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Peace Mission of Seerat-Ul-Nabi (Pbuh) Demands of Modern Times and Artificial Intelligence

Dr Wajid Ali — 2025-04-04

لَقَدۡ کَانَ لَکُمۡ فِیۡ رَسُوۡلِ اللّٰہِ اُسۡوَۃٌ حَسَنَۃٌ لِّمَنۡ کَانَ یَرۡجُوا اللّٰہَ وَ الۡیَوۡمَ الۡاٰخِرَ وَ ذَکَرَ اللّٰہَ کَثِیۡرًا

‘‘The Messenger of Allah has undoubtedly provided you with a great example for anybody who frequently recalls Allah and places their hope in Him and the Last Day.’’

The Prophet Muhammad PBUH peace mission was to establish just and peaceful society, and prevent violence and conflict. He promoted peace through diplomacy, education, compassion. The Prophet's mission was to change personal lives, political, social, economic, military and cultural practices by the pagan Arabs.Quran Says:

اَللّٰہُ یَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَنْ یَّشَآئُ مِنْ عِبَادِہٖ وَ یَقْدِرُ لَہٗ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ بِکُلِّ شَیْئٍ عَلِیْمٌ

‘‘Allah restricts for Himself and provides for His people as He pleases. Indeed, Allah possesses knowledge above everything else.’’ Quran says: وَمَآ اَرْسَلْنٰکَ اِلَّا مُبَشِّرًا وَّنَذِیْرًا

"Additionally, we have sent you [O Muhammad] only to warn and offer good news."

Assurance the believers There in they will hear no abusive speech, nor any talk of sin only saying peace. Prophet Muhammad PBUH preached Islam as religion of peace promoting harmony among individuals and communities. The Quran repeatedly call for peace and justice. The Treaty of Hudaibiya land mark of piece, Allah Says:

اَفَلاَ یَتَدَبَّرُوْنَ الْقُرْاٰنَ اَمْ عَلٰی قُلُوْبٍ اَقْفَالُہَا

Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an, or are there locks upon their hearts?

In modern times, artificial intelligence is an area of study concerned with developing computers and machines that can reason and learn in ways that would ordinarily need human intelligence, or that involve data on a scale that humans cannot comprehend. Artificial intelligence eliminates human errors throughout tasks, resulting in more accurate and reliable outcomes. Artificial intelligence increases efficiency by streamlining operations while saving time and resources. Artificial Intelligence is dire need for present age because it is the age of science. Artificial Intelligence process and analyze large volume of data quickly gave personalization solutions based on customer data. Healthcare and other element which are improving day by day through artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence offer numerous benefits including task automation improve efficiency reduce human mistakes and enhance customer satisfaction.

Keywords: Peace Mission, Violence, Conflicts, Diplomacy, Cultural Practices, Character, Madinah Charter, Artificial Intelligence

The Prevalence and Legal Framework of Torture in Pakistan: Analyzing Systemic Challenges

Barrister Dr. Anwar Baig — 2025-04-05

Torture functions as a continuous human rights violation within Pakistan despite legislature protections and international duty requirements. The research studies how often torture occurs in law enforcement and police detention facilities while evaluating the existing legal system which aims to stop and ban such actions. The research incorporates data obtained from human rights organizations as well as legal documents together with media reports and interview data which reveal systematic issues like impunity and insufficient legal specifications and weak enforcement methods without independent oversight. Pakistan joined the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) in 2010 but failed to enact domestic legislation which prevented substantial compliance. The authorities use torture during police investigations against women children and members of ethnic groups and these groups constitute the majority of victims. An insufficient approach to making torture criminal leads to both public tolerance and protective immunity practices. The research demonstrates that although judicial bodies sometimes take proactive action they typically lack both adequate capacity and desired support to provide remedy. The research identifies applicable legal and institutional solutions from around the world which Pakistan can use to reduce cases of torture. The author provides actionable policy suggestions that stress immediate legislative action against torture and develop independent oversight organizations and strengthen both police education and victim assistance programs. Resolving Pakistan's torture problems demands comprehensive cultural change throughout the police force and sustained political support in addition to strengthening specific legal protections.

Keywords: Torture, Human Rights, Pakistan, Legal Framework, Police Abuse, UNCAT, Accountability, Judicial Reform, Impunity, Criminal Justice.

Misconceptions and Misrepresentations: A Scholarly Response to Orientalist Criticism of the Seerah

Dr Abdul Waheed Memon — 2025-04-07

The life and character of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) have been the subject of intense scrutiny by Western Orientalists, many of whom have approached the Seerah with deep-seated biases and preconceived notions. This article explores the recurring themes in Orientalist critiques, particularly their objections to the Prophet’s (ﷺ) marital life, his role as a statesman, and the expansion of Islam. The study highlights the historical roots of these critiques, tracing them from early Christian polemics to modern academic discourse. Additionally, it examines the impact of Crusades, colonialism, and contemporary Islamophobia in shaping these perspectives. By analyzing primary Orientalist sources and their rebuttals by Muslim scholars, this paper aims to present a balanced and scholarly response to these criticisms. The research underscores the importance of addressing such misconceptions through authentic Islamic scholarship, interfaith dialogue, and media engagement. Ultimately, it advocates for a more nuanced and objective study of the Seerah, free from ideological distortions and historical prejudices.

Keywords: seerah, Orientalist, Criticism, Islamophobia, Islamic teachings.

The Rise of Populism in Pakistani Politics: Challenges for Democratic Stability

Uzma Malik — 2025-04-08

This paper critically examines the emergence and entrenchment of populist politics in Pakistan and its implications for the country’s democratic stability. The rise of populism, characterized by anti-elitist rhetoric, charismatic leadership, and the direct appeal to “the people,” has become increasingly visible in Pakistan’s political landscape, particularly since the late 2000s. Through a detailed exploration of populist narratives, this study highlights how political leaders capitalize on public discontent, economic grievances, and institutional inefficiencies to foster a populist image. While populism may invigorate political participation and challenge entrenched elites, it simultaneously poses significant risks to democratic norms, including the erosion of institutional checks and balances, increased political polarization, and a weakening of representative institutions. The paper focuses particularly on the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) under Imran Khan, analyzing how populist strategies were deployed to mobilize mass support and challenge traditional political dynasties. However, it also draws attention to the inherent contradictions within populist governance, such as the reliance on the same institutions it often seeks to undermine. The study concludes that while populism may offer short-term political gains, its long-term impact on Pakistan’s democratic trajectory remains fraught with uncertainty and potential instability. The paper emphasizes the need for institutional resilience, civic education, and inclusive political discourse to counter the disruptive tendencies of populist politics and sustain democratic development.

Keywords: Populism, Pakistani Politics, Democratic Stability, Imran Khan, PTI, Political Polarization, Institutional Erosion, Charismatic Leadership, Anti-elitism, Political Mobilization

Nuclear Security in Pakistan: Measures, Myths, and Realities

Dr. Yunas Khan — 2025-04-07

Pakistan’s nuclear security framework has been a focal point of global scrutiny, particularly due to its rapid nuclear expansion and the volatile geopolitical environment of South Asia. This study examines the multifaceted aspects of nuclear security in Pakistan, addressing both the implemented measures and the persistent myths surrounding its program. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, Pakistan has established robust institutional mechanisms, including the National Command Authority (NCA) and Strategic Plans Division (SPD), to oversee nuclear safety and deterrence. Physical security protocols, cybersecurity measures, and Human Reliability Programs (HRPs) are critically analyzed, highlighting Pakistan’s efforts to mitigate risks such as insider threats, terrorism, and illicit trafficking. Despite these measures, challenges remain, including public misperceptions and international skepticism, often fueled by exaggerated claims of vulnerability. The study dispels common myths such as the "loose nukes" narrativemwhile acknowledging real concerns, such as evolving cyber threats and regional instability. It also explores the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating for nuclear safety and fostering public awareness. By juxtaposing Pakistan’s security infrastructure with prevailing myths, this analysis underscores the need for a balanced, evidence-based discourse to address both domestic and international apprehensions. The findings emphasize Pakistan’s commitment to maintaining a credible minimum deterrent while navigating the complexities of nuclear security in a high-stakes region.

Keywords: Pakistan, Nuclear Security, National Command Authority (NCA), Strategic Plans Division (SPD), Physical Security, Cybersecurity, Human Reliability Program (HRP), Non-Proliferation, South Asia, Deterrence

Chitral’s Endangered Vernaculars in the Shadow of Language Policy: A Linguistic Exploration of Kalasha Language

Abdul Wasi — 2025-04-02

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Khowar's dominance in communities and schools on the health of the Kalasha in Chitral. There are serious concerns over the sustainability of the region's great linguistic diversity and the future of its endangered languages when the Khowar is taught as a subject in Chitral schools, since many of the students come from diverse linguistic origins. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of language policy on the Kalasha in District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Focusing on the dominance of the Khowar and its impact on the endangered minority language. Using a survey, the research gathered quantitative data. The quantitative data were collected through written questionnaires from 120 participants (Grades 6 to 10), using random sampling from students. Using SPSS software, the quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The study results showed that while Khowar makes it easier to communicate across borders, the Kalasha is seriously threatened by its widespread use in the educational system, which causes language shift and cultural loss. Due to Khowar's dominance in Chitral's educational system, kids from different linguistic origins struggle academically and participate in school and the community. The results also showed that Khowar's dominance in school has influenced the frequency of using minority languages in their community and slowed the growth of the Kalasha in the community.

Keywords: language policy, endangered languages, Chitral, Kalasha, Khowar

Demographic Variations in the Impact of Mass Media on Health, Performance, and Values Among University Teachers and Students

Nosheen Rahim — 2025-04-09

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of mass media consumption on health, performance and values of university teachers and students, with special emphasis on the demographic variations. It investigates the impact of the effects of media exposure on the physical/social health, academic/collaborative performance, and social/organizational values with regard to gender, age, and educational background. A cross sectional survey design was employed to collect data of 331 (304 students and 27 teachers) from various universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Media usage patterns were assessed using validated questionnaires, health outcomes, performance metrics and value systems, demographic factors were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Some key findings reveal how media exerts its power on important demographic groups. The consumption source for social media shaped up to be the largest (65%), and it was correlated with being sedentary and disturbed in sleep. However, there was a notable gender difference, as female participants were more prone to media self-esteem problems and male participants were more distracted. Age had an important role to play in the fact that younger people (18–24 years) were more likely to suffer academic performance declines due to excessive media use. For students with higher CGPAs (3.5–4.0), who experienced media exposure, higher educational attainment moderated outcomes, with students showing more improved health better teacher performance than students with lower CGPAs (1.5–2.5). Early career teachers were strained with conflicts of values related to the media. This calls for media literacy intervention tailored to special populations. It recommends that simple programs are created for younger students aimed at reducing the distractions, that gender sensitive mental health support be provided and that institutional policies promoting balanced use of media are implemented. These contribute to the widening conversation around the media’s uneven benefits and risks and support those approaches that attempt to maximize the one without tipping over into the other, for both general and special populations.

Keywords: Mass Media, Demographic Differences, Health, Academic Performance, Values, Media Literacy.

Cultural Pluralism and National Identity in Pakistan: Harmony or Fragmentation

Ismail Khan — 2025-04-11

This article examines the relation between cultural pluralism and national identity in Pakistan, exploring whether the country's rich diversity fosters social harmony or fuels fragmentation. Through historical analysis and contemporary case studies, the study investigates how Pakistan's multi-ethnic, multilingual, and multi-religious composition shapes its national identity. The research highlights key challenges including language policies, regional autonomy movements, and the tension between Islamic unity and ethnic particularism, while also identifying opportunities for inclusive nation-building. Findings suggest that Pakistan's cultural pluralism presents both a source of national strength and a potential threat to cohesion, depending on policy approaches and institutional frameworks. The article concludes by proposing strategies for balancing regional identities with national unity, emphasizing the need for equitable representation, cultural recognition, and adaptive governance in managing diversity.

Keywords: Cultural Pluralism, National Identity, Pakistan, Ethnic Diversity, Multiculturalism, Nation-Building, Social Cohesion, Language Politics, Islamic Unity, Regional Autonomy

Criminal Squatting: Evaluating the Application of ‘Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio’ on Adverse Possession Claims under LRA 2002

Bushra Nawaz — 2025-04-11

The article focus on the law of adverse possession (AP) under Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 which has transformed the fundamental basis of entitlement of land from possession to registration. A detail analysis of the law of adverse possession will follow, concentrating on a comparison between the former and the current adverse possession scheme governed by the LRA 2002. This article will evaluate the protection of registered proprietors by reviewing the statutory and case law. The LRA 2002 has made it difficult for adverse possessors to have a successful claim. The position of legal proprietor is further strengthened by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act (LASPO) 2012, which has created a new offence of criminal. With the incorporation of LAPSO 2012, the maxim ‘ex turpi causa non oritur actio’ will be appraised in light of the recent case law including Rashid v Nasrullah [2018] and R (Best) v The Chief Land Registrar [2015]. In light of the findings, the issues detailed, this article will argue that the holistic interpretation of ‘ex turpi causa’ maxim ensures a balance between the goals of adverse possession claims. The true owners have a more favorable position under the new regime, as it provides more cohesive rules for protection by focusing on the registered title compared to mere possession; thereby bring law in conformity with the policy considerations of the current era.

Keywords: Adverse Possession, Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002), Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio, Registered Proprietors, Legal Ownership, Criminal Squatting, Land Law, Property Rights

Divine Motherhood in Buddhist Iconography: The Religious Significance of Harithi in Gandhāra Art

Dr Qamar-un-Nisa — 2025-04-12

The article explores the transformation and veneration of the goddess Harithi in Gandhāran Buddhist art. Originally depicted as a child-devouring Yakshini, Harithi undergoes a profound moral redemption through the Buddha’s compassion, emerging as a protector of children and a symbol of fertility and maternal care. The study examines her mythological origins, iconographic evolution, and socio-religious role within the syncretic cultural landscape of Gandhāra, where Greco-Roman artistic influences merged with Indian spiritual themes. Through detailed analysis of sculptural depictions, the article highlights Harithi’s nurturing imagery surrounded by children, adorned with symbols of abundance, and often paired with her consort Panchika reflecting her integration into monastic worship and her appeal to devotees, particularly women seeking fertility or protection against diseases like smallpox. The discussion also addresses the gendered dimensions of her iconography, noting the exclusivity of male children in her representations while acknowledging her subversion of patriarchal norms through her spiritual authority. By situating Harithi within broader South Asian traditions of maternal deities and comparative iconography, the article underscores Buddhism’s adaptive capacity to reinterpret indigenous fertility cults, offering a model of inclusivity and moral transformation.

Keywords: Harithi, Gandhāra Art, Buddhist Iconography, Divine Motherhood, Fertility Goddess, Yakshini, Greco-Roman Influence, Moral Redemption, Gender, Syncretism

Socio-Cultural Determinants of Reproductive Health Behavior of Nomads' Women in District Bhakkar

Shanza Akbar — 2025-04-12

"Nomad" is originated from the Geek word "Nomos," which meaning "pasture." A nomad is a representative of a certain community who does not have a fixed abode, is always on the move, and lives in several areas. In this advanced age, the nomadic population's primary concern is reproductive health. The objectives of this research are to study socio economic characteristics of nomads, and main objective is to explain the reproductive behaviors of nomadic communities. Cross-sectional survey was conducted-a quantitative approach was used. A sample of I70 respondents were collected through purposive sampling technique from district Bhakkar. Data was collected by the well-designed interview schedule. Findings indicate that most of the respondents 54.7% were male, large number of the respondents 88.0% were illiterate, and a huge number of respondents’ monthly income was under 10000-15000. Majority of the nomad’s family size was more than 12 members, and most of them were living in joint family system. Most of the nomads claimed that son preference is very common in their groups and trends of early marriages are the part of their distinctive culture. A massive portion of the nomads were agreed that socio-cultural factors are affecting their reproductive behavior. Their females were facing unplanned pregnancy due to customary attitudes. The research results were very amazing that nomads are strictly adhere to their culture and customs regarding their reproductive behavior which is being highly affected by these socio-cultural beliefs. It has been known that nomadic groups are an outlier in society. The majority of nomads in the district of Bhakkar live in deplorable conditions. They don't have access to health care, sanitation, or other basic requirements of existence. Their reproductive behavior is influenced by their nomadic lifestyle. The nomadic respondents has no concept of family planning and no intension to avert births to keep the family small, rather they believe that birth is ALLAH blessings and any intervention to control or avert the birth is against their social cultural norms and traditions The conventional and customary attitude of nomads regarding their reproductive activity should be changed through providing information about the ill effects of large family size, unplanned pregnancy and the benefits of the small family norms. Government should pay special attention to these remote settlements in Bhakkar so that they can live happier lives with their families.

Keywords: Nomads, reproductive behavior, sociocultural factors.

Exploring Visual Resources in Covid-19 Cautionary Posters: A Semiotic Study

Kiran Jehan — 2025-04-14

The outbreak of Covid-19 compelled health-care authorities to make the public aware of the possible avoidance of the disease. Cautionary posters are used to reduce the risk of Covid-19 and stop the spread of the pandemic, making the public aware of the life-threatening disease. Covid-19 has impacted the lives of people from all walks of life. This study analyses semiotic resources used in five Pakistani and five WHO designed posters, distributing cautionary messages about Covid-19 pandemic. This is qualitative research, and the semiotic resources used in the ten cautionary posters have been analyzed using Kress and Leeuwen’s semiotic model. After analyzing the posters, it is found that various semiotic resources such as gaze, long and medium shots, colour, human and quasi-human images, foregrounding and backgrounding are used in designing these posters. These resources are used to make the public aware of this deadly disease, enabling them to adopt precautionary measures against the pandemic. The findings also reveal that local Pakistani posters are relatively simple and have limited semiotic resources as compared to the posters designed by the World Health Organization.

Keywords: Semiotic Analysis, Cautionary Posters, Covid-19 Pandemic.

The Shari’ah Implications of the Variations in Distance between the Sun and the Moon (Perigee & Apogee): Differing Perspectives of Scholars

Dr. Mufti Muhammad Iltimas Khan — 2025-04-15

For some time now, the astronomical phenomena of perigee (when the moon is closest to the earth) and apogee (when the moon is farthest) have been of interest to scholars particularly in terms of their possible association within Islamic Shari’ah. The apparent size and timing of lunar phases, which are critical to the Islamic lunar calendar including Ramadan, Eid and Hajj, are subject to variations in the distances between the earth, sun and moon. From Classical and contemporary scholars, it has been explored whether these celestial changes entail any fiqhi (legal) consequences for the commencement and termination of Islamic months, determination of the new moon (hilal), and according to the Islamic prayer times and fasting hours. But several jurists hold that such astronomical factors should be weighed in with physical moon sighting (ru’yah) while others insist that the traditional naked eye sighting is still binding, despite perigee and apogee. Differences also arise in interpretations of hadiths concerning lunar visibility and resolving it with the exact astronomical data. This paper analyzes these different academic perspectives and their arguments and demonstrates how timelessness of principles of Shari’ah accommodates natural variations. Though astronomy does provide useful information, the study concludes that Shari’ah primarily considers accessibility and ease for most people in religious obligations in the sense of flexibility and adaptability in light of celestial phenomena.

Keywords: Perigee, Apogee, Islamic Lunar Calendar, Moon Sighting (Ru’yah), Shari’ah Rulings, Astronomical Calculations

A Historical, Legal, and Shari'ah-based Analysis of the Inheritance Law in Practice in Pakistan

Dr. Fatima — 2025-04-15

This research paper explores the prevailing inheritance laws in Pakistan through historical, legal, and religious lenses. It highlights the significance of inheritance in Islamic jurisprudence, where clear guidelines for the distribution of wealth are provided in the Qur'an and Hadith. The study traces the evolution of inheritance law in the Indian subcontinent, particularly the impact of British colonial rule and the subsequent legal developments in post-independence Pakistan. It critically examines the role of the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Act of 1962 and other related statutes in shaping inheritance rights, especially for women and grandchildren.

In addition to Islamic law, the paper analyzes the legal frameworks governing the inheritance rights of religious minorities in Pakistan, particularly Christians and Hindus. It outlines the relevant statutes such as the Succession Act of 1925 (applicable to Christians) and Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act, highlighting key differences in principles of succession, gender equity, and testamentary freedom. A key focus is the analysis of recent Supreme Court judgments, especially regarding the inheritance rights of grandchildren in cases where their parent has predeceased the grandparent.

Kewwords: Inheritance Law, Pakistan Legal System, Islamic Shari'ah, Historical Analysis, Legal Reforms in Pakistan

Rada’at Relationship and the Sharia Ruling on Rada’ah with Mixed Milk

Jannat Gul — 2025-04-17

Breast feeding (Whether it’s biological mothers or another woman’s) is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. If an infant’s drinks the milk of any Mahram or non-Mahram woman during infancy, or that woman breastfeeds him, this practice of breast feeding is called Rada’at, where professional or nursing mother is called Reza’a, (رضاعۃ)Murzi’a (مرضعۃ) or foster mother. This is why Allah Almighty has legislated the command of breast feeding (rada’ah) by the mother. In cases where the birth mother’s milk is unavailable, the Sharia prescribes the arrangement of a wet nurse (Suckling Mother), and has elaborated upon its rulings. These Directives gives rise to several jurisprudential matters such as Hurmat-al-Rada’ahحرمۃ الرضاعۃ (the legal prohibition resulting from breast feeding), Ithbat-al-Rada’ah اثبات الرضاع (establishing proof of such a relationship), Miqdar-al-rada’ah (the quantity of suckling required to effect this prohibition) and Hurmat-al-Nikah حرمۃ النکاح (marital prohibition due to milk kinship). Additionally, contemporary legal and ethical concerns such as the commercialization of human milk, and related issues also fall within this discourse, and will be discussed in detail.

Keywords: Brest feeding, Infant, Foster Age, Foster Mother, Milk bank.

Religious Narrative in the Digital Age: A Thematic Analysis of Maulana Tariq Jameel's Social Media Content

Mr. Muhammad Asad Ullah — 2025-04-17

Social media is a powerful tool for communication and information sharing. Islamic scholars utilize these digital platforms to disseminate religious knowledge, engage with followers, and promote moral and ethical teachings. Platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram have become essential mediums for delivering Islamic sermons, educational content, and social guidance. One prominent scholar, Maulana Tariq Jameel, uses social media to share Islamic teachings and moral insights with a global audience. His speeches are noted for their simplicity, emotional depth, and relevance to contemporary issues, resonating widely with millions of followers worldwide.

This study examines the most viewed YouTube videos of Maulana Tariq Jameel. The primary aim of the research is to analyze the key themes, narratives, and engagement strategies employed in his speeches. The videos were analyzed using a coding sheet, which allowed for an exploration of key themes, presentation styles, and the overall impact of these videos. Through thematic analysis, the study seeks to understand how Maulana Tariq Jameel employs digital platforms to engage audiences, convey Islamic values, and address modern spiritual and social challenges.

The study focused on Maulana Tariq Jameel's five most-viewed YouTube videos, which collectively garnered over 107.3 million views. The themes of these videos included life after death, the significance of prayer, the sacrifices of Imam Hussain (RA), methods for inviting non-Muslims to Islam, and spiritual guidance. The research explored the central topics, narrative strategies, and audience responses to these videos.

The findings discovered that Maulana Tariq Jameel's speeches center around spiritual awakening, moral reformation, and the simplified interpretation of Islamic teachings. His narratives, delivered with compassion, simplicity, and wisdom, leave a profound impact on audiences. His speeches emphasize not only religious values but also address contemporary social issues, family relations, and ethical conduct. This study highlights how Islamic scholars effectively utilize digital platforms to disseminate religious messages and influence public opinion. The results provide significant insights into the dynamics of religious narratives, the role of social media, and digital religious influence, contributing to a broader understanding of how Islamic teachings can be promoted and social reforms encouraged in the digital age.

Keywords: Maulana Tariq Jameel, YouTube, Thematic Analysis, Islamic Narratives, Religious Influence, Digital Platforms, Religious Communication

Investigating the Physical Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Body

Usman Tariq Ranjha — 2025-04-17

Methamphetamine addiction has become a growing public health crisis in Pakistan, particularly among individuals aged 15 to 35. This study explores the causes, consequences and challenges of methamphetamine use through the personal narratives of nine participants. Addiction often stems from socioeconomic vulnerabilities, such as poverty, unemployment and academic pressure, with methamphetamine offering temporary relief but exacting a devastating toll on physical health, mental well-being and social relationships. Participants reported severe weight loss, cardiovascular strain and dental decay, alongside feelings of isolation, shame and diminished self-worth. Using a qualitative approach, the research highlights how peer influence, economic hardship and psychological escapism drive methamphetamine use. Despite the profound impact on their lives, participants expressed a shared desire for recovery, underscoring the importance of accessible healthcare, psychological support and economic empowerment. The study also emphasizes the need for preventive education and community reintegration to break the cycle of addiction. This research calls for a compassionate, multidimensional response that addresses not only the symptoms of addiction but also its root causes. Investing in comprehensive rehabilitation programs and systemic interventions can empower individuals to reclaim their lives, rebuild their relationships and contribute to a healthier, more resilient society.

Key Words: Drug Abuse, addiction, Physical Effects, Methamphetamine

An Analytical Study of the Responsibilities of Muslim Rulers in the Light of the Qur'an and Seerah: A Case of Gaza

Irfan Ullah — 2025-04-17

The responsibilities of Muslim rulers in accordance with the Qur’an and the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ are critically reviewed through the current crisis in Gaza. The Qur'an enjoins the rulers to perform their duties of justice and protecting the oppressed and adhering to the moral and social values of Islam in their own lands as well as in their neighbouring territories. Prophet’s treaties, military and diplomatic policies, which involved practical models of leadership in the face of oppression, prioritized the welfare of the Muslim community and defended human dignity were all found in the Seerah. It is a severe humanitarian and political crisis that bears on the application of Islamic governance principles in contemporary times, and is the plight of Gaza. This paper asks the question of whether and how modern Muslim rulers have fulfilled their obligations as per Qur’an and prophetic teachings to the oppressed people of Gaza. Mentioning key responsibilities like provision of political, economic, military support, support for international justice, and strengthening unity between Muslim nations, it is. The study shows that big gaps exist between Islamic ideals and modern practices by comparing historical precedents with modern culture. The conclusion of the paper provides recommendations to the Muslim rulers on following the Islamic sources, demanding that they adopt a proactive, a united, and an ethically founded approach to the global crises that ensue from Gaza, which corresponds to the divine and moral obligations. It is meant to help form contemporary Islamic political thought and to provide the answers based on the Qur'an and Seerah regarding Muslim humanitarian issues.

Keywords: Muslim Rulers, Qur'an, Seerah, Gaza Crisis, Islamic Governance, Justice and Oppression, Muslim Unity

Roadway to Self-Sacrifice: The Role of Deviant Association, Passion for Religion and Sensation Seeking

Hayat Muhammad — 2025-04-19

The present study investigates the predictive role of deviant association, passion for religion, and sensation seeking in relation to self-sacrificial behavior. A total of 354 participants completed a self-report measure. The study hypothesizes that deviant association, passion for religion and sensation seeking effects self-sacrifice. Data were collected through survey method. Results showed that deviant association, passion for religion and sensation all often strengthen the effect on self-sacrifice. The study highlights the need to address of individuals who are involved in the deviant peer groups, high but negative passion for religion and high sensation seeking which ultimately leads to self-sacrifice.

Keywords: Self-Sacrifice, Deviant Association, Passion, Religion, Sensation Seeking

Digital Innovation and Online Shopping Experience as Drivers of Repurchase Intention in Pakistan’s Fashion Industry

Sohail Raza — 2025-04-20

This study investigates the mediating effect of brand love on the impact of digital innovation and online purchase experience on repurchase intention in Pakistan’s fashion e-commerce sector. Based on Social Exchange Theory, the research is quantitative with 320 online shoppers in major Pakistani cities surveyed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation analysis were used to analyze the data. It is found that although the impact of digital innovation (β = 0.32, p < 0.01) and online shopping experience (β = 0.38, p < 0.01) on repurchase intention is significant, the latter has a stronger influence. Both mediate between these relationships and in the end, emotional attachment explains part of how we engender brand love. It shows there’s context – Pakistani consumers are willing to rein in on innovations instead of being in the cool kids table of cutting edge innovation except that they don’t want to compromise with functional reliability (e.g seamless navigation, secure payments). Also, the young demographics (18–24 years) are more responsive to brand's digital features such as AI and AR. The findings here present actionable insights to be brought into the loop of fashion retailers, that these need to be coupled with culturally resonant branding strategies, user friendly technologies that will lead to repeat purchases. It bridges a critical gap in literature by contextualizing digital consumer behavior in an emerging market, and highlighting utilitarian and emotional factors in the matter of sustaining e-commerce growth.

Keywords: Digital Innovation, Online Shopping Experience, Repurchase Intention, Brand Love, Pakistan, Fashion E-Commerce, Social Exchange Theory

An Analysis of Humanism and Realism in Manto’s Short Stories

Haleema Sadia — 2025-04-21

Saadat Hasan Manto, one of the most prominent short story and fiction writers in Urdu literature, is widely known for his unfiltered portrayal of society and deeply humanistic approach to storytelling. His fiction captures the raw realities of the human condition, often delving into themes of partition, sexuality, marginalization, and psychological trauma. This paper explores the intricate interplay of humanism and realism in Manto’s short stories. Manto’s realism is not limited to external events or historical occurrences but extends deeply into the psyche of his characters, who are often victims of societal hypocrisy, political turmoil, or internal moral conflict. Through stories such as Khol Do, Thanda Gosht, Toba Tek Singh, and Bu, Manto presents a world where the lines between right and wrong, virtue and vice, are blurred challenging the reader’s moral framework. His humanism lies in his refusal to dehumanize his characters, even when they operate in morally ambiguous or socially condemned spaces. Women, prostitutes, refugees, lunatics, and the lower classes are not mere symbols in his work but complex human beings with agency and depth. This paper analyzes these themes from psychological and sociological perspectives, particularly through Freudian analysis and social realism. By doing so, it underscores Manto’s unique contribution to literature as a truth-teller who believed in confronting society with its own reflection. His work remains deeply relevant in understanding the socio-political and moral crises of both his time and the present.

Keywords: Saadat Hasan Manto, Urdu Literature, Humanism, Realism, Partition, Psychological Analysis, Social Realism, Gender, Marginalization, Freudian Theory

Individualized Education Programs (IEPs): Policy, Practice, and Progress

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naseer ud Din — 2025-04-21

Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) are critical tools designed to ensure students with disabilities receive tailored educational services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This paper examines the policy framework, practical implementation, and challenges of IEPs, emphasizing their role in promoting equitable access to education. Key components of IEPs include measurable annual goals, present levels of performance, and specialized services, all developed collaboratively by educators, parents, and specialists. Despite their legal mandate, challenges such as resource limitations, communication barriers, and inconsistent implementation persist, often hindering their effectiveness. The paper also explores trends like inclusion and technology integration, alongside future directions for enhancing personalization and policy alignment. By addressing these challenges and leveraging best practices, IEPs can better serve their intended purpose of fostering academic and social success for students with disabilities.

Keywords: Individualized Education Program (IEP), Special Education, IDEA, Inclusion, Measurable Goals, Parental Participation, Resource Limitations, Assistive Technology, Policy Implementation

Effect of Gamification on Cognitive Development of Students with Intellectual Disabilities

Dr. Muhammad Nazir — 2025-04-21

The study aimed to determine the impact of gamification on the cognitive development of the students with intellectual disability. The study assessed the impact of gamification three various variables i.e. impact of gamification on vocabulary development, problem solving, and concept development. The study was quantitative in nature. It was an experimental study. Randomized pretest-posttest control group design was used to conduct the research. All the students of intellectual disabilities presently studying in public special education institutes of district Faisalabad made the study population. Researcher selected Shadab Institute for students with intellectual disabilities located in city area district Faisalabad for the study. A sample of 10 students was chosen from Grade-1. The student selection was purely randomized based on the fishbowl sampling technique. Sample was again distributed into two groups i.e. Group-A (Treatment Group) and Group-B (Control Group). A random assignment of 5 ID students in each group was made. Researcher visited the Govt. Shadab Institute for Intellectually Disabled Faisalabad, and approached the students with intellectual disability of grade-1. Researcher firstly collected the pretest data from the students on the basis of various manual sheets to measure the vocabulary skills (parts of body, fruits), various concepts (big & small, color sorting, matching gemstones), and problem solving skills (ocean and mazes). Afterwards, the students of the treatment group underwent the intervention through various computer games for one months, 4 weeks (3 days a week). Researcher provided the intervention for 50 minutes (10 minutes to each child). All the students played the games one by one. After the intervention of one month, again posttest assessment was applied on both of the groups (experimental and control group). Gamification showed a significantly higher effect on vocabulary development (body parts), problem-solving (maze puzzle), and concept development (colour matching and big & small games) in students with intellectual disabilities compared to traditional methods. However, it had no significant impact on vocabulary (fruit names), problem-solving (ocean puzzle), or concept development (gemstone game), where both methods were found ineffective.

Keywords: Gamification, cognitive development, intellectual disability.

Translation and Validation of Urdu-Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS)

Huma Javed — 2025-04-22

The Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale is a widely used instrument to measure psychological morbidity in substance abusers. This study aimed to translate and test the reliability and validity of the Urdu version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale. The English version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale was translated into Urdu and used in this study. The questionnaire was administered to a consecutive sample of one hundred substance abusers. In general, the Urdu version of the scale was found to be acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, used to test reliability, is 0.71 for the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale, indicating good reliability. In this study, the Perceived Stress and Self-Esteem scales and the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale were employed to measure their validity. The validity of the translated and adapted scale, Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse, was assessed by calculating the item's total correlation and Inter-Item correlation with their respective rankings. Pearson correlation of measures between the perceived stigma of substance abuse, perceived stress, and self-esteem was computed for the study sample to determine the relationship between variables. This preliminary validation study of the English version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale proved that it is an acceptable, reliable, and valid measure of perception of the prevalence of stigmatizing beliefs among Substance Abusers.

Keywords: Perceived stigma, substance abuse, self-esteem, perceived stress

Mathematical Rigor at Primary Level in Pakistan: Teachers Problems and Prospects

Dildar Hussnain — 2025-04-25

The importance of teachers in the contemporary world has assumed novel manifestations due to the advent of the modern period. The main purpose of this research study was to investigate the mathematical rigor at primary level in the district Khushab, Punjab Pakistan: Teachers Problems and Prospects. Study employed a descriptive quantitative design. The population of the study was all the mathematic teachers of grade three at public primary schools and random sampling technique was used for sample selection. The sample (210) represents 30% of the population. The self-developed Likert type questionnaire was used to collect data. A questionnaire was about students’ mathematical rigor with 18 items. The value of Cronbach’s alpha for students’ mathematical rigor questionnaire was 0.89. The findings revealed that most of the teachers perceived that they have good level to foster student’s mathematical rigor. Results indicated that students possess a noteworthy degree of mathematical rigor, which were shown by their solid conceptual understanding of mathematical ideas, high level of fluency, and fluent application of these concepts. However, the range of differences identified in fluency and application scores highlights the need for ongoing endeavours to guarantee uniformity and thoroughness in mathematical skills across various situations.

Key words: Mathematical Rigor, Conceptual Understanding, Fluency, Application, Primary School Teachers

Comparative Analysis of Academic Achievement of Students with Hearing Aids and Without Hearing Aids in the Presence of Socio-Economic Barriers at Secondary Level

Waqas Mahmood — 2025-04-25

In Pakistan, the socio-economic challenges faced by Hearing Impaired individual are enormous. Educated individuals are often not employed due to an inability to communicate. This study investigates how auditory processing, assistive device usage, and socio-economic factors influence academic performance among secondary students with and without hearing aids in District Bahawalpur. A mixed-method approach was employed with 167 students, and data was analyzed using SPSS. Findings indicate significant relationships between hearing support and educational outcomes. The study underscores the importance of inclusive strategies and interventions to address the unique academic needs of hearing-impaired students.

Keywords: Hearing Impairment, Academic Achievement, Assistive Devices, Socio-Economic Barriers, Secondary Education

Relationship between Social Anxiety, Shaming Guilt and Psychological Distress in OCD

Maham Kanwal — 2025-04-26

To find the association of social anxiety, psychological distress, and shaming guilt in obsessives compulsive disorder patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at Mental Health Institutes, General and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore from April 2023 to June 2023. Data collected of 100 patients that were diagnosed at least three-month, 19 years above age. Closed ended questioners’ tool was used for data collection. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 26 and the result was obtained. Findings suggest a significant positive relationship between Social Anxiety, Psychological Distress, and Shaming Guilt in OCD patients. Psychological Distress mediated the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Shaming Guilt. Various patterns of correlations that surfaced throughout this investigation are thought to have significant practical relevance. It was concluded that the moderating role of psychological distress between social anxiety and shaming guilt led to obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological distress, social anxiety and shaming guilt showed positively significant association among OCD patients.

Keywords: Social Anxiety, Shaming Guilt and Psychological Distress in OCD

Optimizing Microservices in Edge Computing: Addressing Latency, Resource Constraints, and Security Challenges

Misbah Abid — 2025-04-26

The rise of edge computing has necessitated a shift in data processing and analysis, bringing these processes closer to the data source to reduce latency and optimize bandwidth utilization. This study proposes a set of specialized design patterns tailored for deploying microservices in edge computing environments, addressing critical challenges such as limited resources, unstable networks, and heightened security concerns. Using a comprehensive methodology involving case studies, literature review, pattern development, prototyping, and performance evaluation, we developed and validated several innovative design patterns. Our findings indicate that these patterns significantly enhance fault tolerance (achieving 99.5% uptime), optimize resource utilization by 30%, reduce latency by 40–60%, and improve security with 50% fewer breaches. These results underscore the effectiveness of edge-based microservices in achieving robust, efficient, and secure data processing.

Keywords: Edge Computing Microservices, Design, Patterns, Latency, Reduction, Resource Utilization.

Obstacles and Outcomes of Hospital Management System Implementation

Tehmina Khan — 2025-04-26

This study was conducted to identify the obstacles and outcomes in the implementation of a Hospital Management System (HMS) in Pakistan. A Hospital Management System (HMS) is used to streamline hospital processes by managing healthcare-related information efficiently. It is a necessity in today’s world, but limited hospitals in developing countries like Pakistan have implemented such systems. This study adopted a qualitative approach to identify major areas related to the obstacles and outcomes of HMS implementation in a hospital. It employed a qualitative approach rooted in interpretivism and an inductive methodology. Interviews were conducted in different departments of the hospital to ensure adequate representation of the various management levels and skill set diversity. Open-ended questions were asked from the interviewees related to the topic under study during the personal interviews. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Special attention was paid to capturing all relevant information, and these transcripts were then entered into NVivo software. The results of the study may prove beneficial in streamlining the HMS implementation process in other hospitals and working out the identified obstacles before implementation to carry out the task more efficiently.

Keywords: Hospital Management System, Hospital Automation, Employee Satisfaction, Patient Satisfaction, Qualitative Analysis

The Dynamic Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Employees Creativity through Mediating Effect of Self Efficacy Approach

Muhammad Akhtar — 2025-04-27

The research investigates the three-dimensional relationship between Ethical Leadership (ELDS), Self-Efficacy (SEF) and Employees' Creativity (EMC) in educational institutions. The research based on structural model analysis demonstrates that ethical leadership improves both self-efficacy and creativity levels among employees. Ethical leaders establish a workplace safety environment that lets employees generate innovative ideas without fear of adverse consequences. The research demonstrates that self-efficacy functions as the key factor linking ethical leadership to creativity by showing that confident employees engage more in creative problem-solving. This research demonstrates that organizations should maintain ethical leadership standards because they create supportive work environments, which promote teamwork and risk-taking behavior. Higher education institutions must create programs for ethical leadership development since this enhances both employee engagement and workplace performance. The resulting evidence adds to organizational behavior studies by proving that ethical leaders both advance workplace creativity and build greater self-efficacy which produces enhanced organizational achievements. The study provides vital insights that guide leadership-training strategies to enhance educational innovation development programs.

Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Self-Efficacy, Employees' Creativity, Higher Education

An Analysis of the Church's doctrine of Christ

Dr. Muhammad Yaseen Raza — 2025-04-27

Judaism and Christianity are the two primary religions in Semitic religion. Their primary source is the common Bible. Both religions believe the Bible to be inspired and its teachings to be true. The concept of Christ differs significantly across the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. In Judaism and Christianity, the notion of Christ has evolved to its current state. However, in Christianity, Christ is not the same as the church's head. This article will provide a critical evaluation of the Church's understanding of Christ

Keyword: Judaism, Christianity, Bible, religions, Christ, Church.

Pedagogical Innovation in Primary Education: A Comparative Analysis of Teaching Practices in Public and Private Schools

Ramsha Rashid* — 2025-04-28

This study explores the comparative implementation of pedagogical skills and teaching methodologies in public and private primary schools of Faisalabad, Pakistan. With the growing emphasis on educational quality and student engagement, the research aims to examine how teachers from both sectors apply instructional strategies, manage classrooms and utilize modern teaching techniques in their daily practices. Using descriptive-comparative model with inferential analysis, data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 120 primary school teachers, evenly divided between public and private institutions. The findings reveal significant disparities between the two sectors. Private school teachers were more inclined toward the use of student-centered approaches, ICT integration and innovative classroom practices, whereas public school teachers, despite holding higher academic qualifications, faced challenges such as lack of resources, overcrowded classrooms and limited professional development opportunities. The study concludes that teacher effectiveness is shaped not only by formal education but also by institutional support, training availability, and access to pedagogical tools. Recommendations include targeted policy reforms, increased investment in teacher training and enhanced collaboration between public and private educational institutions to bridge the pedagogical implementation gap.

Keywords: Pedagogical Skills, Teaching Methodologies, Public Schools, Private Schools, Primary Education, ICT Integration, Teacher Training, Comparative Study

Exploring Parental Dynamics and Their Subtle Impacts on Student Personality Development: A Perspective of University of Sargodha

Mishal Akhtar — 2025-04-28

The role of parents in the personality development of university students is a critical area of study in educational psychology. To clearly define the area of the study and the target population, this research targets the students of the University of Sargodha to establish the link between parenting and student personality. According to the quantitative research design, respondents’ data were obtained from a sample of 150 students through a Likert scale questionnaire. The correlation analysis shows that there is a first degree relationship between personality development of students, our dependent variable and parental influence, our independent variable with correlation coefficient of 0. Equal to 3579 and the level of significance of 0. Wider result range 0.500- 0.999 shows a moderate and strong relationship with r> 0.700, where r will be equal to 0.877 (This is calculated by taking the sample correlation coefficient, dividing it by one, converting it to decimal form and adding one to it : [(0.877) / 1] = 0.877. The result shows that there is a positive correlation between parents and personality development of students with the correlation coefficient of 0. 579 that displayed a significance level of 0. 00. The collected data were analyzed by relative frequencies and Chi-square tests in the framework of the bivariate analysis with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results attained by means of statistics support the hypotheses referring to the connections between the independent and the dependent factors, as the p-values are below 0. 05. Thus, the present study emphasizes the necessity of parental impact will character of university students.

Key Words: Personality Development, Parents, Sargodha University Students

Marriage a guarantee for Morality: An Islamic Analitical Study

Dr. Muhammad Amin — 2025-04-29

Islam, as a religion of nature, guides us in every aspect of life and the system of marriage is a beautiful example of this. Marriage is not just a legal contract between two individuals, but it is a meaningful relationship that ensures the formation of a family, the survival of the human race and social purity. This relationship is based on love, mercy and mutual responsibilities, which leads to peace and prosperity in life.

Key Words: Islam, Marriage, Relationship, Benefits.

The Effect of Traditional & E-Recruitment Methods on Organizational Performance in Private Institutes of Hyderabad: A Comparative Study

Annam Jameel — 2025-04-30

Human Resource Management plays a very important role in every organization. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a need for traditional recruitment or modern recruitment in Private Institutes of Hyderabad, Pakistan. In previous times organizations had to go through a long process of recruitment but currently most of the firms are switching to online hiring day by day. It is very important to understand the importance and significance of using technology in all the departments of organizations. The main focus of this study was to show the effectiveness of online recruitment in private institutions of Hyderabad, Pakistan. This study explored the adaptability of technology by the HR department, their advantages, limitations and the effectiveness of E-recruitment over traditional methods on organizational performance. Not only the efficiency of online recruitment was explored but the need to adopt the modern methods in the HR department was also identified. The study is quantitative in nature; a sample of (90) respondents (employer and employee) this data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Nowadays, social media hiring is very common in many organizations as e-recruitment is a cost-effective method which facilitates the selection procedure in the HR department.

Keywords: E-Recruitment, social media, recruitment process, organizational performance, traditional methods

Green Influencers: The Power of Social Media in Shaping Eco-Conscious Communities

Dr. Nasir Iqbal — 2025-04-30

In today’s digitally-driven world, green influencers have emerged as pivotal figures in the global sustainability movement, utilizing social media platforms to cultivate eco-conscious communities and inspire tangible environmental action. These influencers comprising environmental activists, sustainable lifestyle bloggers, ethical brands, and concerned citizens leverage the visual and interactive nature of platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube to disseminate knowledge, challenge unsustainable norms, and promote eco-friendly alternatives. Through innovative content strategies including educational reels, viral sustainability challenges (#TrashTag, #PlasticFreeJuly), and behind the scenes looks at zero-waste living, they make complex environmental issues accessible and actionable for diverse audiences. This digital activism has proven remarkably effective in shifting consumer behavior, with measurable increases in plant-based diets, reusable product adoption, and sustainable fashion choices directly linked to influencer campaigns. Beyond individual actions, green influencers are increasingly holding corporations accountable, exposing greenwashing practices and demanding genuine sustainability commitments through organized social media pressure campaigns. The community-building aspect of this movement is particularly noteworthy, as influencers create virtual spaces where like-minded individuals can share tips, celebrate progress, and collectively problem-solve sustainability challenges. However, this burgeoning movement faces significant challenges, including the paradox of promoting sustainability through energy-intensive digital platforms, the risk of superficial "eco-friendly" content that prioritizes aesthetics over impact, and the ethical dilemmas surrounding sponsored content and influencer monetization. As the field evolves, emerging trends suggest a future where green influencers increasingly collaborate with scientists and policymakers, utilize AI and data analytics to personalize sustainability recommendations, and focus on systemic change rather than individual actions alone. This article argues that while not without limitations, the green influencer phenomenon represents a powerful new model for environmental engagement one that combines the reach of digital media with the urgency of ecological crisis, ultimately transforming passive awareness into active participation in building a more sustainable future.

Keywords: Green Influencers, Social Media Activism, Eco-Conscious Communities, Sustainability Movement, Digital Environmentalism, Climate Change Communication, Viral Sustainability Campaigns

Transitions in the Character of Bimala: An Analysis of Tagore's Novel "The Home and the World"

Farhan Ali — 2025-04-30

Abstract

The current research article explores the transitional impact occured in Bimala’s character from traditionalism to modernism in “Rabindranath Tagore’s” Bengali novel “The Home and the World”. The novel examined the socio-political conditions of the inhabitants of the sub-continent during British colonial rule. The Indian Independence Movement was expedited after the Swadeshi movement. The character of Bimala is the core element of the novel for portraying the conventional domestic settings and women’s role in the Indian Independence Movement. Specifically, the researcher with the support of evidence elucidates transitions in the character of Bimala.

Keywords: Swadeshi Movement, Indian Independence Movement, Bimala, traditionalism, modernism, transitions

An Analysis of the Impact of Variations in Rasm and Qira'at Diversity on the Meanings of the Qur'an

Dr. Sumayyah Rafique — 2025-04-30

The Noble Qur'an is the sacred and infallible Word of Allah, a complete and perfect code of guidance, light, and life for people of every era and generation. This Book of Guidance is not only miraculous in its words, meanings, and teachings, but also in the remarkable and unparalleled system through which it has been preserved. Allah Almighty, in His divine grace, has ensured the preservation of every aspect of the Qur'an—its words, meanings, and even its modes of recitation and pronunciation. Among these essential aspects are two scholarly and technical dimensions, namely, the Rasm Uthmani (Uthmanic script) and the diversity of Qira’at (variant readings), both of which have profoundly influenced the understanding, interpretation, and recitation of the Qur'an.The term Rasm al-Qur'an refers to the style of script that was specifically adopted during the caliphate of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him), in the official transcription of the Qur’anic manuscripts. This script is not merely a technical writing method, but a foundational system that encompassed the diversity of the Seven and Ten Qira’at and supported the variant readings of different Qur’anic reciters. This system of transcription not only unified the recitation of the Qur'an but also enriched and deepened its understanding.The diversity of Qira’at refers to those mutawatir (mass-transmitted) recitations of the Qur'an that were transmitted from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through various Companions. These recitations exhibit differences in pronunciation, vowelization, grammatical structures (sarf and nahw), and even in the orthographic forms of certain words. These variations are not intended to create contradictions in meaning, but rather to manifest the miraculous nature, eloquence, and semantic richness of the Qur'an. This diversity served as a great facilitation by accommodating the dialectical variations of different Arab tribes and easing the recitation for them. It also played a significant role in ensuring the accuracy and correctness of the Qur’anic text. For this reason, eminent scholars, hadith experts, and exegetes of the Muslim ummah not only accepted this diversity but also regarded it as a means of enhancing the depth and breadth of Qur'anic understanding.

Keywords: Impact of Variations, Rasm and Qira'at, Noble Qur'an, Mutawatir Recitations, Qur'anic Interpretation, Dialectical Facilitation

The Islamic Approaches toward Purification of soul: Analytical Study of Allama Iqbal Thoughts

Dr Muhammad Shah Faisal — 2025-05-01

In this article, the Islamic process of Purification of soul is analytically described in the light of Allama Iqbal's thoughts. Soul-Purification is another name for fulfillment person's legitimate wishes, purposes, and mottoes. While different persons have different goals or objectives but same type of methods and principles for achieving it . Under the light of Allama Iqbal's thoughts, the techniques and Guideline of soul-Purification cannot be defined as complete, fixed, and associated form. However, if one pays enough and In-depth attention to his philosophical thoughts and practical illustration, the approach to soul-purification will become transparent in some places and inherent in others. Iqbal's defined approach to soul-Purification is a apparent of human inherent and a reflection.Under the light of Iqbal's thoughts, this Article explain three way of selfhood which include complaince, soul-restraint, and divine closeness, including these Soul descipline, way of moderation,treatment of Inner-thoughts, the principle of self-safety, well defined goals, firm belief, action and consistency, constant objective visualization rule, "furthermore" remarkable way of soul-care like striving and endeavor are part of this Article.

Key words: Quran, Sunnah, Shari'ah, Soul, Purification of Soul, Iqbal, Allama Iqbal.

Challenges in Counterterrorism Cooperation Between Pakistan and Afghanistan After the US Withdrawal

Dr. Attaullah Jan — 2025-04-30

The US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 has changed the security situations of the region while providing new prospects and obstacles for joint counterterrorism efforts between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan had anticipated that the Taliban's rise to power in Afghanistan would lessen the threat of militancy in the country; however, the situation went beyond expectations. The Taliban’s reemergence intensified the security situation in Pakistan, which further increased the conflict between the two states. The study investigates counterterrorism efforts and challenges to Pakistan and Afghanistan since the US withdrawal. Pakistan's and Afghanistan's interests in fighting terrorism face obstacles from distrust, unstable politics, and differing main concerns for national security. This research article uses qualitative research to examine how regional states and international organizations influence the anti-terrorism plans of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Their counterterrorism cooperation has been limited for a long time due to their distinct political frameworks and security issues. The analysis concludes that strong cooperation between them is needed to boost cross-border efforts and strengthen security coordination between the two states.

Keywords: Counterterrorism, Cooperation, Pakistan, Afghanistan, US Withdrawal

University Researchers’ Challenges in Technology- Dependent Research Phases

Saba Sarwar — 2025-05-03

This study explores the technological challenges faced by M.Phil and Ph.D. students during various phases of their research and examines the impact of digital literacy, institutional support, and discipline-specific needs on their research progress. It highlights how limitations in access to digital tools, lack of technical training, and inadequate IT infrastructure hinder the quality and timely completion of research work. The findings reveal that students from Social Sciences often face greater difficulties due to limited exposure to data analysis software, whereas students from Pure Sciences encounter challenges related to complex technical tools and high-cost resources. The study emphasizes the importance of digital literacy and the role of universities in providing adequate training, software access, and supervision. It concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing institutional support systems, offering targeted training, and improving access to research technologies to foster a more efficient and equitable research environment for research students.

Keywords: University Researchers, Digital Literacy, Technological Tools, Academic Research, Research Capabilities

Urdu Translation and Validation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale among Drug Users

Warda Sadiq — 2025-05-03

The current study aimed to translate and validate Recovery Related Discrimination Scale into Urdu language. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 comprised of the forward and backward translation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale by a panel of experts. In phase 2, the scale was administered on a sample of 400 drug users admitted in Rehabilitation Centers. The overall reliability of the scale was .851, whereas reliability for micro and macro discrimination is .885 and .871 respectively. The EFA and CFA were run to assess the factor structure of the translated version of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale. The two-factor solution emerged for the Urdu version of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale, with factor 1 comprising of 11 items to measure micro discrimination and factor 2 comprising of 12 items measuring macro discrimination. Both factors showed good internal consistency. All the values of goodness of fit were above threshold level. CFI obtained value was .968, GFI was .940, AGFI was .932 and IFI value was .968. RMSEA was below .05 mark, and recorded value of .033. The scale also demonstrated the good values for composite and convergent validity. The criterion validity was determined by correlation between Recovery Related Discrimination Scale and Illicit Drug Use Stigma Scale (r = .580, p < .001). The Urdu translation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale proved to be valid and reliable measure for use in Pakistan.

Keywords: Recovery Related Discrimination, Micro Discrimination, Macro Discrimination, Urdu Translation, Drug Users

Not Only Economics Gain-Much More: How Pakistani Migrant Women Interpret the Migration Success to the UK, A Case Study Applying Relative Deprivation Theory

Syeda Sitwat Hasan — 2025-05-04

While migration is often associated with economic improvement, this study finds that the migration decision-making process is not linear, but more complex. Through the theoretical lens of Relative Deprivation Theory (RDT), this paper analyses how Pakistani women interpret their migration experience from Pakistan to the United Kingdom. The findings of case studies explored how migration shaped and reshaped their perception of deprivation and well-being, not only on economic upgradation but also on emotional, social and cultural domains. Our findings challenge the famous narrative of economic growth and empowerment as a result of migration, adding more to the thesis that perception of deprivation moulds and is reshaped contextually. This study significantly contributes to disseminating the migrant women’s lesser voices echoed in the literature.

Keywords: Relative Deprivation Theory, RDT, Migrants, Migrant Women, Pakistani Women, Pakistani Migrants, Migration, Life Experiences, Gender, Migration

Rethinking Political Leadership and Social Welfare in Pakistan

Nazir Ahmed Siyal — 2025-05-04

Political leadership plays a crucial role in shaping social welfare policies, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, where poverty alleviation and social protection remain key governance challenges. The study aims to understand the role of political leadership in social welfare by evaluating the legacy of the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and the Ehsaas Program. Despite their significance in addressing socio-economic inequalities, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive comparative analysis of their program under different political regimes. This study addresses the missing information by researching how political leadership priorities affect policy sustainability, effectiveness measures, and societal economic consequences. The research uses a qualitative methodology that relies on secondary data through research papers, government reports, and policy evaluations. The research reviews published literature to determine how BISP and Ehsaas perform in poverty reduction, financial inclusion, and social welfare advancement. The data shows how both programs reduced poverty, although their performance emerged from political beliefs, organizational structures, and institutional factors. The analysis demonstrates the necessity of establishing consistent welfare policies free from political manipulation for sustainable development.

Keywords: Political leadership, Social Welfare, Poverty Alleviation, Policy effectiveness, Governance

Teaching English Language by Using AI at Secondary level in Islamabad

Dr. Rubina Rahat — 2025-05-04

English language education experiences substantial educational changes due to Artificial Intelligence implementation because it creates new evaluation systems that modify educational methods along with change communication routines between students and teachers. Modern education tools incorporating AI functions produce revolutionary teaching methods to enhance both English education quality and student learning approaches. The study investigates artificial intelligence systems used to enhance ESL/EFL education by using language learning tools for vocabulary building and grammar checking and pronunciation instruction together with real-time interactive conversation practice through customized educational routes.AI systems execute several operations through intelligent tutoring together with AI chatbots and automated essay scoring and real-time translators because of their ability to embed Natural Language Processing (NLP) into digital educational learning systems with speech recognition capabilities. Students gain feedback swiftly within learning technology since the system evaluates their work simultaneously and teachers become capable of creating individualized educational content that aligns with student profile information. The gamified educational tools on Grammarly and Duolingo and Speak app implement AI technology to create personalized learning exercises for students in autonomous environments to detect educational flaws during the teaching process. Privacy safety of data requires strict protection measures but human verification protects information authenticity and assessment accuracy. AI technology needs education specialists to receive thorough training for implementing educational teaching methods properly because AI automation systems require human assistance for performing various academic activities. The combination of valuable results from machine learning technology poses significant hurdles to developing successful educational goals for ELT practices. Users applying AI tools correctly develop educational training methods that yield equivalent educational results identical to traditional educational systems. The research target needs to validate lengthened educational improvements from AI for ELT programs alongside establishing moral criteria for educational practices and automated systems deployment.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching, ESL, EFL, Natural Language Processing, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Speech Recognition, Language Learning Technologies, Educational Technology, AI in Education

The Influence of Technological Innovation on Labor Productivity in Developing Asian Countries

Iffat Zahra — 2025-05-05

This study aims to investigate the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and labor productivity in 5 Developing Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) from 2002-2022. Utilizing a Pool Mean Grouped/Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model, it examines the extent to which technological advancements impact labor productivity in economies characterized by varying levels of development and industrialization. The results reveal that technological innovation poses a significant impact in increasing labor productivity, both in the short term and the long term. This implies that as technological innovations increase, it will bring meaningful progress in labor productivity in Developing Asian nations. Furthermore, the findings indicate that certain factors can either facilitate or impede progress toward labor productivity. In both the short and long term, technological innovation fosters sustained increases in labor productivity by enabling efficiency gains and economic growth. Inflation may temporarily disrupt productivity by distorting price signals and reducing real wages. Labor force participation and human capital investment contribute positively to productivity over time through a skilled workforce, enhancing innovation absorption and application. The presence of an error correction term in the model suggests that the dynamics of the relationship between technological innovation and labor productivity are stable over time. This implies that any deviations from the long-term equilibrium in labor productivity are corrected over time. This study provides valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders striving to increase labor productivity. By understanding the complex interplay between technological innovation and labor productivity, informed strategies can be developed to mitigate the adverse impacts of technological innovation on labor productivity for sustainable development.

Keywords: Technological Innovation, Labor Productivity, ARDL, Asian Countries

Women and Crime in Pakistan: An Examination of the Legal Framework and Social Context

Sumia Azhar — 2025-05-05

This article contributes to a deeper understanding of the intertwined relationship of gender, law, and society in Pakistan by analyzing women's participation in crime both as criminals and as victims in the broader legal and sociocultural environment of Pakistan. Although women’s criminal behavior is often unrecognized in official crime statistics, as more women appear within the criminal justice system, the noticeable patterns of criminal behavior related to poverty, domestic violence, lack of education, and patriarchal conformity do emerge. The study provides a critique of the current corpus of Pakistani law (the Pakistan Penal Code, the Hudood Ordinances, and new gender-sensitive legislation) as a tool to address women's particular kinds of vulnerability. It also examines the role played by social facets like honor culture, gender-based discrimination, and difficulty accessing justice in the process of criminalizing or making victims of the women. This paper, which analyses legal materials, case law, and interviews with legal practitioners and women this system prevails (conducting qualitative content analysis) reveals systemic lacunae and cultural barriers that prevent justice for women. The report ends with policy suggestions to reform male-centered laws, promote legal literacy, and ensure equal access to justice. This study enriches the existing literature on gender justice in South Asia and underscores the pressing need for an inclusive legal regime that reflects women’s rights and experiences in Pakistan.

Keywords: Women, Crime, Legal Framework, Gender Justice, Pakistan.

Prejudice Against Islam: The Reality of Islamophobia in the Modern World and Its Remedies

Dr. Zeeshan — 2025-05-06

In the past couple of decades, Islamophobia has become a serious social and political issue all over the world. Islamophobia is defined as an irrational fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, and it manifests in many ways: discriminatory laws, media misrepresentation and violent hate crimes, social exclusion. In this paper, the roots and current form of Islamophobia in the modern world is explored, how it developed in the post 9/11 geography and how global propaganda, biased media portrayal and increasing nationalism of the West reinforced it. The study considers critically how certain political narratives and cultural stereotypes promote fear and false information of Islamic beliefs and practices. It points out how Muslim communities experience psychological and social effects brought on by such prejudice and how Muslims in the West, in particular, have to contend with integration and identity preservation. The paper additionally speaks on the position of social media platforms in advancing Islamophobic content and demanding for responsibility and content regulation. In order to tackle these challenges, the study offers a multi facetted strategy designed to combat Islamophobia through inter faith dialogue, educational reform, image perception media journalism, and an inclusion of Muslim voices in public arena. It also introduces community based initiatives that have worked, and also international legal initiatives that deal with combating religious hatred, as well as promoting cultural pluralism. The research ultimately claims that combating Islamophobia is not just a matter of concern for Muslim communities but a necessity for a global peace, mutual coexistence and safeguarding of the most important human rights in a multicultural world.

Keywords: Islamophobia, Religious prejudice, Media bias,Interfaith dialogue, Cultural integration, Hate speech, Human rights

An Analytical Study of the Economic Life of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim Lands in the Light of Islamic Principles

Safia Khan — 2025-05-06

As Muslims live as minorities in non-Muslim countries in an increasingly globalized world, millions of Muslims are engaged in economic activities that are frequently influenced and at times limited by local laws and cultural norms as well as the dominant financial systems. It aims at examining the economic life of Muslims who live in the non Muslims lands and how they choose economy and carry out economic activities based on Islamic principles like halal (lawful earnings), riba (prohibition of interest), ethical trade and social responsibility. This paper explores the critical problems that these societies encounter in accessing interest free financial institutions, practicing zakat and charity, engaging in business opportunities that are in compliance with Shariah, and staying honest in societies where Islamic conventions are not acknowledged or facilitated. It also examines the various ways in which Muslim minorities adapt and creatively keep their religious identity, yet at the same time participate in secular economic systems. The nature of this research is analytical and relies upon field surveys, case studies and the scholarly writings on Islamic economics, and minority jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyyat). The method used by the paper is an attempt to comprehend the pragmatic ways in which the teachings of Islamic economics in minority contexts are put into practice and how these communities contribute to economies of host societies that do not violate their faith based obligations. Furthermore, this research presents how Islamic finance institutions, community based cooperative model, and educational initiatives also have a role to play in providing economic empowerment to the Muslim minorities. In addition, it also suggests policy interventions and community strategies that can facilitate the bridging of gap between faith and practice in a non Muslim setting. It suggests that with sufficient support, education, and awareness, Muslim minorities can have high economic prosperity and high religious adherence, and become models of integration, ethics and productivity in pluralistic societies.

Keywords: Muslim minorities, Islamic economics, Halal income, Riba (interest), Fiqh al-aqalliyyat, Economic integration

Poverty Prevention and Economic Progress in Light of Islamic Teachings

Dr. Khanzada Muhammad Waqar — 2025-05-07

This paper explores the relationship between poverty alleviation and economic empowerment within the framework of Islamic principles. Islam, with its emphasis on justice, equity, and compassion, provides a solid foundation for addressing economic disparities. The study critically examines how key Islamic teachings such as zakat (obligatory charity), sadaqah (voluntary charity), and the prohibition of riba (usury) contribute to sustainable economic development and poverty reduction. By promoting ethical financial practices, social solidarity, and wealth redistribution, Islamic values foster an inclusive approach to economic growth. The paper further analyzes successful case studies from Muslim-majority countries, illustrating the effectiveness of microfinance initiatives and cooperative enterprises grounded in Islamic ethics. In addition, the role of Islamic institutions in supporting marginalized communities through education, skill development, and entrepreneurship is explored. Ultimately, this research argues that integrating Islamic values with contemporary economic strategies offers a comprehensive solution to poverty and lays the groundwork for a more equitable and resilient economic system. The paper advocates for a holistic approach to poverty alleviation that combines moral imperatives with practical economic policies for long-term impact.

Keywords: Poverty, Islamic Law, Riba, Welfare, Economic Empowerment, Sustainable Development

The Concept of Ma‘arifa in Sufism as a Pathway to Spiritual Realization in Islamic Mysticism

Dr. Humaira Khalil — 2025-05-08

The concept of Ma‘arifa in Sufism represents a profound journey toward spiritual enlightenment and inner realization of the Divine. Rooted in Islamic mysticism, Ma‘arifa goes beyond conventional knowledge, serving as an experiential form of divine understanding that touches the heart and soul of the seeker. This research delves into Ma‘arifa as a critical aspect of the Sufi path, emphasizing its role in attaining a deeper awareness of Allah. Unlike intellectual knowledge, which is acquired through study, Ma‘arifa is attained through purification of the self (nafs), remembrance of God (dhikr), and divine unveiling (kashf). The paper explores the sources of Ma‘arifa, including the Qur'an, the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), spiritual guidance from Murshids, and the inner experiences of the seeker. It further highlights the significance of the heart (qalb) in Sufi thought as the ultimate receptacle for this profound knowledge. By examining the stages of spiritual progression, from outer practices (Shari'ah) to the inner journey (Tariqah) and ultimate truth (Haqiqah), this research underscores Ma‘arifa as a transformative force that leads the believer closer to Allah, bringing about humility, compassion, and an intimate connection with the Divine. Ultimately, Ma‘arifa serves as a pathway to spiritual realization, guiding the Sufi towards a life of peace, sincerity, and divine love.

Keywords: Ma‘arifa, Sufism, Islamic Mysticism, Spiritual Realization, Divine Knowledge, Dhikr, Kashf, Tariqah, Haqiqah, Sufi Path, Heart (Qalb).

India-Pakistan Relations After the Revocation of Article 370: A Diplomatic Deadlock

Iram Abid — 2025-05-10

The revocation of Article 370 in August 2019 marked a turning point in India-Pakistan relations, intensifying long-standing tensions over Kashmir and triggering a diplomatic freeze. This article examines the fallout of India’s constitutional changes, analyzing Pakistan’s political, diplomatic, and military responses, including the downgrading of bilateral ties, international lobbying, and media-driven nationalist narratives. It explores the fragile 2021 ceasefire agreement and backchannel talks, revealing how both nations balance hostility with pragmatic restraint. The study also assesses the role of regional organizations like SAARC and the SCO in facilitating or hindering dialogue. Despite deep-seated mistrust, the article identifies potential pathways for limited normalization, emphasizing incremental confidence-building measures (CBMs) such as trade resumption, humanitarian corridors, and climate cooperation. However, domestic politics, electoral cycles, and rigid positions on Kashmir continue to obstruct meaningful progress. The analysis concludes that while a comprehensive resolution remains unlikely, transactional engagement on non-political issues could prevent further escalation and lay the groundwork for a fragile but functional coexistence.

Keywords: Article 370, India-Pakistan Relations, Kashmir Conflict, Diplomatic Stalemate, Ceasefire Agreement, Backchannel Diplomacy, Confidence-Building Measures (CBM’s), SAARC, Regional Security

https://doi.org/10.55966/assaj.2025.3.2.008

Superstitions Casuses and Ruling (Hukm) of Quran and Sunn’ah

Dr. Hafiz Nasir Ali — 2025-05-11

This research demonstrates the significant role of superstitions for individuals and collectives for shaping the behaviors, beliefs and evaluating causes in the light of Islamic teachings. It is fact that superstitions are irrational beliefs, practices rooted far, cultural traditions, ignorance and lead people to associate convinced actions or substances with good or bad luck without any logical or spiritual doctrine. Although several reflect superstitions harmless, they can misrepresent human perception, incumber rational thinking, and even lead to follows that contradict Quran and Sunnah ruling (Hukm). The study also critically analyzes dimensions of root causes of superstitions like educational, psychological and sociocultural aspects. Religious teachings conclusively address such illogical beliefs, accenting the significance of Tawheed, confidence on divine will, and the pursuit of knowledge. Through textual analysis of Qur’anic verses and authentic Hadiths, the study establishes that Islamic teachings depress all forms of superstitions and practical steps to purify individual and collective belief systems. The research concludes that superstitions persevere even in Muslim societies due to weak religious awareness and the frequency of syncretical traditions however this can overcome through educational reforms, culture focused strategies, public-based awareness programs and religious leadership contributions to fabric superstitious practices in societies.

Key words: Superstitions, Qur’an, Sunnah, Irrational Beliefs, Religious Literacy, cultural practice

Quranic Verses Related to Allama Iqbal's Kalam Zarb Kaleem and Armaghan Hijaz's Poems

Bakhtawar Siddique — 2025-05-11

Allama Iqbal's speech "Zarb Kaleem" and "Armaghan Hijaz" contain references to several verses of the Holy Quran. Iqbal's poetry is based on the teachings of the Holy Qur'an and he presented his messages in the light of the Qur'an. . In this book of Iqbal, the teachings of the Qur'an have been given importance for the revival of Islam. Iqbal says: "Create faith, O fool! From faith comes the dervish, before whom the Fagfur bows." These verses of Surah Al-Baqarah. It is related to verse 45: And seek help through patience and prayer: "And seek help through patience and prayer, and this task is difficult except for those who are humble." It advises to get rid of difficulties. Iqbal also draws Muslims to patience and prayer by basing faith in his poems. In "Armaghan Hijaz" Allama Iqbal has highlighted the greatness and spiritual centrality of Hijaz (Mecca and Medina). This book is a collection of Iqbal's spiritual poetry, in which the verses of the Qur'an are often used as the basis of his poetry. Iqbal says: "Iqbal jumped without danger into the fire of Nimrod, Ishq Aql Hai Mahu Tamashaye Lip Bam Abhi" This poem is from Surah Al-Baqarah. Refers to the incident of verse 258 of: "Alam tar ali al-haj Haj Ibrahim fi Rabbah an atah Allah al-Malik" "Have you not seen him who argued with Ibrahim about his Lord, because Allah made him the ruler?" This incident is about Hazrat Ibrahim (peace be upon him) and Nimrod. Here, Iqbal is describing the power of true love that he moves forward to fulfill his goal without fear of any danger, like Hazrat Ibrahim decided to jump into the fire of Nimrod. In Iqbal's words, the Holy Quran. His verses have been given importance and the purpose of his poetry is to attract Muslims towards their religion and spiritual goals.

Keywords: Quranic, Allama Iqbal, Kalam Zarb Kaleem, Armaghan Hijaz's, Al-Baqarah, Mecca, Medina

From Margins to Mainstream: A Study of Women Empowerment Initiatives in Pakistan

Rameez Haider — 2025-05-11

Women’s empowerment in Pakistan has historically been constrained by deep-rooted cultural, social, and economic barriers. However, the last two decades have witnessed a significant shift, with women increasingly moving from the margins to the mainstream of national development. This study explores the evolution, current landscape, and effectiveness of women empowerment initiatives across Pakistan. It examines key government-led programs such as the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and Punjab Women Empowerment Initiatives, as well as the pivotal role played by NGOs like the Aurat Foundation and the Kashf Foundation in promoting economic and social inclusion. Drawing on both secondary data and case studies, the article highlights the multifaceted dimensions of empowerment including educational advancement, entrepreneurship, and political participation and identifies the major obstacles that persist, including societal conservatism, gender-based violence, and structural inequalities. The study also presents success stories where women have transcended traditional limitations to become influential entrepreneurs, educators, and policymakers. It argues that while meaningful progress has been achieved, sustainable empowerment requires an integrated approach combining legal reform, educational expansion, economic opportunities, and cultural transformation. Through a comprehensive analysis, the article emphasizes the critical need for continuous, inclusive policy actions and grassroots mobilization to consolidate women’s position in Pakistan’s socio-economic and political fabric. By shedding light on the ongoing journey from marginalization to mainstream inclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into designing more effective, culturally sensitive empowerment strategies for Pakistan and similar contexts.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Pakistan, Gender Equality, Social Development, Economic Empowerment, Women’s Rights, Policy Initiatives, Grassroots Movements

Analyzing Customary Law of Marriage and Family Practices of the Kalash Community in District Chitral Lower of Pakistan: Need for a Proper Legislation

Hamaish Khan — 2025-05-12

The Kalash community, residing in the District Chitral Lower of Pakistan, is renowned for its unique cultural heritage, particularly its distinctive marriage customs and family practices. Love, arranged and elopement marriages are commonly found in the Kalash community. Love marriage is one of the important and most common types of marriage in the Kalash community. The way of living of Kalash community is distinct and their cultural practices are unique at the world level. Their women have complete freedom to choose their life partners. Nevertheless, no proper legislation is carried out by the government in order to codify the distinct marriage practices of the people of Kalash for the reason to give a legal cover to its customs. This research paper provides an in-depth overview of these traditions, which are deeply rooted in the community's ancient beliefs and social structures. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for proper legislation and policy measures to preserve and protect these cultural practices from erosion. By documenting and analyzing the Kalash marriage and family systems, this research aims to contribute to the broader discourse on cultural preservation and the importance of safeguarding minority communities' heritage in Pakistan. The findings underscore the necessity of collaborative efforts between the government, local communities, and cultural organizations to ensure the survival and continuity of the Kalash way of life for future generations. In this research article, unique marriage customs and family practices of the Kalash community are discussed in detailed. Various distinct local terminologies are well defined. Different stages in marriage ceremony are highlighted. Need for proper legislation of preservation of such practices are also emphasized. Recommendations are also given for effective legislation and preservation of unique marriage customs and family practices of people of Kalash.

Keywords: Marriage, Customs, Kalash Culture, Chitral, Legislation, Janigrom, Alashing, Custody of Child, Polygamy, Dissolution Of Marriage.

A Comparative Analysis of Forced Conversions among Minorities in Pakistan and India

Sapna Sewani — 2025-05-13

This study investigates the complex phenomenon of forced religious conversions of minorities in Pakistan and India, with a focus on gender, legal frameworks, political manipulation, and socio-religious dynamics. Drawing on a comparative analysis of over 40 scholarly articles, legal documents, media reports, and NGO publications between 2015 and 2025, this paper reveals that forced conversions disproportionately target minority women—particularly adolescent Hindu and Christian girls in Pakistan, and Muslim men or interfaith couples in India. In Pakistan, the lack of specific legislation criminalizing forced conversions, combined with weak enforcement of child protection laws and religiously influenced judicial decisions, contributes to the alarming rise in such cases. Girls are often abducted, coerced into marriage, and converted under duress, with courts frequently legitimizing these acts. In contrast, India’s anti-conversion laws, while framed to prevent coercion, are frequently used to suppress consensual interfaith relationships and reinforce Hindu nationalist agendas, thereby infringing on religious freedom. This research adopts a qualitative case study methodology, employing thematic content analysis to identify patterns of systemic complicity, legal failure, and gender-based violence. The study applies a human rights-based theoretical framework, highlighting how state institutions often facilitate or ignore these violations under socio-political pressures. The paper concludes that while the underlying mechanisms of coercion differ in each country, both demonstrate a convergence in terms of patriarchal control, minority suppression, and legal loopholes. The recommendations include legal reforms, judicial training, protection mechanisms for women, and international oversight to ensure adherence to universal human rights standards. Addressing these issues is critical not only for religious minorities but for the broader protection of civil liberties in South Asia.

Keywords: Forced Conversions, Religious Minorities, Gender-Based Violence, Pakistan, India, Interfaith Marriage, Legal Reform, Human Rights

Analysis of Gender Discrimination in Sindh through Galtung’s Models of Conflict

Muskan Moazzam — 2025-05-14

Using Galtung's theories of conflict, this dissertation will investigate gender discrimination in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. Sindh resides in Pakistan. This article delves deeply into the various factors, such as the region's history, society, economy, and politics that contribute to the region's gender disparity. It analyzes the ways in which sexism effects women in Sindh and identifies the knowledge gaps that exist in the existing body of literature. Using Galtung's Three Triangle Models of Conflict Resolution, particularly structural violence, cultural violence, and direct violence, the purpose of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and dynamics of gender discrimination. This will be achieved by implementing Galtung's Three Triangle Models for Conflict Resolution. In addition, the Conflict Tree Model is utilized to propose strategies and interventions for addressing gender inequality in Sindh. We provide some insights into the complexity of the problem of gender discrimination, as well as suggestions for future research and activities in this area.

Keywords: Sindh, Galtung, Gender Discrimination, Conflict Tree Model, Conflict Resolution

The Role of Technology in Supporting Students With Disabilities in Higher Education

Naeem Akhtar — 2025-05-14

Technology has revolutionised the redefinition of the educational lives of disabled students in Higher Education. In include assistive technologies such as screen readers and voice to text software, educational establishments benefit from digital innovation that has made a more inclusive educational setting. With legislative support from policies like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and broad scale movements toward universal design, students with disabilities still experience systemic barriers to utilising and participating in higher education. This research examines how different types of educational technology facilitate student with disability academic achievement, engagement, and inclusion in higher education institutions. It explores faculty and institutional readiness, student satisfaction and institutional policy frameworks in relation to technological accommodations using mixed methods. Five key variables are identified in the research. technological availability, user satisfaction, academic performance, institutional support, and faculty preparation. Using qualitative interviews and surveys provided quantitatively in three universities, the study examines relationships between these variables and their effects on educational inclusion. The study shows that, although assistive technologies greatly improve learning outcomes, success relies much on institutional preparedness and personalized supporting systems. Additionally, as findings indicate, the bulk of the barriers is not a result of the technology itself, but a lack of training and policy implementation. This paper adds to the general discussion on inclusive education by providing evidence-informed views regarding the role of technology in teaching students with disabilities. The findings should interest university administrators, policymakers, and technologists that want to create more inclusive learning environments.

Keywords: Assistive Technology, Disability, Higher Education, Inclusive Learning, Accessibility, Adaptive Learning, Student Engagement, Academic Performance, Institutional Policy, Universal Design