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Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on HRM Functions of Pakistani Textile Industry: A Qualitative Study

Kashif Lodhi — 2026-01-31

The purpose of this quantitative research is to explore role of artificial intelligence (AI) in Human Resource Management functions in Pakistani Textile Industry that plays a significant role to for the country’s economic development. The research addresses the central question: This research question tries to know the changes that may occur in the HRM functions in the context of the Pakistani Textile Industry due to the integration of artificial intelligence. Using both qualitative and quantitative instruments, the study measures the current state of AI integration, reviews the impact of AI on particular dimensions of HRM, and identifies witnessed advantages and drawbacks. The research is underpinned by two theoretical models namely Resource-Based View (RBV) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). In the realisation of these objectives, the study establishes a positive relationship between the use of AI and enhanced HRM results in areas such as recruitment, training and evaluation. But of course, issues like the problems caused by the algorithms and the workers’ loss of jobs due to AI app development appear. Implications for HRM textiles industry, suggested for future research and; ethical AI practice are the last points of the study.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Human Resource Management, Pakistani Textile Industry, Economic, Development

Cultural Dichotomies: Navigating the Complexities of Sexual Norms in Pakistan and United States of America

Adnan Jamshaid — 2026-01-30

Judith Butler believes in the social construction of masculine and feminine roles instead of their biological fixation. According to Zora Voyce the sexual pleasure happens within instead of inside of partner’s genitals. To further enlighten the scholastic strata this research aims to study complexity of interplay among socio-political, religious, ideological and cultural contexts with specific consideration to Pakistan and the United States of America (USA). The study has utilized a comparative approach which examines the discussion of topics related to sexuality for their policing and celebration within the respective countries. The patriarchal values and Islamic traditions are deep rooted in Pakistan that considers the subject of sexuality as a taboo as the societal expectations constrain the discussion of basic sex education and LGBTQ+ issues for religious interpretations and legal restrictions. Burning issues like sexual repression, gender-based violence and honor killings are exacerbated due to limited media representation and formal sex education. On the contrary, USA’s paradigm is liberal taking sexuality as a facet of freedom and personal identity supported by inclusive laws, media normalization, educational reforms and societal support. Discourse encourages and consent is available for sexual minorities for sexual health and gender identity. Openness faces contradiction as well as there exist conservative voices within the American society who resist inclusive reforms and advocate abstinence-only education. The approach of this research is multidisciplinary which draws from gender studies, sociology, religious studies and psychology. The research aims to highlight shaping of sexual ideologies through cultural values; assessment of sexual discourse dependence on the law and religion; and proposing of solutions for inclusive, cultural and ethically sensitive sex education. In a nutshell, the research will bridge literature gaps for culture, mutual understanding, enhanced reason for educational reforms and global sexual equity.

Keywords: Dichotomies, Sex Education, Gender Identity and Sexual Ideologies.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18434155

Dying Declarations; Assessing Its Probative Value under Legal Systems of United Kingdom, United States of America, India & Pakistan

Johar Wajahat — 2026-01-30

Evidence is regarded as an eye and ears of justice. Without apt appreciation of evidence justice can’t be dispersed spiritually. Evidence is vital for conducting both types of litigations either civil or criminal. Dying Declaration is considered as vivacious form of evidence as asserted by person himself. Research endeavors to understand the scope of the declaration's applicability as far as perquisites are concerned, its basis in criminal justice system along with its evidentiary worth for forming base for conviction. Recognition of Dying declaration in other criminal justice systems of developed countries is also taken into account for true understanding its efficacy and sanitizing the criminal justice system of Pakistan. Qualitative research methods i.e. available relevant provisions, research articles, case laws and literature available for other countries are studied in depth. Efforts are made to develop understandings about the cannons of recognition, acceptance and legitimacy of dying declaration as a valid piece of evidence. The multi-dimensional and diverse approaches of legal frameworks of stated countries are taken into consideration in context with admissibility of Dying Declaration, Declarant death & transactions causing the death, Competency of Declarant & to assess the probative value of deathbed Declaration.

Keywords: Criminal justice, Competency, Dying Declaration, Corroborative evidence, evidentiary value, Deathbed declaration & Conviction

Socio-Economic and Political Effects of FATA-KP Merger on local people: A Case study of Bajaur District

Hamza Muhammad — 2026-01-29

This study is an effort to determine the socio-political impact of merging federally administrated tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study address particularly the Bajaur district. These regions of Pakistan border with Afghanistan. The federally administered tribal areas remain economically and educationally underdeveloped thanks to the form of government that has been the leading cause of violence in the area. This study is about the positive as well as the negative socio-political impact on the local people of the Bajaur district of the FATA-KP merger. The study is based on two types of data. Primary data is collected through a questionnaire from the local people and interview with some college professors by the researcher himself. The second type is secondary data which is the past official records. The study will show how many people are in favor of the merger and how many are against it and why these people are against it. In the last, the researcher will conclude with certain solutions on how to overcome the hurdles and negative aspects of the FATA-KP merger.

Keywords: FATA, Socio-Political Impact, Merger, KP, Bajaur District, Opinion

Effects of Urban Expansion on Vegetation and Water Bodies in Nawabshah City, Sindh, Pakistan

Ubaidullah Machhi — 2026-01-20

Urbanization has become a significant basis of environmental change, especially in cities that are fast developing as in the case of developing countries. Nawabshah, which is the fifth biggest city in Sindh province, Pakistan has had great spatial development in the last thirty years and this has caused great change in land use and land cover specially, change in vegetation and water. This paper examines spatio-temporal changes of urban expansion and its effects on vegetation and water bodies in Nawabshah city between 1990 and 2024 based on multi-temporal imageries of Landsat and remote sensing (RS) technology that are combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Supervised classification was used to determine the land use which was classified under built-up areas, vegetation and agriculture, open areas and water bodies. Changes were measured by statistical analysis such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA and urban expansion intensity (UEI). It was found that the built-up area has expanded 4.57 km² in 1990 to 11.27 km² in 2024, the vegetation and agriculture area had decreased from 41.48 km² to 29.65 km², and the water bodies had also decreased from 1.23 km² to 0.68 km². The disadvantages of urbanization in terms of ecological effects, such as the loss of habitat, the decrease in the green cover and water stress are highlighted in these changes. The paper highlights that there is a need to be sustainable in planning urban centers, growth and conservation of green infrastructure in order to reduce environmental degradation in the rapidly growing urban centers.

Keywords: Urban expansion, Vegetation loss, Water bodies, Remote Sensing, GIS, Nawabshah

Examining the Influence of Teachers’ Academic Qualifications on Beliefs Regarding the Importance of Continuous Professional Development Programs

Dr. Mobeen Ul Islam — 2026-01-27

This study looks into how teachers' views about the value of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programs are influenced by their educational background. The study looks at how teachers with Intermediate, Bachelor, Master, M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees perceive CPD as a crucial tool for improving professional knowledge, instructional quality, career growth, and adaptability to educational innovations. A structured questionnaire measuring beliefs across four CPD dimensions was used to gather data from 517 teachers using a quantitative, descriptive-comparative design. The results show that teachers of all qualifications have favorable opinions about CPD, and that their strength and concentration grow in tandem with their academic achievement. Across all groups, professional knowledge and skill development were given the highest priority, while more qualified teachers placed a higher priority on adjusting to changes in the educational system. The findings indicate that academic preparation has a significant impact on teachers' engagement, capacity for reflection, and motivation for lifelong professional learning. They also highlight the need for differentiated CPD programs that are tailored to teachers' qualifications.

Keywords: Teachers’ Academic Qualifications, Beliefs, Professional Development Programs, Professional Learning

Work-life balance and Burnout among Lawyers in Pakistan: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Marrium Akbar — 2026-01-29

The study was focused on determining the relationship between Emotional intelligence, Work-life balance and burnout, along with exploring the direct effect of predictor (Work-life balance) on the outcome variable (Burnout) as well as aimed to explore the Impact of Emotional Intelligence as a moderator amid Work-life balance and burnout. This research was conducted because of limited Research on Pakistani Lawyers and the challenging nature of their legal work. The present study encompasses framework and model including Job Demand resource model. A Cross-sectional, Quantitative study design was used and through snowballing and purposive sampling, substantial data of 301 was gathered from Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Multan, Lahore, Karachi, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to draw meaningful analysis. The findings of the study revealed there is a significant positive correlation between Emotional Intelligence and Work-life balance whereas a significant negative correlation between Emotional intelligence and burnout as well as amid Work-life balance and burnout. Findings also stated that Work-life balance negatively predicted Burnout. Results also indicated that Emotional Intelligence acts as a significant moderator between Burnout and Work-life balance. Overall, the study highlights and brings attention to the significance of Emotional Intelligence in improving Work-life balance, hence reducing burnout and helps individuals balance personal and professional life.

Keywords. Emotional Intelligence, Work-life balance, Burnout, Pakistani Lawyers, Occupational Stress.

Pakistan's Relations with China: A Deepening Strategic Partnership

Khalil Ahmad — 2026-01-28

Pakistan-China relations have evolved from a Cold War-era strategic alignment into a comprehensive, multi-dimensional strategic partnership characterized by deep political, economic, military, and diplomatic convergence. Rooted in early diplomatic recognition (1951), the 1963 border agreement, wartime support in 1965 and 1971, nuclear and missile cooperation in the 1970s–1980s, and post-9/11 continuity, the relationship reached a transformative phase with the 2013 launch of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) under China’s Belt and Road Initiative. CPEC has delivered substantial benefits adding over 13,000 MW of power capacity, generating more than 261,000 jobs, modernizing transport infrastructure, and positioning Gwadar as a strategic node while military exercises (e.g., Shaheen and Warrior series), intelligence sharing, and defense production (e.g., JF-17 jets) have strengthened Pakistan’s deterrence capabilities. China’s consistent diplomatic support on Kashmir, NSG membership, and UNSC vetoes, reciprocated by Pakistan’s backing on Xinjiang, BRI, and the One-China policy, reinforces mutual reliability. However, asymmetries persist: Pakistan faces mounting debt exposure (China as a major creditor), security risks to Chinese nationals, localized resistance in Balochistan, and constrained negotiating leverage. In the post-2021 Afghanistan transition and intensified U.S.-China rivalry, the partnership functions as a counter-India axis and stabilizing quadrilateral with Afghanistan and Iran, yet risks over-dependence and regional polarization. This article provides a holistic assessment of the partnership’s drivers, benefits, costs, and future trajectories, arguing that while it remains a cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign policy, sustainable deepening requires greater transparency, local inclusion, and strategic diversification to balance gains against emerging dependencies in a contested regional order.

Keywords: Pakistan–China Relations, CPEC, Strategic Partnership, Geopolitical Balancing, Debt Sustainability, Regional Implications

Violent Media Exposure and Its Effects on Overall Empathy in Pakistani Gen Z University Students

Saad Asim — 2026-01-27

The purpose of this research is to highlight the link between violent media consumption and overall empathy. With the rise of violent content in different forms of media like video games, movies, social media and TV shows, and the ease in accessibility of this content, concerns have started to rise about the potential impact of this type of content on our emotional sensitivity and emphatic responses. A sample of 30 Pakistani generation Z university students was selected through purposive sampling to fill a questionnaire through google forms. This study follows a quantitative, correlational and cross-sectional research design. Violent media exposure was measured through the Content-based Media Exposure scale (C-ME), and overall empathy was measured using the Interactive Reactivity Index (IRI), by measuring the scores of Perspective taking and Emphatic Concern, and then adding them together. Desensitization Theory (Bushman & Anderson, 2009) and Empathy Erosion Hypothesis (Bushman & Anderson, 2009) were used as the framework for this study since they clearly explain how repeated exposure to violence may reduce emphatic responses. A weak positive correlation between violent media consumption and overall empathy was found (r = .14) through Pearson correlation in this research which was not statistically significant (p = .45). To better understand this relationship, it is suggested that other researchers may be done focusing on different age groups and demographics in the Pakistani context.

Keywords: violent media exposures, empathy, Pakistani, generation Z university students, desensitization, empathy erosion.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18393450

Talent Management Practices and Employer Branding in Emerging Markets

Naimat Ullah — 2026-01-26

This study investigates the relationship between talent management (TM) practices and employer branding (EB) in emerging markets, focusing on India, Brazil, and Vietnam. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research integrates survey data from 462 respondents (employees and HR managers) with 25 in-depth interviews to examine how TM practices attraction, development, retention, and deployment influence perceptions of employer attractiveness. Quantitative results reveal significant positive associations, with development practices emerging as the strongest predictor of overall EB strength (β = 0.42), followed by attraction. Employee engagement mediates this relationship, while sector (stronger in high-growth IT/services) and cultural collectivism moderate the TM-EB linkage. Qualitative findings highlight the importance of culturally adapted relational strategies and CSR integration in enhancing EB credibility amid institutional voids and talent scarcity. Compared to developed-market contexts, emerging economies exhibit greater emphasis on economic benefits and career growth in shaping employer perceptions. The study extends resource-based view and signaling theories by demonstrating how TM practices function as inimitable resources and credible signals in high-uncertainty environments. Practically, the findings guide HR managers to prioritize localized development and authentic branding to improve attraction, engagement, and retention, while offering policymakers insights for addressing skill gaps through education and diaspora policies. Despite limitations such as cross-sectional data and selected country focus, the research underscores integrated TM-EB strategies as vital for competitive advantage in dynamic emerging markets.

Keywords: Talent Management, Employer Branding, Emerging Markets, Employee Engagement, Cultural Moderation, Human Capital Strategy.

Skill Development Policies in Punjab and Their Impact on Women’s Empowerment

Dr. Munazza Mubarak — 2026-01-20

This study examines the skill development policies in Punjab, Pakistan, and their multifaceted impact on women's empowerment, focusing on economic, social, and psychological dimensions. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, it analyzes key provincial institutions (TEVTA, PVTC, PSDF) and initiatives including the Punjab Women Development Policy 2018, Mein Digital digital skills program, and recent Chief Minister-led trainings under Hunarmand Naujawan. Findings reveal significant enrollment growth among women (approaching 44% in some programs), with positive economic outcomes such as increased employment, income from freelancing and entrepreneurship, and reduced dependency. Non-economic benefits include enhanced decision-making authority, self-confidence, household status, and community roles, though gains are tempered by socio-cultural norms, mobility barriers, rural-urban divides, and implementation gaps. Quantitative comparisons and qualitative narratives highlight stronger impacts in urban areas compared to rural/Southern Punjab, underscoring the need for targeted reforms. The research concludes that while Punjab's policies offer a promising model for gender-responsive TVET, holistic enhancements addressing barriers and scaling successful interventions are essential for transformative, inclusive empowerment aligned with national and global gender equality goals.

Keywords: Women's Empowerment, Skill Development, Punjab Pakistan, Gender-Responsive TVET, Digital Skills, Rural Women

AI as Academic Ally? Perceptions of LIS Students on ChatGPT and Academic Performance in Punjab, Pakistan

Hamza Saleem — 2026-01-25

In today's digital age, artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping higher education by transforming how students learn and complete academic work. A prominent example is OpenAI’s ChatGPT, a conversational AI tool launched in late 2022 that quickly gained widespread use. This study investigates how Library and Information Science (LIS) students in Punjab, Pakistan perceive ChatGPT and how these perceptions relate to their academic performance. A quantitative survey was conducted with 291 LIS students from four universities in Punjab, selected via stratified sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire covering four constructs: perceived ChatGPT capabilities, satisfaction with ChatGPT, study outcomes from using ChatGPT, and self-reported academic performance. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were applied using SPSS (v25). The findings indicate that students generally have a positive perception of ChatGPT, valuing its ability to provide instant information and assist in tasks like writing, summarizing, translating, and problem-solving. Students reported high satisfaction with the tool’s accuracy and ease of use, and agreed that ChatGPT helps them learn more efficiently. All key variables were positively inter-correlated, and perception of ChatGPT was significantly associated with higher academic performance. In particular, the extent to which ChatGPT improved students’ study outcomes (e.g. completing assignments on time, understanding concepts) emerged as the strongest predictor of their academic success. These results provide insights for educators and policymakers on integrating AI tools in academia. The study underscores the need for ethical use and information literacy training so that students can leverage ChatGPT’s benefits while mitigating risks like over-reliance and academic dishonesty.

Keywords: ChatGPT; Artificial Intelligence; LIS students; Academic performance; Student perception

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18368102

Predictors of Sports Achievement Motivation among Student-Athletes: The Interplay of Administrative and Social Factors

Dr. Sardar Nasir Sohail Khan — 2026-01-24

Understanding the factors that drive sports achievement motivation is vital for developing successful student-athletes. This study investigated the predictors of sports achievement motivation, focusing on the interplay of administrative and social factors, among university-level athletes in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting quantitative data from 760 student-athletes (483 male, 277 female) participating in various sports across public and private universities in the all-Pakistan Inter-Varsity Sports competitions. The findings conclusively support the hypothesized relationships. Bivariate correlation analysis revealed statistically significant positive associations between administrative factors, social factors, parental support, and sports achievement motivation. Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that, when considered together, these three factors form a significant predictive model. Among them, social factors emerged as the most influential unique predictor. This research provides empirical evidence that fostering a supportive ecosystem comprising effective administrative structures, a positive social environment, and active parental encouragement is crucial for enhancing the competitive drive and achievement motivation of athletes in the inter-varsity sports context.

Keywords: Sports Achievement Motivation, Administrative Factors, Social Factors, Parental Support, Student-Athletes, Pakistan, Inter-Varsity Sports.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18361242

The Governance Gap: Distinguishing Administrative Collapse from Fiscal Mismanagement in Pakistan’s Public Sector Regional Focus: Pakistan (2014–2026)

Dr Hina Anis Fatima — 2026-01-23

This research investigates the causal relationship between structural governance deficits and the emergence of liquidity crises within Pakistan’s public sector. Utilizing a comparative institutional analysis, the study examines the "Governance Gap" through the lens of Public Choice Theory and the Soft Budget Constraint framework. The methodology employs a qualitative multi-case study approach, analyzing fiscal data from selected State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and provincial treasury departments during periods of high liquidity stress (2020–2025). Findings indicate that while financial mismanagement characterized by revenue forecasting errors and suboptimal debt-servicing triggered initial cash-flow volatility, it was rarely the primary driver of sustained insolvency. Instead, chronic liquidity shortfalls, particularly the "Circular Debt" phenomenon in the energy sector, are rooted in administrative collapse, defined by executive overrides and the subversion of meritocratic bureaucratic norms. The paper contributes a "Decoupling Matrix" to assist Pakistani policymakers in distinguishing between remediable technical errors and systemic governance pathologies.

Keywords: Pakistan Public Sector, Circular Debt, Institutional Governance, Fiscal Liquidity, IMF Structural Reforms.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18350893

Use Of Artificial Intelligence at Higher Education Level: A Descriptive Survey

Farida Batool — 2026-01-16

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the concept of higher education through augmentation of pedagogic, epistemic and administrative functions. AI technologies (intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, virtual assistants, and automated assessment tools) in question provide the opportunity of a personalized experience in learning, increased student engagement, and aid in data-driven decision-making. The current research aims at examining the issue of AI application on tertiary level with a specific focus on the applications, benefits, and the challenges associated with it. The wave of a descriptive survey design will be conducted whereby the targeted respondents will be students, faculty, and administrators of chosen universities. The data will be collected through the use of structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, and later analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics to outline trends within the adoption and usage rates and perception of AI efficacy. This study aims to uncover the impact of AI tools on the achievement of academics, the instruction methods, and the efficiency of educational institutions, and the challenges to successful implementation. The emergent results are also likely to inform the current positions of AI adoption in higher education, highlight areas that require improvement, and to provide recommendations that should be made to policy makers, educators, and technology developers to streamline AI-based educational processes. This study will contribute to the improved comprehension of technology enhanced learning by assessing the adoption and the effects of AI and assist in devising innovative learners centered teaching and instruction methods.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, higher education, adaptive learning, intelligent tutoring systems, academic performance, technology-enhanced learning.

Between Symbolic Inclusion and Structural Exclusion: A Critical Analysis of Governance, Capability Deprivation, and the Marginalization of Visually Impaired Artists and Sportspersons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Rahman Said — 2026-01-22

Despite growing international and national commitments toward disability inclusion, visually impaired persons in Pakistan particularly those engaged in arts and sports continue to experience profound structural exclusion. This study critically examines the challenges faced by visually impaired artists and sportspersons in accessing inclusive opportunities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), with a specific focus on governance failures, institutional practices, and capability deprivation. Drawing on qualitative data generated through in-depth interviews with visually impaired individuals, trainers, and institutional stakeholders, the study reveals that disability-inclusive policies in Pakistan largely remain symbolic in nature. Weak implementation mechanisms, fragmented institutional coordination, inaccessible infrastructures, and persistent charity-based approaches undermine the conversion of individual talent into recognized social and professional opportunities. Using the Capability Approach and the Social Model of Disability as theoretical lenses, the paper argues that exclusion is not primarily rooted in impairment but in systemic deprivation of enabling conditions. The findings further highlight intersectional dimensions of exclusion, particularly along gender and regional lines. The study contributes to social work and social policy scholarship by exposing the disjuncture between policy commitments and lived realities and by calling for a shift from symbolic inclusion toward rights-based, capability-enhancing governance frameworks for visually impaired persons in Pakistan.

Keywords: Visual impairment; disability inclusion; capability approach; governance; arts and sports; social policy; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Pakistan

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18343058

Digitalization and Automation in Cotton Spinning: A Review of Industry 4.0 Applications

Muhammad Qamar Tousif — 2026-01-22

The advancement of industry 4.0 has significantly transformed the textile sector by introducing digitalization and automation into manufacturing process. Cotton spinning being a fundamental stage of textile manufacturing is increasingly adopting industry 4.0 technologies to improve productivity, yarn quality and operational efficiency. These technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, automation, robotics and smart monitoring systems. Their application across different spinning processes enables real-time data exchange, enhanced product control, reduced fiber damage and increased production output. This review paper examines and synthesizes existing literature on the implementation of industry 4.0 in cotton spinning, highlighting both technological advancements and their industrial impact. Despite the significant benefits, challenges such as high initial investment costs, complex system integration, data management issues, and the requirement for the skilled manpower remain major barriers to widespread adoption. Overall the review indicates that Industry 4.0 plays a crucial role in the transition of conventional spinning mills toward smart, efficient and data driven manufacturing systems.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Cotton Spinning, Textile Industry, Automation, Optimization, Internet of Things, Robotics, Digitalization, Working Efficiency, Cloud Computing, Big Data

Women’s Victimization in Post-War Afghanistan: A Feminist Analysis of Abawi’s The Secret Sky (A Novel of Forbidden Love in Afghanistan)

Muhammad Tahir — 2026-01-22

This research analyses Atia Abawi’s The Secret Sky (A Novel of Forbidden Love in Afghanistan) from the perspective of feminism in the backdrop of the contemporary Afghan situation. It mainly uses Betty Friedan’s views in her book The Feminine Mystique, especially how she examined women’s experiences in post-war scenario and advocated for their rights, including opportunities for education, employment, and an end to gender-based discrimination. Moreover, the researcher also elaborated aspects of the texts engaging with debates developed by Chandra Talpade Mohanty and Sara Suleri regarding the situation and experiences of women in the global south/third world (South-Asia). Mohanty is highly critical of the representations of women from the third world, especially when Western feminists generalize their grievances. Sara Suleri also bases her critique of western feminism on the lived experiences of South-Asian women. Arguing on these theoretical grounds, this research claims that marginalizing women in the name of religion, societal norms, traditions, and cultural codes should be regarded illegitimate. The female protagonist in the selected work is vulnerable and victim of men’s cruelty. The aim here is to identify the major factors that contribute to the denial of the post-war agency to Afghan women and afflict their lives. In this aspect, the research is also cognizant of the ways women have been brutally treated at the hands of fundamentalists in post-war Afghan society. This research study is highly significant for future researchers in other areas of feminist studies, specifically as it sets the path to look at issues of patriarchy, oppressive societal norms, honor-killing, regressive traditions, and culture, and how these elements are used as constructs to marginalize and victimize women in the contemporary Afghanistan.

Keywords: Feminism, Abawi, The Secret Sky, Betty Friedan, Sara Suleri, Mohanty

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18344989

Pakistan-Saudi Arabia Relationship in the Limelight of Current Defense Deal; Dawn of a New Era

Aisha Cheema — 2026-01-22

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have strong historical, cultural, religious and strategic ties, which have led to the history of mutual respect and co-operation in the bilateral relationship. The two countries have over the decades established a close relationship that has taken place in the political, economic and military fronts. One of the main aspects of such relations is the mutual defense accord according to which two countries have also undertaken to defend one another in the domain of regional security and defense cooperation. This has seen a mutual military training, intelligence, and training programs and has seen an interest in common interest in stability within the region, countering terrorism and preserving Holy sites of the Islam religion. Pakistan has been historically giving military skills and manpower to help Saudi Arabia enhance its defense, whereas Saudi Arabia has given Pakistan economic and diplomatic help whenever the nation was in serious need. This long term partnership does not only enhance the security framework of the Muslim world but also highlights the strategic relevance of co-operation among Islamic states in responding to typical threats and promoting peace within the region. It has also, however, brought up a number of questions. What are the historical basis of Pak-Saudi Arabia bilateral relationship? What does either of the countries play and what is their role in case of an attack on the other country? How has Pakistan aided Saudi Arabia in defense and regional security and stability in the Middle East and South Asia under mutual defense agreement? Will Pakistan go to the extent of deploying their nuclear weapons in the interests of Riyadh and what will become of Saudi Arabia and the surrounding of Pakistan? Notably, what is the perception of the United States towards this development?

Keywords: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Bilateral Relationship, Defense Deal, Middle East, Security Framework

Naturalization By Investment: A Critical Analysis and the Issue of Stateless Refugees

Minahil Saleem — 2026-01-15

Naturalization by investment (NBI) is one of the modes through which states confer nationality to individuals Jus sanguinis to the stateless individuals who cross international borders in the pursuit of protection by seeking refuge in neighboring states. This research study explores the potential of NBI in achieving international recognition due to the risk of financial crimes attached to it i.e, affluent people might exploit NBI to avoid prosecution in their state of origin. To do so, they invest their illegal money to buy a new nationality and thereafter relocate. As for the stateless refugees who are in dire need of nationality, this study highlights the obligations upon host states regarding the protection of basic human rights of the. Nationality being the universal and the basic right of all individuals (including refugees), this research offers a unique perspective for the investment-led naturalization of stateless refugees. Highlighting international criticism against Naturalization by investment (NBI) schemes due to illicit financial flows and missing genuine link, this study analyzes the status of nationality conferred through monetary investment under the international law and further argues that NBI can get international recognition, if nationality is conferred through non-monetary investment. Since, stateless refugees might not be that affluent to buy a citizenship, this research explores how non-monetary investment such as investment via Human Capital can conform to state’s aspiration for offering investment citizenship. The study proposes that the global challenge of statelessness which the UNHCR had envisioned to resolve by 2024 couldn’t be tackled properly without addressing the plight of stateless refugees. Previous jurisprudence on the protection of stateless refugees is insufficient and largely unexplored. Therefore, this research provides an equitable solution to address the protection needs of stateless refugees in conformity with international law and current state practices.

Keywords: Naturalization by Investment, illegal financial flows, Nationality, Stateless Refugees, Human

The Unseen Classroom Challenge: Maping Student Experiences and Faculty Interventions on Bullying in Pakistani Higher Education

Mehvish Manzoor — 2026-01-21

This qualitative study is a research on the ongoing reality of bullying in higher education institutions in Punjab, Pakistan; disproving the false notion that bullying reduces as age advances. The study examines the prevalence, manifestations, effects, and institutional reaction to bullying through semi-structured interviews with 75 people (50 students and 25 teachers) in five universities. The results indicate that 58.7 percent of students have experienced bullying, with most of the bullying being verbal harassment (49.3 percent) and cyber-bullying. The research reveals that there has been a major shift in the bullying patterns at the university scale whereby physical aggression has been replaced by more advanced psychological and online bullying. According to both students and teachers, the consequences are severe such as psychological distress (92% of teachers, 84% of students) and academic disengagement and social isolation. In spite of these effects, the study reveals some important lapses in the systems: 8 out of 10 students have stated that they did not receive any anti-bullying programs organized on university level, and the number of teachers that have reported that they were unprepared and lacked support to take action regarding bullying cases was also 8 out of 10. The paper ends with evidence-based suggestions of extensive institutional changes, which encompass the compulsory training, open-line reporting and built-in mental health support systems, specific to the Pakistani higher learning environment.

Keywords: Bullying, Higher Education, Pakistan, Student Victimization, Faculty Intervention, Cyber-bullying, Institutional Response, Qualitative Research.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18323651

Customer Participation Behaviour and Brand Equity: The Moderating Role of Fraud Prevention in Digital Banking

Iram Arshad — 2026-01-20

The online shift in the banking sector makes more consumers desire online services. Consequently, the participation opportunities are increased, yet the amount of fraud is also higher. Two are important motives, which are securing the value of the brand and ensuring security through the customer participation behavior (CPB). We consider the Pakistani banking industry and the role of fraud prevention (FP) between customer participation behavior (CPB) and brand equity (BE) in this study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) demonstrates that consumer involvement is one of the driving forces of secure digital interactions and strategic brand progress based on the study. The study employs structural equation modelling as the method of testing the alleged relationships based on survey data of consumers of digital banks. With the introduction of fraud protection to the customer-brand structure, the study contributes conceptual richness to the current body of literature on co-creation of services and branding. It tells banks in poor nations how to use participatory fraud prevention tactics to establish trust, retain people engaged, and strengthen their brand positioning.

Keywords: Customer participation, fraud prevention, brand equity, digital banking, Pakistan, UTAUT

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317380

A Research Review of Natural Resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Muhammad Ibrahim Shah — 2026-01-20

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), which is a province in the northwestern part of Pakistan, is blessed with a vast array of natural resources, which has been very instrumental in the socio-economic development of this province. The given research review is the analysis of the great natural resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa such as the water resources, forests, minerals, agriculture and energy potential. Mountainous topography and river systems especially the Indus and its tributaries present the province with a lot of possibilities of irrigation, hydropower generation and providing fresh water. KP also has forest resources, which is beneficial in biodiversity conservation as well as climate control and livelihoods of local communities although deforestation and illegal logging are a big problem. The other important resource of the province is the mineral resources (marble, limestone, chromite, coal, and gemstones). Although they are widespread, poor infrastructure, primitive methods of extracting them, and issues of poor governance restrain their maximum use. The provincial economy depends on agriculture, which is encouraged by fertile valleys and favorable climatic factors, but it is limited by such factors as water shortage, soil erosion, and inefficiency of modern farming techniques. Also, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has significant potential of renewable energy particularly hydropower, solar energy and wind energy which is underutilized owing to policy, technical as well as financial constraints. This review evaluates critically the available literature, government documents and policy frameworks in an effort to bring out the potential and the challenges related to the management of natural resources in KP. It highlights sustainable resource management, good governance, involvement of the community and environmentally friendly policies. The paper concludes that strategic planning, investment in the modern technology, and adherence to the sustainable development goals are necessary to make natural resources productive in ensuring the long-term economic development, environmental sustainability, and social welfare at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Keywords: Natural Resources, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sustainable Development, Resource Management, Renewable Energy

Strategic Imperative of Ai: Ethical Consideration, Perceived Risk, Ubiquity and Behavioral Intention

Mehreen Sultan — 2026-01-20

This study investigates the multifaceted dynamics influencing the actual usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by integrating ethical considerations, perceived risk, perceived ubiquity, and behavioral intention within the framework of technology adoption theories. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the research explores how ethical reflection moderates, and behavioral intention mediates, the relationships among these constructs. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional design, data were collected from 340 respondents in Lahore, Pakistan, using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that perceived risk exerts a significant negative effect, whereas perceived ubiquity positively influences actual AI usage. Behavioral intention mediates both relationships, highlighting intention as a key pathway linking user perceptions and behavior. Furthermore, ethical consideration moderates these associations, diminishing the adverse impact of perceived risk while amplifying the positive influence of ubiquity, demonstrating that ethical transparency and fairness enhance user confidence and adoption. The study contributes theoretically by extending behavioral and ethical models of AI adoption and provides practical insights for policymakers and organizations to promote responsible, trust-based AI integration in developing economies. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Ethical Consideration, Perceived Risk, Perceived Ubiquity, Behavioral Intention, Technology Adoption, Pakistan, PLS-SEM

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18316654

Evaluation of Anticancer, Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of Silver Nanoparticles using leaf extract of Grewia asiatica

Muhammad Ateeb* — 2026-01-20

Diabetes and cancer are two severe, multifaceted, and long-lasting diseases. Each year, diabetes mellitus and cancer claim the lives of about 11 million individuals. Recently, metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs), which were produced utilizing plant extracts in an ecologically benign way, have appeared as a superior choice for the management of these deadly illnesses. The current study investigated the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anticancer properties of greenly generated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Grewia asiatica Linn (G. asiatica), a leaf extract from the Malvaceae family. The results indicate the color transition of the DPPH solution from purple to yellow, with the crude extracts exhibiting robust antioxidant activity (78.68% ± 0.02) and the nanoparticles demonstrating even higher activity (81.62% ± 0.02) against DPPH. Furthermore, with IC50 values of 177.3 μg/ml, 99.8 μg/ml, and 73 μg/ml, respectively, AgNPs efficiently prevent the development of human breast (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), and liver (HepG2) cancer cells at exceptionally low doses. Additionally, the AgNPs exhibited superior anti-diabetic activity, as demonstrated by alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition assays (85.03% ± 0.02 and 75.15± 0.01 accordingly). AgNPs were therefore shown to be a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, a free radical scavenger, and an efficient medicinal substance that targets human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). To determine the nanoparticles' anticancer and antidiabetic actions, further research is necessary.

Keywords: Grewiaasiatica, alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, MTT assay.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Job Security and Career Development in Digital Technology's Influence on Gig Worker Engagement

Qudsia Amjad Awan — 2026-01-20

This study examines the effects of Digital Literacy and Job Security on Employee Participation in the Gig Economy, incorporating Pattern in Gig Economy (uncertainty), Career Growth, and Job Autonomy as mediators, and Managerial Support as a moderating construct. Data were collected from employees in Pakistan and analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and preliminary analysis, followed by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for hypothesis testing. Results indicate that Digital Literacy significantly enhances Career Growth and reduces uncertainty, while Job Security strengthens Job Autonomy and mitigates uncertainty. Both Career Growth and Job Autonomy positively influence participation, whereas uncertainty exerts a negative effect. Mediation and moderation analyses confirm indirect effects and the amplifying role of Managerial Support. The findings extend the Self-Determination Theory and suggest practical measures such as digital up skilling, job security initiatives, and supportive management. Policy recommendations include increased investment in education and vocational training, as demonstrated by China’s success in reducing youth unemployment, to curb unemployment, poverty, and economic instability in Pakistan.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Gig Economy, Job Security, Career Growth, Job Autonomy, Managerial Support, PLS-SEM, Pakistan.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18313352

Women at the Margins: A Feminist Critique of Patriarchal Domination in Sabyn Javeri’s, Nobody Killed Her

Arhamna Azam — 2026-01-20

“Patriarchy is a societal system that prioritizes male dominance over females, profoundly impacting women’s lives by silencing and rendering them voiceless” (Qasim et al., 2024, p. 171). This paper provides a feminist analysis of patriarchal domination in the novel Nobody Killed Her by Sabyn Javeri. Using the feminist theory, the paper assesses how the novel illustrates the marginalization of women in the highly institutionalized gender politics and how patriarchy oppresses female voices, controls female bodies, and justifies gendered violence in the name of social morality. The novel reveals how the institutions like family, law, and the community work together in perpetuating male power making women susceptible to symbolic as well as physical erasure. Through foregrounding the lived conditions of women which they experience as oppressed and disposable, the novel questions the cultural norms and traditions that rationalize female oppression and absolve the systems of patriarchy. A close reading of the novel reveals that Nobody Killed Her does not only criticize acts of violence on a personal level perpetrated against women but also questions and challenges the structural circumstances that allow this violence to thrive. Finally, the novel by Javeri emphasizes its role in influencing the discussion of gender, power, and social justice.

Keywords: Feminism, Patriarchy, Gender-based Violence, Women’s Marginalization, Domestic Abuse, Silence and Voice.

Cyber-Security Beyond Borders: Unraveling Cross-Jurisdictional Legal Complexities in Cyberspace

Rubab Kanwal Shaikh — 2026-01-19

Establishing strong cyber-security is more important than ever in an increasingly interconnected world, where practically every part of our lives is linked to digital networks. However, as cyber-attacks become more sophisticated and ubiquitous, combating them has become a difficult task. Navigating the legal difficulties that emerge when cyber incidents cross national borders is one of the most difficult tasks. Creating a cohesive strategy to tackle cybercrime is challenging because different nations have different laws, rules, and enforcement systems. Global cyber-security is compromised due to these cross-jurisdictional issues that make it more difficult to find, apprehend, and prosecute cybercriminals. This research paper has employed a qualitative doctrinal method. firstly, to provide a comprehensive overview of cyber-security, underscoring its importance in safeguarding digital infrastructure, sensitive data, and individuals in an interconnected world. Secondly, the study has explored legal, regulatory, and enforcement obstacles that emerge when cyber threats cross national boundaries, emphasizing the complexities of applying conventional legal frameworks to the digital landscape. Thirdly, the approach adopted in the paper enumerated Pakistan’s legal approach to cyber-security, analyzing its current laws, regulations, and challenges in adapting to global standards in the fight against cybercrime. This research finally concluded with certain recommendations for improving cross-border security efforts.

Key Words: Cyber-Security, Cybercrime, Cross-Border Security, Digital Infrastructure.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18301634

Relationship Among Parental Involvement, Children's Well-Being and Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level in Lahore, Pakistan

Hera Zain — 2026-01-19

This study examines the relationship among parental involvement, children’s good, and academic achievement among secondary school students in Lahore, Pakistan. Guided by a positivist paradigm, a quantitative research design was employed using an adapted version of the Global School- Based Student Health Survey. A sample of five hundred tenth- grade students was selected through simple random sampling from both public and private secondary schools. The instrument included demographic variables and particulars measuring parental involvement and wellbeing. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank- order correlation analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results indicated a largely significant positive relationship between parental involvement and children’s wellbeing, a significant negative association between parental involvement and academic achievement, and a non-significant relationship between good and academic achievement. The findings emphasize the critical part of parental engagement in shaping children’s psychological good, while suggesting that academic performance may be told by fresh external and contextual factors. Implications for parents, schools, and policymakers highlight the need for cooperative strategies to enhance children’s holistic development. Future research should explore wider geographical surrounds, include schoolteacher perspectives, and incorporate mixed- method approaches to gain deeper perceptivity into the dynamics between parental involvement and students’ issues.

Keywords: Parental involvement, wellbeing, mental health, academic achievement, secondary education.

Vulnerability to Empowerment: Digital Literacy as A Shield for Women Against Cyber Harassment

Rehana Anjum — 2026-01-19

Digital literacy encompasses knowledge, skills, and viewpoints that equip individuals to navigate safely and confidently in a progressively digital environment. In today's digital era, women face various cyber threats like harassment, stalking, identity theft, and unauthorized sharing of personal information. These Challenges hinder their online engagement, thereby limiting their access to educational, professional, and personal growth opportunities. Digital literacy is the crucial yet unexplored mechanism in overcoming these challenges, empowering women to navigate the internet securely, protect their digital identities, and uphold their rights. In Pakistan, cybercrimes are dealt with in the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 which incorporates various provisions to protect women against cyber threats like offenses against the dignity of a natural person, cyber-stalking, unauthorized use of identity information, unauthorized access to intimate images, etc. however, the effectiveness of these legal safeguards is constrained by a deficiency in awareness, accessibility and implementation. This research has employed qualitative doctrinal methodology. Firstly, it aimed to develop a clear understanding of cyber threats encountered by women. Secondly, the study investigated the multi-faceted role of digital literacy in empowering women against cyber threats. Thirdly, this research examined the relationship between digital literacy and Pakistan’s legal framework with special reference to the principal provisions of PECA. Fourthly, instant Research formulated strategies to bridge the gap through targeted digital literacy programs, enhanced legal education, and policy reforms. Finally, the research concluded with recommendations to promote gender-responsive policies ensuring women's empowerment.

Key Words: Digital-literacy, Cyber-threats, PECA, Policy-reforms, Cyber harassment.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18296456

Exploring the Experiences of Female Students Regarding Cyber Bullying and Academic Performance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Muhammad Asim Attique — 2026-01-18

This study investigates the lived experiences of female university students regarding cyber bullying and its effects on academic performance in the age of artificial intelligence. Cyber bullying has emerged as a serious challenge in higher education, particularly as universities increasingly rely on AI-mediated learning environments such as learning management systems, online assessments, and digital communication platforms. The purpose of this paper was to explore how female students experience cyber bullying in these environments and how such experiences influence their academic engagement and performance. The research focused on the central objective of understanding the personal, emotional, and academic consequences of cyber bullying within AI-supported educational settings. Data were collected at the University of Narowal using a qualitative research design. The study population consisted of female university students and a purposive sample of n=20 participants were selected based on their experiences with online learning and cyber bullying. Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary data collection method. The data were analyzed using manual thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and sub-themes. The findings showed that female students experienced cyber bullying in the form of online harassment, social exclusion, and misuse of digital and AI-based academic platforms. These experiences led to anxiety, reduced self-confidence, fear of online participation, and decreased academic motivation. Many participants reported that cyber bullying negatively affected their concentration, class participation, and overall academic performance. The study also found limited institutional support and a lack of effective reporting mechanisms. This research contributes to our understanding of the intersection between gender, cyber bullying, and AI-mediated education. It highlights the need for stronger institutional policies, supportive systems, and ethical AI design to ensure safe and inclusive learning environments for female students.

Keywords: Cyber bullying, Academic Performance, Artificial Intelligence

Understanding Cyber Victimization: Risk Patterns Among University Students in Pakistan

Husnain Hameed Awan — 2026-01-18

This study investigates the prevalence, patterns and consequences of cybercrime victimization among university students in Lahore, Pakistan, emphasizing the psychological impact and systemic barriers to reporting. Drawing on data from 150 students across four major universities, the study employs a mixed-methods approach grounded in Routine Activity Theory, Victim Facilitation Theory and Broken Windows Theory. Findings reveal that 45.3% of students have experienced cybercrime, yet 59.8% did not report it, primarily due to institutional mistrust and cultural stigma. Emotional consequences such as anxiety, anger and fear were common, while gender disparities highlighted the heightened vulnerability of female students. Instagram and WhatsApp emerged as the riskiest platforms due to algorithmic exposure and encryption loopholes. The study concludes with policy recommendations for universities, law enforcement and digital platforms, emphasizing workshops, anonymous reporting channels and identity verification protocols. The research underscores the need for comprehensive cyber safety frameworks in developing nations.

Keywords: Cybercrime, Social Media, University Students, Lahore, Victimization, Routine Activity Theory, Psychological Impact, Institutional Barriers, Cybersecurity, Gender

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18288462

Impact of Cyber Bullying On the Academic Performance of Female Students at University Level

Soha Naseem — 2026-01-17

Bullying is a form of control that is described as hostile behavior or repeated threats by others, as well as a real or perceived power imbalance between the victim and the bully. External bullying includes social exclusion (e.g., you never connect with us, you are not welcome, etc.) and the spread of rumors. The majority of academics concur that bullying is defined as an intentional act of aggression intended to cause injury to another person and to create an imbalance of power between the victim and the aggressor. The fact that internet users between the ages of 12 and 30 typically use mobile and internet communication tools as their main communication channels is another noteworthy characteristic. Ironically, these new forms of engagement and communication have led to the harmful practice known as cyber bullying, which involves using electronic communication to harass and harass people. It is well acknowledged that bullying has disastrous consequences regardless of whether people "label" themselves as bullies or victims. These can include low self-esteem, despair, anxiety, loneliness, and insecurity, as well as more severe situations that could lead to suicide. This study investigates how cyber bullying affects student academic achievement. It will look into the problems and ethical issues of integrating cyber bullying into educational institutions, as well as students' perceptions of potential hurdles. Using a quantitative methodologies approach to determine the influence of bullying on their learning experiences. The findings will seek to fill a gap in the existing knowledge by providing practical insights into how bullying can interfere with student involvement in academic activities and academic success. The study will also enlighten educational practitioners and policymakers on the benefits and problems of cyber bullying, as well as how to resolve issues through root cause analysis. Finally, the study will help to design more effective and efficient anti-cyber bullying instructional tools, hence improving learning outcomes across a wide range of educational institutions.

Impact of Transformational Leadership Styles on Teachers Innovation and Knowledge Sharing at University Of Narowal

Nida Javed — 2026-01-17

The purpose of the study is to focus on the impact of transformational leadership (TL) on faculty performance within the University of Narowal, specifically in the area of creativity and knowledge-sharing practices. The study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional design, and 150 faculty members (permanent and visiting) working in social and natural science departments were surveyed using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), knowledge sharing scale, and innovation scales. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure proportional representation between departments and academic ranks. The correlation, regression, mediation analysis, and descriptive statistics were carried out using SPSS. The alpha of Cronbach and associated measures were used to determine content validity and reliability of the constructs. The findings showed that transformational leadership is an effective predictor of innovation among faculty members. Those teachers who were exposed to a high level of TL by their department heads showed more exposure to new teaching practices, research, and problem-solving practices. Specifically, product and process innovation were both significantly positively correlated with TL. Additionally, the knowledge sharing was also identified to play an important mediator role in the TL-innovation relationship. The faculty innovation had a strong predictive relationship with TL, which explained 40 percent of the variance. The investigation presents the evidence on the Pakistani context of higher education and outlines the need to develop TL capabilities of the heads of departments. The cultures of innovation and knowledge-sharing can be improved in universities by strengthening training, mentoring, and institutional support.

Exploring the Impact of Managerial Leadership on Students Academic Progress at the University of Narowal

Amina Nawaz — 2026-01-17

This research was carried out to investigate the impact of managerial leadership style on academic progress of students in University of Narowal. The study concentrated on three main leadership styles namely; transformational, transactional and laissez faire and then examined their impact of the students’ Grade Point Average (GPA), course completion and retention. This study employed a survey research design and 200 students with different academic levels in different departments were surveyed using designed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between leadership practices and academic progress. To understand the moderating impact of gender, academic year and department of study on perceived and effective leadership, demographic variables such as gender, academic year and study discipline were considered. The results reveal that transformational leadership was the single largest contributor to student academic progress. Students who perceived their leadership being more transformational reported higher levels of engagement, motivation, and self-efficacy and these were manifested in enhanced GPA scores, course completion on schedule and students' retention. Leaders were seen to develop a supportive, participative, and motivating climate (academically oriented) with mentorship, acknowledgment, and a common sense of direction (vision). These practices are linked to the active involvement of the students in their learning, and this involvement leads to effective critical thinking, problem solving skills and university progress. Transactional leadership was found to work moderately well by supplying structure, clear expectations and progress related rewards. Although transactional leadership was effective in controlling and improving behavior in the short term, it may not be as effective as transformational leadership at inspiring students to higher levels of motivation and engagement. Laissez faire leadership (least active management by faculty with few involvement and passive decision making) was negatively related to students' academic progress (lower GPAs, delayed course completion, and greater repetition). This contributes to the lack of support and lack of involvement being directly associated with poor student progress.

Leveraging Mudarabah in Islamic Banking and Finance in Pakistan through Quran and Sunnah Al-Naba (78:10-11) and Prophet Mudarabah Model

Abdul Samad bin Alhaj Mohammad Ramzan — 2026-01-17

This research proposal aims to promote the development of Mudarabah-based financing products in Islamic banking and/or in Islamic finance through an investor(s), fostering risk-sharing and entrepreneurship in Pakistan’s economy. Mudarabah, a Shariah-compliant partnership, offers a unique opportunity for banks and Investors to support businesses while sharing risks and rewards. However, its implementation has been limited due to lack of awareness, regulatory hurdles, and risk aversion.

This study seeks to explore the concept of Mudarabah through the lens of the Qur’an and Sunnah, analyzing how its values of experience (Qavi), trust (Amanah), justice (‘Adl), and cooperation (Ta‘awun) can inform modern Islamic banking and Financial models. The proposed framework will address regulatory and operational challenges, encourage Shariah-compliant entrepreneurship, and promote sustainable financial inclusion. By enhancing Mudarabah-based financing, Islamic banks and financial institutions can contribute to Pakistan’s economic development, job creation, and sustainable growth, aligning with the UN’s sustainable development goals and Islamic finance principles

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18283851

Servant Leadership: A Driving Force to Employee Empowerment, Trust and performance: Mediation and moderation Perspectives

Iram Arshad — 2026-01-17

The study is directed at how servant leadership can affect the performance of employees, empowerment and trust that have job satisfaction, psychological safety and employee engagement as intermediate factors. The moderating variable that supports such associations is also covered in the paper through servant leadership as a role model. Data were collected between the employees who represented various spheres of organizations as a result of the structured questionnaire. According to the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) findings, servant leadership positively influences employee outcome through the mediators both directly and indirectly. Important factors that encouraged engagement and performance were found to be jobs satisfaction and psychological safety. The moderating effect of servant leadership as a role model also enhanced the trust and level of empowerment. The findings can be applied to the literature of leadership and organizational behavior because the researchers have proved that servant leadership promotes positive work climate that translates to higher levels of employee commitment and performance in contemporary organizations.

Keywords: Servant leadership, Job satisfaction, psychological safety, Employee engagement, Employee performance, Servant leadership role modeling

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18282871

The Rise of Chinese investment in Pakistan; Development or Track to Economic Subordination?

Muhammad Saifullah — 2026-01-17

Economic horizons in the Global South have been transformed by the emergence of Chinese investment under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) especially in countries that have been strategically oriented such as Pakistan. Although this is usually packaged as development partners, Chinese investment casts very critical challenges to the way their companies operate, how they conduct business in the market, and how well they conform to the interests of the host country. This paper will look at the economic effects of Chinese investment into Pakistan and assess whether their activities are neo-imperialism characteristics like those that were once practiced by the western multinationals in Africa and Latin America. The study examines two major dimensions based on a qualitative document study analysis which consists of how the Chinese Investment(s) together with their operating companies affect the labor market and the local industries in Pakistan and how their conduct compares to the historical examples of economic imperialism. The results show that Chinese companies are overrepresented in the strategic managerial positions with the local employees holding minor and low paying jobs. Also, the Chinese Investment has taken over markets through the national support and foreign influence and this has led to the crowding out of the local businesses and reduced the competitiveness of the Pakistani industries. Comparative study of the African and Latin American experience suggests that the Chinese Investment does not eliminate the exploitative systems of Latin American and African experience, instead it replicates them. These are labor hierarchies, monopolies and false corporate social responsibility. The paper finds that unless policy frameworks are strong, Chinese Investment risks will entrench the economic dependency in Pakistan and not bring equitable development in the country.

Keywords: Investment, MNC’s, Belt & Road Initiative (BRI), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Monopolistic Tendencies

Japan’s Nation Branding Strategy Through “Cool Japan” Campaign and Its Acceptance Among Pakistani Youth

Alisha Shafiq — 2026-01-16

This study explores Japan’s cultural diplomacy with a focus on its nation branding strategy through the “Cool Japan” campaign and its reception among Pakistani youth. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, and nation branding, the research examines how Japan employs anime, manga, video games, and cuisine to construct a favorable global image. Using a mixed-method approach, including qualitative analysis and a quantitative survey of 190 Pakistani youth, the findings reveal a high degree of awareness and positive perceptions of Japanese culture. The majority of participants reported frequent engagement with Japanese cultural products, which significantly influenced their interest in Japan, lifestyle choices, and desire for cultural exchange. Results confirm that Japan’s cultural diplomacy is highly effective in shaping positive attitudes abroad. Furthermore, the study highlights valuable lessons for Pakistan to strengthen its own cultural promotion strategies.

Keywords: Nation Branding, Cultural Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, Cool Japan Campaign, Japanese Culture, Pakistani Youth

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis and Co2 Emissions: An Empirical Study of MENA Developing Countries

Fazal Karim — 2026-01-16

This study examines the impact of per capita income, its square, forest area, FDI inflows, population density, urbanization, and trade openness on CO2 emissions in MENA developing countries. Using 35 years of data (1981–2015) from the WDI, stationary was tested with the ADF test, and the ARDL bounds testing approach was applied. Results show that all variables significantly reduce CO2 emissions in both the short and long run. Unit root tests indicate that CO2 emissions and per capita GDP are occasionally co-integrated, supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The findings highlight that higher income and FDI contribute to emission reduction, while coordinated environmental and economic policies are essential for sustainable development in developing MENA countries. Similarly, the findings show that developing countries need to bring into line a well-coordinated environmental and economic policy mix that would ensure greater output. Similarly, at the same time look after their environment from deprivation and pollution.

Keywords: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis, CO2 Emissions, Population Density, Urbanization, Trade Openness

The Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs, Psychological Capital and Life Satisfaction Among University Students

Syed Shah Ali Abbas — 2026-01-16

Psychological capital (hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy) refers to the psychological capacity of an individual that can be assessed, enhanced, and effectively utilized to enhance performance. Self-determination theory posits existence of fundamental needs (autonomy, relatedness, competency need) that must be fulfilled to enhance psychological well-being and ensure wholesome development (Ryan and Deci 2000). Maladjustment and even psychopathology are said to occur when these demands are not met i.e., causing psychological needs frustration (Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013). Life satisfaction can be interpreted as the summit of joy experienced across life domains (Salvatore and Mun˜oz Sastre, 2001). Our purpose of research was to find the relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction/frustration, compound psychological capital and satisfaction with life Satisfaction of university students. We collected data from 353 participants (university students). Basic Psychological need satisfaction and frustration scale (BPNSFS), compound psychological capital (CPC-12) and satisfaction with life scale was used for data collection. We found positively significant correlation between PsyCap (hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy) and life satisfaction. Our findings indicate that basic psychological need satisfaction is significantly and positively correlated with psychological capital and life satisfaction. While frustrating these needs is negatively correlated with PsyCap and life satisfaction (except for positive relationship of autonomy frustration with hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy, life satisfaction and positive relationship between relatedness frustration and competence frustration with resilience).

Keywords: Basic Psychological Needs, Psychological Capital, Life Satisfaction, University Students, Student Well-being

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18271333

The Future of Learning with AI: A Systematic Review on Transforming Student Education and Competencies

Asif Iqbal — 2026-01-16

Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) has evolved into a substantial research field, generating a diverse body of literature with varied perspectives and applications. This review synthesizes empirical studies published between 2014 and 2024, examining AIED’s integration across secondary and higher education with a focus on pedagogical strategies and tools, ethical considerations, institutional collaboration, and the application of machine learning models in teaching, learning, and assessment. An initial mapping of 4,076 research articles, refined through an in-depth analysis of 62 selected studies, provides a robust conceptual framework of the current knowledge landscape. The findings highlight AIED’s transformative role in secondary and higher education by enhancing pedagogy, addressing ethical challenges, fostering institutional collaboration, and leveraging machine learning applications. These insights provide strategic direction for teachers, administrators, and policymakers in shaping effective, ethical, and inclusive integration of AIED in education. Future research should emphasize enhancing explainable AI, mitigating ethical risks, and evaluating AI tools in diverse real-world classroom contexts.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence in Education, Machine Learning Models, Ethical Challenge, pedagogical strategies, Explainable AI, Secondary and Higher Education

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18270365

Energy Harvesting Textiles

Dr. Qamar Tusief Awan — 2026-01-16

Energy harvesting textiles (EHTs) are intelligent fabrics that are designed to harness various sources of available energy like solar rays, mechanical motion, temperature differences, and electromagnetic waves. With their potential to convert various sources of energy, EHTs can be used for self-sustaining wearable technology devices, healthcare monitoring and even sustainable fashion technology. The current literature review provides a compilation of recent advancements in energy harvesting technology, materials, and processing. Also, various key considerations for energy efficiency, robustness, and processing costs are reviewed.

Keywords: Energy Harvesting Textiles, Smart Fabrics, Wearable Electronics, Nanomaterials, Sustainability

Gender Mainstreaming to Prevent Radicalization & Extremism: A Case Study of Women's Seminaries in Pakistan

Dr. Tehmina Aslam (Corresponding Author) — 2026-01-15

Females seeking education in religious seminaries feel marginalized and driven towards radicalization and extremism in a society that is prejudiced in favour of females who seek education from schools and colleges delivering worldly knowledge Western education, such as science, mathematics, and English. Pakistan’s constitution encourages Western education and awards such learners with rewards such as representation at the national decision and policy-making level, as compared to female students from religious seminaries. This study aims to find ways to represent females (who have sought education at religious seminaries) at the national level to mainstream them, thereby preventing their slide towards radicalization and extremism. Through the use of the qualitative research paradigm, an exploratory study would be conducted by administering structured, standardized, and open-ended interviews to female students and their teachers at religious seminaries, as well as to some legislators who can initiate necessary legislation, if and when required. Thematic analysis would be conducted, and the findings would be organized. The conclusion drawn would address the ways female who studied at religious seminaries would get a chance to be mainstreamed as a measure to prevent any possibility of their being swayed to radicalization and extremism.

Keywords: Gender Mainstreaming, Prevent Radicalization, Extremism, Women's Seminaries, Pakistan

Assessment and Optimization of Advanced Treatment Processes for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Microplastics in Potable Water Reuse Systems

Dr. Abdullah — 2026-01-15

Use of drinkable water has been the last resort in eradicating water shortage in places where water stress is rife. Nevertheless, the sustainability of potable reuse systems is under attack by emerging sources of pollution including pharmaceuticals and microplastics. The adsorption of a pharmaceutical on activated carbon adsorption (GAC and PAC) will be used to measure the performance of the advanced treatment processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), advanced oxidation process (AOPs), and adsorption of pharmaceuticals and microplastics in treated wastewater on the adsorption process. The analysis of the optimization strategies is also conducted through the mixture of different technologies of treatment used in the study. The findings indicate that RO had the best removal efficiencies of pharmaceuticals and microplastics and especially the larger ones. OZs, particularly ozonation and UV/H 2 O 2 were convenient in degradation of pharmaceuticals but the degradation also depended on the compound. Activated carbon adsorption was found to be enticing with hydrophobic pharmaceuticals and not microplastics. The combined regime in RO-Ozone treatment and the GAC adsorption produced the most favorable overall cumulative elimination of the pharmaceuticals and microplastics. Even though that energy consumption and operation in these technologies is costly, the integrated system emerged the most suitable when used in systems of reusing potable water. The article demonstrates a possibility of the treatment of reclaimed water safety with the support of advanced treatment technologies and the necessity to conduct further studies that can contribute to the optimization of work by the treatment and the removal of the flaws of functioning.

Keywords: Assessment, Optimization, Advanced Treatment Processes, Pharmaceuticals, Microplastics, Potable Water Reuse Systems

Recognition Has a Nationality: How Power, Color, and Credibility Shape Organizational Quality Management

Usman Rehmat — 2026-01-14

Recognition and credibility are nothing more than niceties in any given workplace. They are currencies that drive facilitation and safeguarding of employee morale and organizational break/bound shifts of effective systems of quality management. Employees who feel they are appreciated and recognized for their direct contributions appreciate more encourage innovation, and rally organizational goals more. However, in many organizations around the world, particularly in the developing and transitioning economies, the ideal remains the desired. Here and now, recognition is more often than not about systemic inequities and deficiencies of power, country of passport, color of skin, immigration, managerial favouritism and, in general, the equity of recognition. This paper examines the systemic inequities of management, loss of employee motivation, and gaps in the systems of quality management, caused by practices of appropriation of credit, exertion of authority, and power of identity. We take a mixed approach in order to create a broad perspective. We juxtapose the hard quantitative data of a time-lagged survey, analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), with qualitative auto-ethnographic narratives, and the global workforce statistics. Our findings present recognition injustice as a strong predictor for psychological damage, work disconnection, and turnover intention. Conversely, consistent ethical leadership along with transparent and fair human resource systems reinforces a strong mitigating effect. From this research, we offer a significant contribution to the HRM literature regarding recognition injustice as an issue of structural injustice, as opposed to being an issue of manager incivility, an inter-personal issue, or an issue of systemic incivility within the organization. We conclude with an imperative: Organizations and regulators need to move away from ambiguous ideas and implement regulatory, defensible, evidence-based recognition structures that, in an ethical and quality assurance framework, make recognition governance a standard for operational compliance.

Keywords: Recognition injustice; Credit theft; Power abuse; Ethical leadership; Structural Equation Modelling; Auto-ethnography; Nationality bias; Quality management; HRM; Structural violence; Psychological safety; Workplace discrimination; Global inequality; Managerial favouritism; Employee disengagement

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18247109

Examining stewardship in family firms, exploring the role of growth, career, and autonomy on the Accountant’s psychological intention to stay

Adeel Qaiser — 2026-01-14

Purpose: The present research examines how professional accountants’ growth orientation, career opportunities, and autonomy form psychological ownership and their intention to stay, eventually nurturing stewardship behavior in the family-owned firms. Furthermore, it explores the organizational settings rather than family identification permits stewardship in an emerging economy.

Design/methodology/approach: Based on a self-administered cross-sectional survey of 396 practicing accountants employed in family firms. Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the hypotheses among the accountant’s growth, career, autonomy, psychological ownership, intention to stay, and ultimately stewardship behavior.

Findings: Overall, the results indicate that growth orientation, career opportunities, and professional autonomy significantly strengthen psychological ownership and intention to stay, ultimately strengthening stewardship behavior. Furthermore, results present that stewardship among non-family accountants emerges from workplace arrangements and psychological environments that nurture identification, obligation, accountability, and sustained affiliation.

Practical implications: Family firms can augment stewardship by nurturing growth orientation environments, proposing obvious career pathways, and allowing expressive autonomy. Such practices support retaining proficient accountants, diminish agency-driven propensities, and ensure long-term organizational stability.

Originality/value: The present research advances stewardship theory by signifying that such behavior in family-owned firms is empowered through structural and psychological tools rather than intrinsic family association. Furthermore, it contributes novel insights on how professional accountants, an overlooked population, yield stewardship-affiliated behaviors within the institutional setting of emerging economies.

Keywords: Accountants, growth, career, and autonomy

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18240308

Causes and Effects of Extra-Marital Relationships in Tehsil Taxila: An Analytical Study

Shoaib Akhtar — 2026-01-14

This study examines the causes and effects of extra-marital relationships among married couples in Tehsil Taxila, Pakistan. Through a mixed-methods approach involving a structured questionnaire (N=200) and qualitative insights, the research identifies key socio-psychological drivers including lack of emotional intimacy, unresolved conflicts, boredom, desire for novelty, and peer pressure alongside significant economic factors such as financial stress, dependency imbalances, and misuse of family resources. These interconnected vulnerabilities severely undermine marital stability, leading to the irreversible breakdown of trust, frequent separation or divorce, and profound psychological distress, with women and children disproportionately affected. The consequences extend to the community level, eroding social cohesion through stigma and division, threatening Islamic marital sanctity, and imposing wider societal costs through economic, legal, and health burdens. The findings underscore the urgent need for culturally and religiously sensitive interventions that promote emotional connectivity, financial responsibility, and adherence to Islamic values to safeguard marital harmony and family integrity in this conservative socio-cultural context.

Keywords: Extra-Marital Relationships, Marital Stability, Socio-Psychological Causes, Economic Factors, Emotional Intimacy, Tehsil Taxila, Islamic Perspective, Social Cohesion