Advance Social Science Archive Journal

REVISITING BORDERS IN THE GLOBALIZING WORLD IN MOHSIN HAMID'S EXIT WEST: POSTMODERN IMPLICATIONS

Hafiza Afifa Ashraf — 2025-01-01

The study revisits the dynamics of border crossing in Mohsin Hamid's Exit West from a global perspective. The study also analyses the intersection of migration, refugee crisis, and identity, all of which represent the often violent aspects of crossing borders. Using these magically realistic elements and postmodern approaches, the study reveals the limitations of the concepts of borders emphasizes the contemporary world which is becoming increasingly globalized, and emphasizes the life experiences of people considering that cultural interactions are not confined by any set boundaries. The study will explore the postmodern implications involving socio-political aspects of migration in the contemporary world.

Keywords: Borders, Migration, Postmodernism, Refugee Crisis.

DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER CONTROVERSY IN MODERN ENGLISH: PROJECTIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali — 2025-01-02

Language also works as a mirror of social dynamics and cultural values, and its development is closely associated with societal changes. One of the significant examples of this phenomenon is the gender controversy in modern English. To analyze the gendered linguistic changes in English, with a focus on the evolving use of gender-neutral language and its implications is the aim of this article. A comprehensive overview of the development of the gender controversy and its current state is offered by examining the historical context, linguistic changes and impact on society as presented on social media with specific reference to the examples of modern English expressions in Pakistani context. Three types of data is analysed in this research in order to study the controversy. One type of data is the use of linguistic items on various social media platforms, the other is the use of hashtags that suggest the momentum of the movement for gender-neutral language and the third is the review of researches in order to track the evolutionary changes in gender controversy in modern English with specific focus on use of English in social media by Pakistanis. The findings of the study suggest that feminists have been successful to a great extent in making people realize the use of gender-neutral language to a certain extent. However, in Pakistani context, there is yet a long way to go because of the influence of traditions in a closely-knit society as that of Pakistan.

Keywords: Gender controversy; modern English; social media; gender-neutral language; linguistic changes

THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY, POWER AND AGENCY IN POST-COLONIAL CONDITION: POST-COLONIAL STUDY OF THE STRANGER BY ALBERT CAMUS

Saad Hameed — 2025-01-02

This paper aims to analyze Albert Camus masterpiece novel “The Stranger” as a quintessential postcolonial text that focuses on the themes of colonialism, identity, and moral ambiguity. Meursault, the protagonist, serves as a lens through which the complexities of colonial identity are explored. His emotional indifference coupled with his detached perspective reflect on the broader alienation experienced within a colonial context. It highlights the disconnection between the colonizer and the colonized in significant ways. By employing a postcolonial framework, this analysis seeks to reveals how Camus critiques the subalternity, hegemonic structures and power dynamics inherent in colonial relationships. Meursault’s interactions with the Algerian landscape and its inhabitants reflect the absurdity of existence in a world marked by violence, oppression and cultural dislocation. It is suggested that "The Stranger” critiques the moral and psychological implications of colonialism, urging readers to confront the ethical void that arises from such extractive systems. “The Stranger” reassess the understanding of identity and belonging in a ruthlessly indifferent post-colonial world.

Keywords:” Post colonialism, Absurdity, Identity, Colonialism, Albert Camus, “The Stranger”

A STUDY OF THE LIMITATION OF HALAL AND HARAM FOR A TRADER IN THE LIGHT OF ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Mr. Attaullah — 2025-01-02

This study sheds light on the Sharia principles and regulations of trade in the light of Islamic teachings. With reference to the Quran and Hadith, it has been clarified that trade is not only the basic unit of the economy but also has the status of worship under Sharia principles. The study has examined the issues that make trade halal and pure, such as avoiding interest, fraud, adulteration, and false oaths. Furthermore, in the context of Hadiths, guiding principles have been formulated for those traders who can elevate trade to the level of worship with honesty and piety. The aim of the study is to encourage present traders to trade in accordance with Islamic principles and provide them with the principles of success in this world and the hereafter. This study will clarify how ethical principles of trade can be reconciled with today's business challenges in the light of Islamic teachings.

Keywords: Qur’an, Hadith, Islamic Economic system, Prohibited sale, interest

FROM BIAS TO BRILLIANCE: THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF AI IN LITERATURE

Muhammad Umar Raza — 2025-01-03

This study examines the dualistic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in literary analysis, showcasing its groundbreaking potential alongside inherent challenges. While AI democratizes access to advanced analytical tools and enhances efficiency, it faces significant barriers such as algorithmic bias and limitations in interpreting cultural, emotional, and psychological nuances. Traditional literary analysis is a subjective approach in that it draws from the reader's experience and culture in seeking deeper meanings, themes, and emotions in a piece. Although this technique may bring forth more insightful ideas, it is always hampered by human bias, lack of time, and inconsistencies. With its advanced Normal Dialect Preparing and machine learning capabilities, AI has the potential to convert the field by analyzing phenomenal volumes of content, recognizing designs, and recognizing topics. It can encourage estimation examination, complex comparisons, and authentic contextualization, democratizing get to to modern scholarly apparatuses. The study finds that there are significant barriers such as algorithmic biases found within biased training datasets and an inability of AI to relate at the emotional, psychological, and cultural levels of literature. The study looks into AI's tendency to reflect societal inequalities, such as gender bias and nonrepresentational of non-Western voices, marginalizing certain authors and traditions. AI also fails at the internationalization of identities and the complexities of human experiences portrayed in literature. Observations reveal how AI focuses on linguistic patterns, which often takes the place of holistic understanding. The study calls for diversified and inclusive datasets, an enhanced AI system that can detect inter-sectional identities, and tools for bias detection. Although AI cannot replace human interpretation, it has much potential as a complementing tool in literary analysis. The study concluded that the incorporation of AI's analytical efficiency with human insight could well create a more equitable and comprehensive approach to understanding literature.

Keywords: Intersectionality, Algorithmic Bias, Semantic Analysis, Literary Inclusivity, AI assisted interpretation.

REVISITING THE JUS AD BELLUM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE AND THE PROHIBITION ON THE USE OF FORCE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

Bakhtawar Manzoor — 2025-01-05

International relations involving the use of force are governed by the legal theory known as jus ad bellum. Focusing on the provisions of essay 51 and the relationship between Article 2(4) and Article 51, this essay provides a sociopolitical and contemporary criticism of the UN Charter. Still, the enumerated aggressive action is forbidden and here the word "force" turns out to be amenable to an exception: self-defense in the event that the aggression is armed. This article analyzes shifts in the judicial and institutional nature of the ICJ, state behavior, sovereignty disputes and cooperation frameworks. International relations involving the use of force are governed by the legal theory known as jus ad bellum. Focusing on the provisions of essay 51 and the relationship between Article 2(4) and Article 51, this essay provides a sociopolitical and contemporary criticism of the UN Charter. Analyzing the given topic from a critical perspective of the rights, the author indicates that, although the right to self-preservation continues to be an essential element of the multiple contemporary legal systems, it requires adjustments based on the modern threats/violence nature and the warfare transformations. The assessment expands upon previous work by the United Nations Security Council on the subject of the right to self-defense and the present state of international law as it pertains to the prohibition of force.

Keywords: Jus ad Bellum, Self-defense, Use of Force, International Law, UN Charter.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BALTI TRANSLATED IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH BY BS LEVEL STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF BALTISTAN, SKARDU

Zeenat Maryom — 2025-01-06

The current research, in the field of applied linguistics, aims at investigating a range of difficulties related to the accuracy of translation faced by Balti ESL (English as a Second Language) learners at university level. The major focus is on the translation of idioms from Balti language to English language. Furthermore, the study encompasses various strategies to overcoming difficulties and recommending solutions to certain translational issues. With the expended global interaction, research work especially in the realm of translation has grown exponentially worldwide that deals with the issues within languages both inter and intra lingual domains. The study has used a questionnaire with the scheme of idioms from Balti to be translated into English. The mode of analysis is used as close-reading and comparing the translations to the original text. After the collection of the data, the researcher has presented the data on tabular charts using APA format to show data. The students of University of Baltistan have been selected randomly for translating the texts. The study shows that students face difficulty in conceptualizing and translating idioms. One of the reasons for the translational gaps was the translation of idioms sensing word-for-word preferences during the translation process. The researcher discussed the findings at different levels that how the participants as university students, translated the idioms and which type of strategies they used and what sort of barriers they encountered during the translation process. Lastly, this research study will help the future researchers in exploring inter-lingual translational studies especially related to Balti language.

Key words: Translations Studies, cultural translation, semantic variations, ESL and ILT

THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA ON JUVENILE OFFENDERS: A STUDY OF THE PAKISTANI JUSTICE SYSTEM

Iram Aurangzaib Khan — 2025-01-06

The paper explores ways through which trauma affects young offenders in Pakistani justice system and the relationship between ACEs and delinquency. Based on interviews with consultants, official documents, digitally collected data from juvenile rehabilitation centers and legal cases, the work determines the trauma as a critical predictor of psychological-behavioral state of young offenders. Studies show that instances of abuse and neglect and other violent events directly enhance the chances that the juveniles will be flowing into the justice system. Moreover, there are systems’ barriers including insufficient mental health resources, lack of enough rehabilitation centres and enforcing legal systems that worsen the problem. This paper calls for more effective response to juvenile delinquency based on trauma informed practices for justice system players such as the police, judges, and social workers. In policy making for child born offenders, the research recommends policy changes and adoption of restorative justice that focus more on behavior change as opposed to punishment. These steps are intended to lower the juvenile offenders’ rate of reoffending and return of offenders to society as responsible members. This study adds to the existing literature and debate regarding juvenile justice reform in developing countries in general and the Democratic Republic of Congo in particular as a starting point for future investigation and policy making.

Keywords: trauma, juvenile offenders, Pakistani justice system, adverse childhood experiences, rehabilitation.

SECTARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY: ANALYZING VOTER BEHAVIOR IN DISTRICT CHITRAL, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Azra Amir — 2025-01-08

This study focuses on the effects of a sectarian identity on voting behavior in District Chitral which is a unique district having both Sunni and Ismaili communities. It analyzes how a voter's religion affects his political preferences, the factors which make him vote and even the turnout rate in different precincts. The study enhances the understanding of the importance of the sect as a factor in electoral results by providing a mix sampling that represents the region under survey with the help of a descriptive research design which is relevant to the demographics of the district. The results reveal that the Sunni members of the electorate are inclined to support PTI While Ismaili ones tend to support PPP, thereby portraying evidence of a sectarian split between the parties in focal concept. Other important aspects that affect the electoral behavior of voters include sectarianism, the characteristics of the candidates and the party policies, whereas the most important focus is placed on sectarianism. The research also provides an explanation for the variation in voter participation between Sunni, Ismaili and mixed constituencies, thereby explaining the complex nexus between religion and politics in Chitral. Demographic data covers the analysis with insights into voting behavior and influence factors on election decisions included.

Keywords: Sectarianism, Voting Behavior, Political Identity, District Chitral, Electoral Dynamics

LANGUAGE USE IN OUTLET SIGNBOARDS: A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE STUDY IN RAHIM YAR KHAN

Marriam Salam — 2025-01-08

This study examines the linguistic landscape of commercial signboards across the four tehsils of Rahim Yar Khan district, focusing on the semiotic strategies used to engage customers and communicate socio-cultural values. The study begins by exploring the primary languages displayed on these signboards, shedding light on local language preferences and the socio-cultural dynamics within the district. Acknowledging the critical role of linguistic landscapes in public spaces, this research illustrates how commercial signage becomes an essential medium of interaction, merging functional communication with cultural representation. The research addresses three main questions: Which languages are predominantly used on the signboards in Rahim Yar Khan district? Which semiotic elements—such as promotions, logos, slogans, and icons—are strategically employed to entice customers to purchase goods? And what variations exist in typography, including styles, colors, and fonts, across the four tehsils of Rahim Yar Khan? In line with these questions, the study's objectives are to determine the dominant languages, examine the commercial signboards’ semiotic features, and compare typographic and stylistic differences across the district. Employing the triadic model of semiotics as its central methodology, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of signboards collected from each tehsil, capturing the layers of meaning conveyed through linguistic and visual elements. The findings reveal that language choice and semiotic features on these signboards are not only functional but serve to shape consumer perception and reinforce socio-cultural identity. English frequently signals modernity and status, while Urdu emphasizes national identity, and local dialects connect with community roots. This research concludes that the linguistic and semiotic characteristics of Rahim Yar Khan's signage significantly mirror local identity and consumer engagement, contributing to broader insights within linguistic landscape studies on how language and symbolism intersect to shape public spaces in multicultural regions. The study suggests that language choice and the semiotic elements of signboards are not pragmatic but key in constructing consumer perception and perpetuating socio-cultural identity. For instance, the pervasiveness of the use of the English language manifests modernity; the widespread use of the Urdu language depicts a sense of national cohesion and local dialects denote ties to the community. The study concludes that the linguistic and semiotic features of commercial signage in Rahim Yar Khan are profoundly connected with local identity and consumer involvement, thus making it very important research for grasping the association between language and culture in public spaces. The flowing study helps in the growing area of The linguistic landscape studies, as the insights could be applied to other multicultural regions with diverse linguistic landscapes.

Kyewords: Linguistics Landscape (LL), Semiotics, Language, Sicio- Cultural,Identity, Multicultural

GLOBALIZATION'S CULTURAL CROSSROADS: TRADITION, TRANSFORMATION, AND IDENTITY IN URDU AND PASHTO LANGUAGES IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad Luqman — 2025-01-08

Presenting an exploratory analysis of the research problem of this scholarly investigation into the overwhelming effects of globalization on the linguistic and the literary realm of the Urdu and Pashto languages in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. we use a questionnaire and indepth interviews to collect data from the target population namely the Urdu and Pashtu speaking writer and intellectuals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Populations Qualitative. The conclusion draws attention to the nuanced nature of the interference and points to the urgent necessity of language support to maintain linguistic and cultural, as well as geographical, identity.

KEY Words: Globalization, exploration of Urdu and Pashto, language conservation, national language, language policies, language education programs

BRIDGING GLOBAL INFORMATION GAPS: THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Muhammad Umar Raza — 2025-01-09

Information management field is to see the important of the language of the English language. Professional technologies method has to use its important to access English language education resource, the international language is used to develop software tools and database for internationally cooperation and information system through which we work differently. During the deal with the challenge of non-English speakers. The advantage of English management methods and the effectiveness of the advance, through which we take the context of literature review and case study and concludes the article through different analysis. When it is dominated by English in this field. To ensure equal access to information management resource, multilingual system and language cooperation is increasing. To solve their problem in this field. They are non-English speaker face their challenges in information management. While can cause influence information process in non-English speaking regions. Translate tools and local training program can compete and challenges their increase global cooperation in the system. They will face there any challenges on it.

Keywords: Information Management, Global Communication, Technological Integration, Professional Development, Multilingual Challenges

THE IMPACT OF INFLUENCER MARKETING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST, CONTENT, CONSUMER ENGAGEMENT, AND POPULARITY

Muniza Syed — 2025-01-09

This report focuses on the effect of Influencer Marketing on Purchase Intention and how major mediators (Trust, Content Quality, Consumer Engagement, and Popularity) increase the relationship. Based on Smart PLS (structural equation modeling, SEM) and 300 social media users the results show Influencer Marketing significantly influences Purchase Intention directly. Additionally, the mediators of Trust and Content Quality are also among the most crucial ones to increase the influence of influencer marketing based on how valuable real and quality content is in driving sales. As well, there are also Consumer Engagement and Popularity, Engagement helping to strengthen consumer connections, and Popularity promoting the reach of advertisements. The model reflects a big chunk of the variance in Purchase Intention, so it can be useful for marketers. According to these results, brands should focus on influencers who can create trustworthy, viral content and earn trust with their followers in order to optimize influencer marketing campaigns. This study adds to the growing literature on digital marketing strategies and has real-world applications for companies looking to leverage social media influencers.

Keywords:Influencer Marketing, Trust, Content Quality, Consumer Engagement, Popularity, Purchase Intention, Digital Marketing, Social Media, Consumer Behavior

REGISTER ANALYSIS OF BURKA AVENGER

Sadiq Khan — 2025-01-10

The study aims at exploring lexis, types of grammar, mode, field and tenor developed by K.K. Holliday. The object of study for these tools is the text of Burka Avenger Pakistani Animated Cartoon (2013-2016). Whereas, purposive sampling is applied by keeping in view the qualitative paradigm of study. The study has given a strong attempt on the register analysis of the text and has ended up in the basic themes of freedom, identity, equality, education and entertainment. Overall, the register analysis applied on the text showcases the real and potential meaning with the proper thematic messages, formerly mentioned, to the audience belonging to Pakistani and international communities.

Key words: lexis, grammar, mode, field, tenor, Holliday, Burka Avenger, Pakistani, animated, cartoon, purposive sampling, register analysis, freedom, identity, equality, education, entertainment, potential meaning, thematic messages, audience and communities.

CHILDHOOD BEHIND BARS: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF CHILDREN ACCOMPANYING INCARCERATED MOTHERS

Zakir Hussain — 2025-01-10

This study explores the rights and well-being of children whose mothers are incarcerated in jails across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), assessing the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in this context. The study combines secondary data analysis of legal frameworks, court decisions, and prison regulations with primary data collected through in-depth interviews with 20 incarcerated mothers (out of a total of 35) and jail superintendents from nine female housing prisons in KP. The findings reveal significant gaps between the CRC's principles and their practical application, particularly the absence of clear policies addressing the needs of these children. Aligning prison practices with the CRC requires legislative reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and the establishment of structured support systems for children living in prisons. These measures are essential to safeguard the rights and foster the overall development of this vulnerable population.

Key words: Childhood, Socio-Legal, Rights, Welfare, Children Accompanying, Mothers.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGES IN SARGODHA DISTRICT PUNJAB

Muhammad Sameer* — 2025-01-12

This article discusses the change of land use and land cover (LULC) in Sargodha region of Punjab, Pakistan, for the period of 30 Years (1993-2023) using satellite imageries. The four major land cover categories that emerged were agricultural land, urban built-up land, barren land, and water bodies, using 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023 Landsat high-resolution images. Compared to previous periods, there have been significant changes in the patterns of land use in the region. Agricultural areas which occupied an estimated 80% of the total area in the year 1993 experienced a decrease to 71% by the year 2023. This was occasioned by the rapid rate of urbanization that took place over that period. However, there was a significant change in built-up areas, during this period which rose from 5% in 1993 to 21% in 2023 indicating a significant increase in population density and built infrastructure. Barren land registered a decrease from 14% down to 7% indicating a change in land use patterns while the water bodies remained the same level at 1%. Auxiliary indicators such as the overall accuracy, user and producer accuracy, kappa coefficients, and other detailed accuracy measurements were undertaken to validate the classification. The results from the auxiliary indicators registered an overall accuracy of 93.53% in the year 2023. The results show the urgent necessity of the tools and approaches for balanced land management. The rezoning and reallocation of centrally planned activities is critical for the development of one the most important agricultural regions.

Keywords: Agriculture, Built-up, Land Management, Satellite Imageries

THE STUDY OF MARKETING ANALYSIS AND SALES DEVELOPMENT OF POWDERED MILK

Touseef Hussain — 2025-01-13

The consumers of powdered milk in Pakistan prefer imported powdered milk brands as compared to produced locally. The study attempts to determine the factors affecting consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk and explicate consumer buying behavior. The study includes elements of marketing and sales such as consumers’ attitude toward taste of powdered milk, perception of safety and health, packaging, price, advertisement, product availability and display to understand their impact of dependent variable, that is, consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk. The data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire on convenience based sampling technique from a sample of 288 respondents and multiple regression analysis was used to conclude findings and results. The results show that attitude toward taste, perception of safety and health and advertising have a significant impact on consumers’ intention to purchase powdered milk. The study describes the point the better tasting, safe and health promising, well priced and well-advertised powdered milk can draw the attention of its target customers and can even compete the foreign brands. The research tends to assist powdered milk producers to understand consumers buying behavior and will help them improve their marketing inventiveness to serve consumer needs in a better way and promote locally produced brands.

Key words: powdered milk, intention to purchase, marketing and sales, advertising

THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE AND RISK PERCEPTION FACTORS IN INFLUENCING PUBLIC PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOR TOWARDS COVID-19 IN QUETTA

Sumra Sajida Tufail — 2025-01-14

Preventive behavior of individuals plays a critical role in controlling the extent of infectious diseases. COVID-19 underscored the significance of individuals’ perceptions and attitudes towards the Covid-19 in shaping the public preventive behavior. This study analyzed cognitive, affective attitudes, risk perception and their effects on public preventive behavior employing structural equation modeling (SEM). For the purpose, a cross-sectional questionnaire based household survey with 323 respondents was conducted in Quetta city using simple random sampling. The results reveal that 46.7% respondents were having knowledge about Covid-19 and 59.1% were familiar with the symptoms while 57.6% had knowledge about the recommended preventive methods. The results further reveal that, 44% respondents felt anxious and 44.9 % felt fear when they thought of Covid-19. Furthermore, there was significant level of perceived personal risk and the likelihood of contracting the virus. In addition to that, results of the structural equation model reveal that cognitive attitude and affective attitude significantly influence public preventive behavior in Quetta city. The study recommends that these results may provide valuable insights for policy makers and health experts to develop appropriate strategies to boost preventive behaviors in the public by developing policy for risk reduction of such infectious disasters in future.

Key words: Covid-19, cognitive attitude, risk perception, preventive behavior.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION ON STUDENTS' MOTIVATION IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITIES

Beena Gul — 2025-01-15

The current qualitative exploratory research examines the effects of English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) on students’ motivation within Pakistani universities. In more detail, the objectives of the study are to: Determine the effect of EMI on students’ motivation, Establish the difficulties experienced by students undertaking EMI courses. These three public universities of Pakistan involved 300 students studying in English-medium programs. The quantitative data was administered through self-administered questionnaires for motivation and survey questionnaires while the qualitative data was collected through interviews. The study findings indicated that: EMI played a major role in influencing students’ motivation levels with most students expressing a perceived motivation to learning English and better attitudes towards learning. However, this study also revealed that, EMI has lots of difficulties for students especially those whose English is poor. The significance of the study is underlined by the need to offer enhancement to learners who may face challenges in EMI, and further argue that EMI can help enhance students’ willingness in learning English in Pakistani universities. The result of this study has a clear relevance to language policy and planning in Pakistani universities.

Keywords: Exploring, Impact, English, Medium, Instruction, Students' Motivation, Pakistani Universities.

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF PUNISHMENT INSTEAD OF FINANCIAL PENALTIES IN THE REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

Muhammad Ihtesham — 2025-01-16

The real estate business is a pivotal sector in economic development but often faces challenges due to unethical practices, regulatory violations, and breaches of contract. Financial penalties are the most common form of punishment for such infractions; however, they may not always deter repeat offenses or ensure justice. This paper explores alternative forms of punishment that can be implemented to promote accountability and compliance in the real estate industry. Alternatives such as community service, mandatory training programs, license suspension, public disclosure of violations, and performance bonds are examined for their potential to reform behavior and enhance industry standards. These measures focus on rehabilitative and preventive approaches rather than merely punitive ones. By analyzing case studies and regulatory frameworks from different jurisdictions, the paper highlights how these alternatives can effectively address misconduct while fostering a culture of responsibility among real estate professionals. Implementing diverse punitive mechanisms can also mitigate financial stress on smaller players in the industry and encourage a fairer competitive environment. The study concludes that a holistic approach to punishment, incorporating financial and non-financial measures, can significantly improve ethical practices and regulatory compliance in the real estate business.

Keywords: Real estate regulation, Alternative punishment, Ethical practices, Compliance measures, Industry accountability

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN RESOLVING THE KASHMIR CONFLICT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIAN AND PAKISTANI INTERACTING STRATEGIES

Nazir Ahmed Siyal — 2025-01-17

This study critically examines the role of leadership in resolving the Kashmir conflict, focusing on the complex and enduring tensions between India and Pakistan. Despite decades of hostilities and territorial disputes, limited research has comprehensively assessed the impact of leadership strategies in conflict resolution. Addressing this gap, the study investigates political declarations, diplomatic efforts, and policy decisions made by Indian and Pakistani leaders to evaluate their effectiveness in fostering sustainable peace. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study analyzes historical contexts, regional geopolitical dynamics, and evolving socio-political factors to uncover patterns in leadership styles and strategic approaches that have either facilitated or hindered the peace process. Findings reveal that while certain leadership tactics have promoted dialogue and temporary stability, others have exacerbated tensions due to rigid policies and mistrust. The research contributes to the fields of international relations, conflict resolution, and leadership studies by offering actionable insights for policymakers and diplomats working towards peace in South Asia. By identifying effective conflict resolution strategies, this study provides a foundation for developing innovative diplomatic frameworks to address one of the most protracted disputes globally. The findings are expected to guide future diplomatic efforts and enhance the discourse on sustainable peacebuilding in the India-Pakistan context.

Keywords: Leadership strategies, Conflict resolution, India and Pakistan, Kashmir issue, Sustainable peace

REAL ESTATE SECTOR WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SNAGS & INFORMAL ECONOMY. INSIGHTS FROM QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN. A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Khuram Shahzad — 2025-01-17

The real estate sector in Quetta, Pakistan, faces numerous challenges that hinder its growth and sustainability. The study examines the current trends and challenges in the real estate sector of Quetta, Pakistan, focusing on environmental issues, pollution, no registration, rising taxes, and government policies. The study examines the level of informality in the economic activities of the real estate sector. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews with key stakeholders to provide a comprehensive NVivo overview. The research concluded that the real estate sector is primarily informal. The findings reveal significant concerns regarding environmental issues, pollution, and resource waste due to the real estate sector.

Keywords: Real Estate Sector. Environment. Ecology. Informal Economy. Quetta. Balochistan. NVivo.

CORE SELF-EVALUATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, COPING STRATEGIES, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Komal Usman — 2025-01-18

Medical students often face significant academic pressures and emotional challenges, which can make them vulnerable to psychological distress. This study examines the relationships between core self-evaluation (CSE), psychological distress, coping strategies, and perceived social support within this demographic. Core self-evaluation, which indicates an individual's self-worth and abilities, is expected to influence how students perceive and handle stress. A cross-sectional survey was administered to medical students using validated measures to assess CSE, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance), and perceived social support. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of students experienced distress at higher frequencies than the general population, with junior students employed more problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance coping strategies than final-year students. Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly correlates with distress, as lower SES students experience higher distress levels. Higher distress levels were associated with lower core self-evaluations (CSE) and perceived social support (PSS), as well as more use of avoidance coping strategies. Additionally, perceived support from family, friends, and significant others moderates the relationship between CSE and distress. The interaction between core self-evaluations (CSE) and perceived social support (PSS) significantly predicted psychological distress, with higher PSS enhancing the protective effects of CSE on distress, supporting the buffering hypothesis. These results highlight the prevalence of psychological distress and coping strategies used by medical students. Further underscores the importance of fostering positive core self-evaluations and strengthening social support systems to reduce psychological distress. Enhancing PSS through interventions that strengthen social support networks, while simultaneously fostering CSE by building self-efficacy and emotional stability, could be a promising approach to mitigating psychological distress in medical students. Future research should explore the long-term effects and specific coping intervention strategies tailored to the unique needs of medical students.

Keywords: Core Self-Evaluation, Psychological Distress, Coping Strategies, Perceived Social Support, Medical Students, Mental Health, Stress Management, Resilience

INTERPLAY OF EDUCATION IN THE LIVES OF FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT WOMEN: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Ms. Tasneem Aziz — 2025-01-18

This study focuses on the role of education in the lives of financially independent women, of Chitral, KPK, and explores that whether there is a difference in the status and position of educated and uneducated financially independent women. By utilizing qualitative research approach, twelve financially independent women from Chitral KPK were interviewed for the present study, among which six were educated and six were uneducated to analyze how education shapes the roles and responsibilities of financially independent women. Semi structured interview guide was used to conduct interviews from twelve participants from Chitral KPK. The study finds that uneducated women face more severe problems and social criticism, while educated women have a significant improvement in work life balance and societal respect, particularly for those in teaching jobs. The findings of the study reveal that educated women were more empowered in terms of having societal respect, participation in decision making and maintaining work life balance. The findings show the importance of education in women life and helping them to increasing their financial stability, and contribute significantly to their communities. This highlights how crucial it is to have rules that support women’s access to higher education in order to sustain gender equality in Pakistan.

Key words: Education, Financially independent women, Empowerment, Decision making

CLIMATE POLITICS AND CROSS-BORDER IMPACTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINA AND THE US ON INDIA

Ayeza Hassan khan — 2025-01-18

This paper evaluates the effects of climate-related policies that were developed in China and the US on the Indian economy, its environment and its energy security and climate change commitments. Meeting the needs of climate change is an issue of serious concern for India, and as such India needs to strike a balance between developmental aspirations and global expectations on climate action. The Sino–American competition adds to India’s pressure where China’s BRI is transforming energy and water security in the region and US clean energy strategies offer both windows of opportunity and constraints. Even with transformative climate action goals set for itself, India is unable to handle the backlash from these nations which is a big hindrance for it, and this too the political science discourse is the gap that exists when it comes to the connection between international climate agendas and the Indian domestic scenario. On the other hand, it investigates the dynamic issues of how the policies of the two states affect the energy transitions, water security and climate action of India. The research combines three methods: policy analysis, historical and comparative case studies, to understand the dynamics of environmental geopolitics and economic relations. This study assists India in achieving its renewable energy targets but China's Belt and Road Initiative has created problems in the northeastern part of the country by increasing dependence on other countries for resources. The research further assists in deepening the understanding of dynamic India’s strategic adjustments amid superpower climate tussles and emphasizes on such integrated regional models. This research follows the dependency theory approach, which emphasizes India’s regional integration and multicentric climate negotiations in order to address regional climate risks.

Keywords: Cross-border conflict, climate politics, USA-CHINA, India

SINO-US RIVALRY IN INDO PACIFIC: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

Attiq Hussain — 2025-01-18

The concept of Indo-Pacific, a term that has been adopted by the United States in its strategic language underbrush, reflects an attempt to check the ever-expanding attention by China within its locus. The strategy here is to intervene and limit in this case China’s aspirations especially concerning its ambitious Belt and Road Initiative that still remains a major focus in Washington’s policy. In essence, the goal is to limit China’s global strategy of using economic interdependence, especially to Asia. China however continues to take the advocate of regional economic integration in a bid to reach a long-term objective of world dominance all in the name of maintaining the orthodox Asian pacific construct. Pakistan’s struggle to make great power competition in the Indo-Pacific region is both geopolitical and economic and emerges in an increasingly complex context. Pakistan will need to navigate the tumultuous attempt it fuels to safeguard its interests. This paper attempts to contextualize the factors contributing to Pakistan’s negative strategic environment and how these factors influence the range of available strategic options. More specifically, it proposes to answer two crucial questions:

1. What is the shift from ‘Asia Pacific’ to ‘Indo-Pacific’ doing to the strategic balance of the region?

2. Why is this transformation of importance to Pakistan’s strategic Objectives?

KEYWORDS: US-CHINA Rivalry, Indo-Pacific, Security, Implications on Pakistan

THE NOTPETYA CYBER-ATTACK: RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE REGIONAL ECONOMIES

Sana Hassam — 2025-01-19

In 2017, the NotPetya attack, widely cited as Russian-sponsored cyber-attacks against Ukraine, marked the dawning of the future of cyber war as a means of statecraft, with implications for local economies and global politics. This paper draws on realist theory to analyze the geopolitical implications of the NotPetya attack against Russia and Ukraine through power relations, state sovereignty and security problems. In overturning Ukrainian infrastructure and economic structures, the attack showed just how cyber operations can extend age-old power struggle into the digital realm. This spillover to the local economies, as well as collateral damage to international companies and neighboring states, reminds us how cyber threats are global in nature. It shows that current international arrangements have failed in combating state-sponsored cyber-attacks, and demands a revision of security paradigms to stop such attacks. The discussion informs a more general discussion about cyber warfare, its use in state strategies, and its impacts on regional stability and economic resilience.

Keywords: NotPetya cyber-attack, Russia-Ukraine war, regional economies, cyber war, realist theory.

SPACE MILITARIZATION: THE US-CHINA ARMS RACE AND ITS IMPACT ON SOUTH ASIA

Muhammad Hamza Farooqi — 2025-01-19

The focus of this essay is to provide a deep insight into the intensifying US-China arms race in space and its broad implications for the South Asian world from the theoretical lens of realism in IR. Both superpowers are scaling up their space armament as they fight for strategic and technological supremacy; the impact is shifting the dynamics of global security and amplifying insecurities in particular regions. South Asia, a geopolitically vulnerable region already steeped in longstanding rivalries and uncertain stability, has become further mired in the arms race of these world leaders. It uses the realist paradigm – the prioritization of power, security and state survival – to analyze the forces driving the US-China space race and how they affect South Asia’s security context. Analyzing some of the major trends, such as ASAT test firings, the development of space-based surveillance, and the geopolitical calculations of regional alliances, the study shows the existence of a regional arms build-up. It goes on to examine how these forces might re-inflame conflict and make the area unstable. These results highlight how South Asian states must respond to the twin issues of technological dependence and strategic vulnerability in a militarizing space environment in rapid flux.

Keywords: Space militarization, US-China strategic competition, South Asia, realist theory, international security, arms race.

THE U.S.-RUSSIA CYBERCONFLICT: CONSEQUENCES FOR UKRAINE'S CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND POLITICAL STABILITY

Ayesha Jannat — 2025-01-19

The ongoing cyberwar between the US and Russia has a significant impact on Ukraine, especially on its political stability and vital infrastructure. With an emphasis on Ukraine's rise as a major cyber theatre, this abstract examines the relationship between geopolitical tensions and cyberwarfare.Russia's ongoing cyberattacks have put Ukraine's critical infrastructure at risk, often resulting in significant disruption and monetary losses.These attacks have targeted government organisations, banks, and energy systems. Due to the US stepping up its defence of Ukraine through defensive cybersecurity measures and intelligence cooperation, Ukraine has turned into a proxy in the larger cyberwar between the US and Russia.

Keywords. U.S.-Russia Cyberconflict, Ukraine, Cybersecurity, Hybrid Warfare

AI POWERED SURVEILLANCE: USA-IRAN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STABILITY

Nubla — 2025-01-19

This study will examine how AI-based surveillance technologies might impact Middle Eastern geopolitics, in particular, the US-Iran relation and its implications for regional stability. Drawing on a theory that combines Realism, Neo-Realism, Foucault’s surveillance and power theories and Kenneth Waltz’s structural realism, this article analyses the impact of surveillance technologies on the strategic behaviour of states, the security crisis, and regional power dynamics. The USA, Iran and other Middle Eastern states – Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE – are investing more and more in AI-powered surveillance for national security, rival tracking and internal opposition suppression. This technocratic arms race not only increases regional instability, it also increases the distrust between states and erodes stability in the Middle East. The study points to surveillance as both a weapon of state authority and an agent of insecurity that feeds the vicious circle of competition and technological innovation that undermines the region’s politics.

Keywords. Ai Powered, Surveillance, Usa, Iran, Consequences, Eastern

THE ROLE OF DOGMATISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Shaista Nazir — 2025-01-20

This study examines the relationship between dogmatism and extremist tendencies among students of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Dogmatic thinking, characterized by rigid and intolerant beliefs, is hypothesized to contribute to the development of extremist ideologies. Using a quantitative approach, this research investigates the correlation between dogmatism and extremist tendencies among a sample of students. The findings reveal a positive relationship between dogmatism and extremist tendencies, suggesting that dogmatic intolerance can foster an environment conducive to extremist ideologies. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of addressing dogmatic thinking among students to prevent the spread of extremist tendencies and promote inclusive and tolerant worldviews. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical need for educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals to address dogmatic thinking and promote inclusive values among students, thereby preventing the spread of extremist tendencies.

Keywords: Dogmatism, Violent Extremism, Intolerant Beliefs, Policymakers, Extremist Ideologies

MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF THE MAJOR AND NON-MAJOR UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE LEARNERS IN ESL CLASSROOMS, AT KOHAT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Ms. Palwasha Tahir — 2025-01-21

This study aimed to investigate the Female learners' motivational orientations in ESL classrooms, which are basic components of L2 motivation. For this purpose, this study targeted the female learners of Kohat University of Science and Technology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The principle objective of this study was to understand the difference between the motivational orientations of female English learners from the Department of English named the major female English learners and female English learners from other departments of the university named non-major female English learners. The methodology used for this study was qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were used for the qualitative research design. A total of 10 female participants were selected for a semi-structured interview and the data was analysed through thematic analysis. The present study found learners' motivational orientations for learning L2. The study found a significant difference between the major and non-major English learners’ motivational orientations. The major female English learners were found to be more motivated towards learning English than the non-major female English learners, in this case from the Department of Biotechnology. Learning English as a lingua-franca is suggested to lead ESL learners to support their families for socioeconomic reasons, to be able to propagate Islam efficiently and to fight for their rights in their society. This study suggests that educators, researchers, and practitioners of ESL should focus on the English language system across various universities, particularly in Pakistan, with an emphasis on L2 motivation and second language acquisition (SLA).

Key Words: English as a Second Language (ESL), Motivation, L2 motivation, Female learner’s Motivational Orientations, Major and Non-Major learners, Second Language Acquisition (SLA).

TURN TAKING STRATEGIES IN SHOPKEEPER AND CUSTOMER CONVERSATION: A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS APPROACH

Sabahat Khattak — 2025-01-21

People use strategic behavior for speaking in ways that help them start and control their part of the discussion until they finish.People apply communication strategies to control how and when they start and end their speaking parts to reach their conversation aims. With the Through the application of the cooperative principle along with CA methods, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of turn management interactions. The research focuses on examining the interaction methods applied by retail businesses and customers. The cooperative principle people should share meaningful content while staying accurate to maintain effective dialogue. informative, and clear. With CA we examine how real-world conversations take shape. spoken interaction. This research will study how shopkeepers and customers talk to each other in real shop interactions. The study requires audio data from a designated site which we will process into text following CA protocols. standards. We apply CA methods alongside cooperative principles to evaluate these conversations. will be coded and analyzed. We investigate how multiple elements shape the speaking order. We analyze how the message delivery channel impacts communication by measuring emotional and linguistic aspects of the speakers. I focus on showing how these features affect how people speak to each other in a conversation. Additionally, the The research explores how conversations between shopkeepers and customers influence their mutual understanding and customer-service quality. The research examines how shopkeeper and customer interactions affect communication quality and customer contentment. The research will contribute additional findings to existing studies on turn-taking strategies. The investigation will recommend better methods for turn-taking behavior in multiple environments and circumstances. They strengthen interaction abilities and create better experiences for customers.

Keywords: Our analysis explores how participants in conversations take turns while following cooperative rules.Research examines how people take turns in conversations by using elements of Pragmatic and discourse theory plus speech act theory.