s Cooperative Principle, the analysis highlights how language functions beyond literal meaning, governed by culturally specific rules. Key challenges include navigating indirectness in high-context cultures, decoding politeness strategies, interpreting humor and sarcasm, and understanding non-verbal cues like silence and eye contact. Case studies from business, diplomacy, healthcare, and everyday interactions illustrate the real-world consequences of pragmatic failures, such as derailed negotiations, misdiagnoses, and social friction. Strategies for developing pragmatic competence such as cultural awareness training, adaptive communication, and repair techniques are proposed to bridge these gaps. The article underscores the urgency of integrating pragmatics into language education, workplace training, and AI translation tools to foster effective cross-cultural communication in an increasingly globalized world.

Keywords: Pragmatics, Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Competence, Speech Acts, Politeness Strategies, Non-Verbal Cues, Intercultural Training, AI Translation, Miscommunication, Global Workplace

Waves of Instability: Mapping Pakistan’s Political Instability and Social Unrest (2021–2025)

Nasrullah — 2025-07-25

This article examines the political and social unrest in Pakistan between 2021 and 2025, focusing on key events that shaped the country’s instability. The study analyzes the overthrow of the PTI government in 2022, which triggered widespread protests and deepened political divisions. The emergence of opposition movements, including the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) and later youth-led resistance, further polarized the political landscape. A critical turning point was the 9th May 2023 protests, where violent clashes erupted following Imran Khan’s arrest, exposing severe civil-military tensions. The research investigates how public discontent was fueled by institutional failures, including judicial bias, media censorship, and economic mismanagement. The study employs Political Process Theory to assess how protest movements mobilized amid shifting political opportunities, while State Fragility and Governance Theory explains Pakistan’s recurring instability due to weak institutions and military interference. Findings reveal a vicious cycle: political crises deepen public frustration, leading to protests, crackdowns, and further governance decline. The media’s role was dual both as a tool for mobilization (through social media) and a target of state repression. The judiciary faced accusations of politicization, while youth activism emerged as a powerful force challenging the status quo. The study concludes with policy recommendations: institutional reforms to strengthen democracy, military disengagement from politics, and inclusive dialogue to address societal grievances. Without structural changes, Pakistan risks prolonged instability, undermining its democratic and economic future. This research contributes to understanding how governance failures and repression exacerbate unrest, offering lessons for fragile states globally.

Keywords: Political Instability, Political Division, Social Unrest, Reforms, Democracy, Governance Theory