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Peace Mission of Seerat-Ul-Nabi (Pbuh) Demands of Modern Times and Artificial Intelligence

Dr Wajid Ali — 2025-04-04

لَقَدۡ کَانَ لَکُمۡ فِیۡ رَسُوۡلِ اللّٰہِ اُسۡوَۃٌ حَسَنَۃٌ لِّمَنۡ کَانَ یَرۡجُوا اللّٰہَ وَ الۡیَوۡمَ الۡاٰخِرَ وَ ذَکَرَ اللّٰہَ کَثِیۡرًا

‘‘The Messenger of Allah has undoubtedly provided you with a great example for anybody who frequently recalls Allah and places their hope in Him and the Last Day.’’

The Prophet Muhammad PBUH peace mission was to establish just and peaceful society, and prevent violence and conflict. He promoted peace through diplomacy, education, compassion. The Prophet's mission was to change personal lives, political, social, economic, military and cultural practices by the pagan Arabs.Quran Says:

اَللّٰہُ یَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَنْ یَّشَآئُ مِنْ عِبَادِہٖ وَ یَقْدِرُ لَہٗ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ بِکُلِّ شَیْئٍ عَلِیْمٌ

‘‘Allah restricts for Himself and provides for His people as He pleases. Indeed, Allah possesses knowledge above everything else.’’ Quran says: وَمَآ اَرْسَلْنٰکَ اِلَّا مُبَشِّرًا وَّنَذِیْرًا

"Additionally, we have sent you [O Muhammad] only to warn and offer good news."

Assurance the believers There in they will hear no abusive speech, nor any talk of sin only saying peace. Prophet Muhammad PBUH preached Islam as religion of peace promoting harmony among individuals and communities. The Quran repeatedly call for peace and justice. The Treaty of Hudaibiya land mark of piece, Allah Says:

اَفَلاَ یَتَدَبَّرُوْنَ الْقُرْاٰنَ اَمْ عَلٰی قُلُوْبٍ اَقْفَالُہَا

Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an, or are there locks upon their hearts?

In modern times, artificial intelligence is an area of study concerned with developing computers and machines that can reason and learn in ways that would ordinarily need human intelligence, or that involve data on a scale that humans cannot comprehend. Artificial intelligence eliminates human errors throughout tasks, resulting in more accurate and reliable outcomes. Artificial intelligence increases efficiency by streamlining operations while saving time and resources. Artificial Intelligence is dire need for present age because it is the age of science. Artificial Intelligence process and analyze large volume of data quickly gave personalization solutions based on customer data. Healthcare and other element which are improving day by day through artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence offer numerous benefits including task automation improve efficiency reduce human mistakes and enhance customer satisfaction.

Keywords: Peace Mission, Violence, Conflicts, Diplomacy, Cultural Practices, Character, Madinah Charter, Artificial Intelligence

The Prevalence and Legal Framework of Torture in Pakistan: Analyzing Systemic Challenges

Barrister Dr. Anwar Baig — 2025-04-05

Torture functions as a continuous human rights violation within Pakistan despite legislature protections and international duty requirements. The research studies how often torture occurs in law enforcement and police detention facilities while evaluating the existing legal system which aims to stop and ban such actions. The research incorporates data obtained from human rights organizations as well as legal documents together with media reports and interview data which reveal systematic issues like impunity and insufficient legal specifications and weak enforcement methods without independent oversight. Pakistan joined the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) in 2010 but failed to enact domestic legislation which prevented substantial compliance. The authorities use torture during police investigations against women children and members of ethnic groups and these groups constitute the majority of victims. An insufficient approach to making torture criminal leads to both public tolerance and protective immunity practices. The research demonstrates that although judicial bodies sometimes take proactive action they typically lack both adequate capacity and desired support to provide remedy. The research identifies applicable legal and institutional solutions from around the world which Pakistan can use to reduce cases of torture. The author provides actionable policy suggestions that stress immediate legislative action against torture and develop independent oversight organizations and strengthen both police education and victim assistance programs. Resolving Pakistan's torture problems demands comprehensive cultural change throughout the police force and sustained political support in addition to strengthening specific legal protections.

Keywords: Torture, Human Rights, Pakistan, Legal Framework, Police Abuse, UNCAT, Accountability, Judicial Reform, Impunity, Criminal Justice.

Misconceptions and Misrepresentations: A Scholarly Response to Orientalist Criticism of the Seerah

Dr Abdul Waheed Memon — 2025-04-07

The life and character of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) have been the subject of intense scrutiny by Western Orientalists, many of whom have approached the Seerah with deep-seated biases and preconceived notions. This article explores the recurring themes in Orientalist critiques, particularly their objections to the Prophet’s (ﷺ) marital life, his role as a statesman, and the expansion of Islam. The study highlights the historical roots of these critiques, tracing them from early Christian polemics to modern academic discourse. Additionally, it examines the impact of Crusades, colonialism, and contemporary Islamophobia in shaping these perspectives. By analyzing primary Orientalist sources and their rebuttals by Muslim scholars, this paper aims to present a balanced and scholarly response to these criticisms. The research underscores the importance of addressing such misconceptions through authentic Islamic scholarship, interfaith dialogue, and media engagement. Ultimately, it advocates for a more nuanced and objective study of the Seerah, free from ideological distortions and historical prejudices.

Keywords: seerah, Orientalist, Criticism, Islamophobia, Islamic teachings.

The Rise of Populism in Pakistani Politics: Challenges for Democratic Stability

Uzma Malik — 2025-04-08

This paper critically examines the emergence and entrenchment of populist politics in Pakistan and its implications for the country’s democratic stability. The rise of populism, characterized by anti-elitist rhetoric, charismatic leadership, and the direct appeal to “the people,” has become increasingly visible in Pakistan’s political landscape, particularly since the late 2000s. Through a detailed exploration of populist narratives, this study highlights how political leaders capitalize on public discontent, economic grievances, and institutional inefficiencies to foster a populist image. While populism may invigorate political participation and challenge entrenched elites, it simultaneously poses significant risks to democratic norms, including the erosion of institutional checks and balances, increased political polarization, and a weakening of representative institutions. The paper focuses particularly on the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) under Imran Khan, analyzing how populist strategies were deployed to mobilize mass support and challenge traditional political dynasties. However, it also draws attention to the inherent contradictions within populist governance, such as the reliance on the same institutions it often seeks to undermine. The study concludes that while populism may offer short-term political gains, its long-term impact on Pakistan’s democratic trajectory remains fraught with uncertainty and potential instability. The paper emphasizes the need for institutional resilience, civic education, and inclusive political discourse to counter the disruptive tendencies of populist politics and sustain democratic development.

Keywords: Populism, Pakistani Politics, Democratic Stability, Imran Khan, PTI, Political Polarization, Institutional Erosion, Charismatic Leadership, Anti-elitism, Political Mobilization

Nuclear Security in Pakistan: Measures, Myths, and Realities

Dr. Yunas Khan — 2025-04-07

Pakistan’s nuclear security framework has been a focal point of global scrutiny, particularly due to its rapid nuclear expansion and the volatile geopolitical environment of South Asia. This study examines the multifaceted aspects of nuclear security in Pakistan, addressing both the implemented measures and the persistent myths surrounding its program. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, Pakistan has established robust institutional mechanisms, including the National Command Authority (NCA) and Strategic Plans Division (SPD), to oversee nuclear safety and deterrence. Physical security protocols, cybersecurity measures, and Human Reliability Programs (HRPs) are critically analyzed, highlighting Pakistan’s efforts to mitigate risks such as insider threats, terrorism, and illicit trafficking. Despite these measures, challenges remain, including public misperceptions and international skepticism, often fueled by exaggerated claims of vulnerability. The study dispels common myths such as the "loose nukes" narrativemwhile acknowledging real concerns, such as evolving cyber threats and regional instability. It also explores the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating for nuclear safety and fostering public awareness. By juxtaposing Pakistan’s security infrastructure with prevailing myths, this analysis underscores the need for a balanced, evidence-based discourse to address both domestic and international apprehensions. The findings emphasize Pakistan’s commitment to maintaining a credible minimum deterrent while navigating the complexities of nuclear security in a high-stakes region.

Keywords: Pakistan, Nuclear Security, National Command Authority (NCA), Strategic Plans Division (SPD), Physical Security, Cybersecurity, Human Reliability Program (HRP), Non-Proliferation, South Asia, Deterrence

Chitral’s Endangered Vernaculars in the Shadow of Language Policy: A Linguistic Exploration of Kalasha Language

Abdul Wasi — 2025-04-02

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Khowar's dominance in communities and schools on the health of the Kalasha in Chitral. There are serious concerns over the sustainability of the region's great linguistic diversity and the future of its endangered languages when the Khowar is taught as a subject in Chitral schools, since many of the students come from diverse linguistic origins. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of language policy on the Kalasha in District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Focusing on the dominance of the Khowar and its impact on the endangered minority language. Using a survey, the research gathered quantitative data. The quantitative data were collected through written questionnaires from 120 participants (Grades 6 to 10), using random sampling from students. Using SPSS software, the quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The study results showed that while Khowar makes it easier to communicate across borders, the Kalasha is seriously threatened by its widespread use in the educational system, which causes language shift and cultural loss. Due to Khowar's dominance in Chitral's educational system, kids from different linguistic origins struggle academically and participate in school and the community. The results also showed that Khowar's dominance in school has influenced the frequency of using minority languages in their community and slowed the growth of the Kalasha in the community.

Keywords: language policy, endangered languages, Chitral, Kalasha, Khowar

Demographic Variations in the Impact of Mass Media on Health, Performance, and Values Among University Teachers and Students

Nosheen Rahim — 2025-04-09

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of mass media consumption on health, performance and values of university teachers and students, with special emphasis on the demographic variations. It investigates the impact of the effects of media exposure on the physical/social health, academic/collaborative performance, and social/organizational values with regard to gender, age, and educational background. A cross sectional survey design was employed to collect data of 331 (304 students and 27 teachers) from various universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Media usage patterns were assessed using validated questionnaires, health outcomes, performance metrics and value systems, demographic factors were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Some key findings reveal how media exerts its power on important demographic groups. The consumption source for social media shaped up to be the largest (65%), and it was correlated with being sedentary and disturbed in sleep. However, there was a notable gender difference, as female participants were more prone to media self-esteem problems and male participants were more distracted. Age had an important role to play in the fact that younger people (18–24 years) were more likely to suffer academic performance declines due to excessive media use. For students with higher CGPAs (3.5–4.0), who experienced media exposure, higher educational attainment moderated outcomes, with students showing more improved health better teacher performance than students with lower CGPAs (1.5–2.5). Early career teachers were strained with conflicts of values related to the media. This calls for media literacy intervention tailored to special populations. It recommends that simple programs are created for younger students aimed at reducing the distractions, that gender sensitive mental health support be provided and that institutional policies promoting balanced use of media are implemented. These contribute to the widening conversation around the media’s uneven benefits and risks and support those approaches that attempt to maximize the one without tipping over into the other, for both general and special populations.

Keywords: Mass Media, Demographic Differences, Health, Academic Performance, Values, Media Literacy.

Cultural Pluralism and National Identity in Pakistan: Harmony or Fragmentation

Ismail Khan — 2025-04-11

This article examines the relation between cultural pluralism and national identity in Pakistan, exploring whether the country's rich diversity fosters social harmony or fuels fragmentation. Through historical analysis and contemporary case studies, the study investigates how Pakistan's multi-ethnic, multilingual, and multi-religious composition shapes its national identity. The research highlights key challenges including language policies, regional autonomy movements, and the tension between Islamic unity and ethnic particularism, while also identifying opportunities for inclusive nation-building. Findings suggest that Pakistan's cultural pluralism presents both a source of national strength and a potential threat to cohesion, depending on policy approaches and institutional frameworks. The article concludes by proposing strategies for balancing regional identities with national unity, emphasizing the need for equitable representation, cultural recognition, and adaptive governance in managing diversity.

Keywords: Cultural Pluralism, National Identity, Pakistan, Ethnic Diversity, Multiculturalism, Nation-Building, Social Cohesion, Language Politics, Islamic Unity, Regional Autonomy

Criminal Squatting: Evaluating the Application of ‘Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio’ on Adverse Possession Claims under LRA 2002

Bushra Nawaz — 2025-04-11

The article focus on the law of adverse possession (AP) under Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 which has transformed the fundamental basis of entitlement of land from possession to registration. A detail analysis of the law of adverse possession will follow, concentrating on a comparison between the former and the current adverse possession scheme governed by the LRA 2002. This article will evaluate the protection of registered proprietors by reviewing the statutory and case law. The LRA 2002 has made it difficult for adverse possessors to have a successful claim. The position of legal proprietor is further strengthened by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act (LASPO) 2012, which has created a new offence of criminal. With the incorporation of LAPSO 2012, the maxim ‘ex turpi causa non oritur actio’ will be appraised in light of the recent case law including Rashid v Nasrullah [2018] and R (Best) v The Chief Land Registrar [2015]. In light of the findings, the issues detailed, this article will argue that the holistic interpretation of ‘ex turpi causa’ maxim ensures a balance between the goals of adverse possession claims. The true owners have a more favorable position under the new regime, as it provides more cohesive rules for protection by focusing on the registered title compared to mere possession; thereby bring law in conformity with the policy considerations of the current era.

Keywords: Adverse Possession, Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002), Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Actio, Registered Proprietors, Legal Ownership, Criminal Squatting, Land Law, Property Rights

Divine Motherhood in Buddhist Iconography: The Religious Significance of Harithi in Gandhāra Art

Dr Qamar-un-Nisa — 2025-04-12

The article explores the transformation and veneration of the goddess Harithi in Gandhāran Buddhist art. Originally depicted as a child-devouring Yakshini, Harithi undergoes a profound moral redemption through the Buddha’s compassion, emerging as a protector of children and a symbol of fertility and maternal care. The study examines her mythological origins, iconographic evolution, and socio-religious role within the syncretic cultural landscape of Gandhāra, where Greco-Roman artistic influences merged with Indian spiritual themes. Through detailed analysis of sculptural depictions, the article highlights Harithi’s nurturing imagery surrounded by children, adorned with symbols of abundance, and often paired with her consort Panchika reflecting her integration into monastic worship and her appeal to devotees, particularly women seeking fertility or protection against diseases like smallpox. The discussion also addresses the gendered dimensions of her iconography, noting the exclusivity of male children in her representations while acknowledging her subversion of patriarchal norms through her spiritual authority. By situating Harithi within broader South Asian traditions of maternal deities and comparative iconography, the article underscores Buddhism’s adaptive capacity to reinterpret indigenous fertility cults, offering a model of inclusivity and moral transformation.

Keywords: Harithi, Gandhāra Art, Buddhist Iconography, Divine Motherhood, Fertility Goddess, Yakshini, Greco-Roman Influence, Moral Redemption, Gender, Syncretism

Socio-Cultural Determinants of Reproductive Health Behavior of Nomads' Women in District Bhakkar

Shanza Akbar — 2025-04-12

"Nomad" is originated from the Geek word "Nomos," which meaning "pasture." A nomad is a representative of a certain community who does not have a fixed abode, is always on the move, and lives in several areas. In this advanced age, the nomadic population's primary concern is reproductive health. The objectives of this research are to study socio economic characteristics of nomads, and main objective is to explain the reproductive behaviors of nomadic communities. Cross-sectional survey was conducted-a quantitative approach was used. A sample of I70 respondents were collected through purposive sampling technique from district Bhakkar. Data was collected by the well-designed interview schedule. Findings indicate that most of the respondents 54.7% were male, large number of the respondents 88.0% were illiterate, and a huge number of respondents’ monthly income was under 10000-15000. Majority of the nomad’s family size was more than 12 members, and most of them were living in joint family system. Most of the nomads claimed that son preference is very common in their groups and trends of early marriages are the part of their distinctive culture. A massive portion of the nomads were agreed that socio-cultural factors are affecting their reproductive behavior. Their females were facing unplanned pregnancy due to customary attitudes. The research results were very amazing that nomads are strictly adhere to their culture and customs regarding their reproductive behavior which is being highly affected by these socio-cultural beliefs. It has been known that nomadic groups are an outlier in society. The majority of nomads in the district of Bhakkar live in deplorable conditions. They don't have access to health care, sanitation, or other basic requirements of existence. Their reproductive behavior is influenced by their nomadic lifestyle. The nomadic respondents has no concept of family planning and no intension to avert births to keep the family small, rather they believe that birth is ALLAH blessings and any intervention to control or avert the birth is against their social cultural norms and traditions The conventional and customary attitude of nomads regarding their reproductive activity should be changed through providing information about the ill effects of large family size, unplanned pregnancy and the benefits of the small family norms. Government should pay special attention to these remote settlements in Bhakkar so that they can live happier lives with their families.

Keywords: Nomads, reproductive behavior, sociocultural factors.

Exploring Visual Resources in Covid-19 Cautionary Posters: A Semiotic Study

Kiran Jehan — 2025-04-14

The outbreak of Covid-19 compelled health-care authorities to make the public aware of the possible avoidance of the disease. Cautionary posters are used to reduce the risk of Covid-19 and stop the spread of the pandemic, making the public aware of the life-threatening disease. Covid-19 has impacted the lives of people from all walks of life. This study analyses semiotic resources used in five Pakistani and five WHO designed posters, distributing cautionary messages about Covid-19 pandemic. This is qualitative research, and the semiotic resources used in the ten cautionary posters have been analyzed using Kress and Leeuwen’s semiotic model. After analyzing the posters, it is found that various semiotic resources such as gaze, long and medium shots, colour, human and quasi-human images, foregrounding and backgrounding are used in designing these posters. These resources are used to make the public aware of this deadly disease, enabling them to adopt precautionary measures against the pandemic. The findings also reveal that local Pakistani posters are relatively simple and have limited semiotic resources as compared to the posters designed by the World Health Organization.

Keywords: Semiotic Analysis, Cautionary Posters, Covid-19 Pandemic.

The Shari’ah Implications of the Variations in Distance between the Sun and the Moon (Perigee & Apogee): Differing Perspectives of Scholars

Dr. Mufti Muhammad Iltimas Khan — 2025-04-15

For some time now, the astronomical phenomena of perigee (when the moon is closest to the earth) and apogee (when the moon is farthest) have been of interest to scholars particularly in terms of their possible association within Islamic Shari’ah. The apparent size and timing of lunar phases, which are critical to the Islamic lunar calendar including Ramadan, Eid and Hajj, are subject to variations in the distances between the earth, sun and moon. From Classical and contemporary scholars, it has been explored whether these celestial changes entail any fiqhi (legal) consequences for the commencement and termination of Islamic months, determination of the new moon (hilal), and according to the Islamic prayer times and fasting hours. But several jurists hold that such astronomical factors should be weighed in with physical moon sighting (ru’yah) while others insist that the traditional naked eye sighting is still binding, despite perigee and apogee. Differences also arise in interpretations of hadiths concerning lunar visibility and resolving it with the exact astronomical data. This paper analyzes these different academic perspectives and their arguments and demonstrates how timelessness of principles of Shari’ah accommodates natural variations. Though astronomy does provide useful information, the study concludes that Shari’ah primarily considers accessibility and ease for most people in religious obligations in the sense of flexibility and adaptability in light of celestial phenomena.

Keywords: Perigee, Apogee, Islamic Lunar Calendar, Moon Sighting (Ru’yah), Shari’ah Rulings, Astronomical Calculations

A Historical, Legal, and Shari'ah-based Analysis of the Inheritance Law in Practice in Pakistan

Dr. Fatima — 2025-04-15

This research paper explores the prevailing inheritance laws in Pakistan through historical, legal, and religious lenses. It highlights the significance of inheritance in Islamic jurisprudence, where clear guidelines for the distribution of wealth are provided in the Qur'an and Hadith. The study traces the evolution of inheritance law in the Indian subcontinent, particularly the impact of British colonial rule and the subsequent legal developments in post-independence Pakistan. It critically examines the role of the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Act of 1962 and other related statutes in shaping inheritance rights, especially for women and grandchildren.

In addition to Islamic law, the paper analyzes the legal frameworks governing the inheritance rights of religious minorities in Pakistan, particularly Christians and Hindus. It outlines the relevant statutes such as the Succession Act of 1925 (applicable to Christians) and Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act, highlighting key differences in principles of succession, gender equity, and testamentary freedom. A key focus is the analysis of recent Supreme Court judgments, especially regarding the inheritance rights of grandchildren in cases where their parent has predeceased the grandparent.

Kewwords: Inheritance Law, Pakistan Legal System, Islamic Shari'ah, Historical Analysis, Legal Reforms in Pakistan

Rada’at Relationship and the Sharia Ruling on Rada’ah with Mixed Milk

Jannat Gul — 2025-04-17

Breast feeding (Whether it’s biological mothers or another woman’s) is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. If an infant’s drinks the milk of any Mahram or non-Mahram woman during infancy, or that woman breastfeeds him, this practice of breast feeding is called Rada’at, where professional or nursing mother is called Reza’a, (رضاعۃ)Murzi’a (مرضعۃ) or foster mother. This is why Allah Almighty has legislated the command of breast feeding (rada’ah) by the mother. In cases where the birth mother’s milk is unavailable, the Sharia prescribes the arrangement of a wet nurse (Suckling Mother), and has elaborated upon its rulings. These Directives gives rise to several jurisprudential matters such as Hurmat-al-Rada’ahحرمۃ الرضاعۃ (the legal prohibition resulting from breast feeding), Ithbat-al-Rada’ah اثبات الرضاع (establishing proof of such a relationship), Miqdar-al-rada’ah (the quantity of suckling required to effect this prohibition) and Hurmat-al-Nikah حرمۃ النکاح (marital prohibition due to milk kinship). Additionally, contemporary legal and ethical concerns such as the commercialization of human milk, and related issues also fall within this discourse, and will be discussed in detail.

Keywords: Brest feeding, Infant, Foster Age, Foster Mother, Milk bank.

Religious Narrative in the Digital Age: A Thematic Analysis of Maulana Tariq Jameel's Social Media Content

Mr. Muhammad Asad Ullah — 2025-04-17

Social media is a powerful tool for communication and information sharing. Islamic scholars utilize these digital platforms to disseminate religious knowledge, engage with followers, and promote moral and ethical teachings. Platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram have become essential mediums for delivering Islamic sermons, educational content, and social guidance. One prominent scholar, Maulana Tariq Jameel, uses social media to share Islamic teachings and moral insights with a global audience. His speeches are noted for their simplicity, emotional depth, and relevance to contemporary issues, resonating widely with millions of followers worldwide.

This study examines the most viewed YouTube videos of Maulana Tariq Jameel. The primary aim of the research is to analyze the key themes, narratives, and engagement strategies employed in his speeches. The videos were analyzed using a coding sheet, which allowed for an exploration of key themes, presentation styles, and the overall impact of these videos. Through thematic analysis, the study seeks to understand how Maulana Tariq Jameel employs digital platforms to engage audiences, convey Islamic values, and address modern spiritual and social challenges.

The study focused on Maulana Tariq Jameel's five most-viewed YouTube videos, which collectively garnered over 107.3 million views. The themes of these videos included life after death, the significance of prayer, the sacrifices of Imam Hussain (RA), methods for inviting non-Muslims to Islam, and spiritual guidance. The research explored the central topics, narrative strategies, and audience responses to these videos.

The findings discovered that Maulana Tariq Jameel's speeches center around spiritual awakening, moral reformation, and the simplified interpretation of Islamic teachings. His narratives, delivered with compassion, simplicity, and wisdom, leave a profound impact on audiences. His speeches emphasize not only religious values but also address contemporary social issues, family relations, and ethical conduct. This study highlights how Islamic scholars effectively utilize digital platforms to disseminate religious messages and influence public opinion. The results provide significant insights into the dynamics of religious narratives, the role of social media, and digital religious influence, contributing to a broader understanding of how Islamic teachings can be promoted and social reforms encouraged in the digital age.

Keywords: Maulana Tariq Jameel, YouTube, Thematic Analysis, Islamic Narratives, Religious Influence, Digital Platforms, Religious Communication

Investigating the Physical Effects of Drug Abuse on the Human Body

Usman Tariq Ranjha — 2025-04-17

Methamphetamine addiction has become a growing public health crisis in Pakistan, particularly among individuals aged 15 to 35. This study explores the causes, consequences and challenges of methamphetamine use through the personal narratives of nine participants. Addiction often stems from socioeconomic vulnerabilities, such as poverty, unemployment and academic pressure, with methamphetamine offering temporary relief but exacting a devastating toll on physical health, mental well-being and social relationships. Participants reported severe weight loss, cardiovascular strain and dental decay, alongside feelings of isolation, shame and diminished self-worth. Using a qualitative approach, the research highlights how peer influence, economic hardship and psychological escapism drive methamphetamine use. Despite the profound impact on their lives, participants expressed a shared desire for recovery, underscoring the importance of accessible healthcare, psychological support and economic empowerment. The study also emphasizes the need for preventive education and community reintegration to break the cycle of addiction. This research calls for a compassionate, multidimensional response that addresses not only the symptoms of addiction but also its root causes. Investing in comprehensive rehabilitation programs and systemic interventions can empower individuals to reclaim their lives, rebuild their relationships and contribute to a healthier, more resilient society.

Key Words: Drug Abuse, addiction, Physical Effects, Methamphetamine

An Analytical Study of the Responsibilities of Muslim Rulers in the Light of the Qur'an and Seerah: A Case of Gaza

Irfan Ullah — 2025-04-17

The responsibilities of Muslim rulers in accordance with the Qur’an and the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ are critically reviewed through the current crisis in Gaza. The Qur'an enjoins the rulers to perform their duties of justice and protecting the oppressed and adhering to the moral and social values of Islam in their own lands as well as in their neighbouring territories. Prophet’s treaties, military and diplomatic policies, which involved practical models of leadership in the face of oppression, prioritized the welfare of the Muslim community and defended human dignity were all found in the Seerah. It is a severe humanitarian and political crisis that bears on the application of Islamic governance principles in contemporary times, and is the plight of Gaza. This paper asks the question of whether and how modern Muslim rulers have fulfilled their obligations as per Qur’an and prophetic teachings to the oppressed people of Gaza. Mentioning key responsibilities like provision of political, economic, military support, support for international justice, and strengthening unity between Muslim nations, it is. The study shows that big gaps exist between Islamic ideals and modern practices by comparing historical precedents with modern culture. The conclusion of the paper provides recommendations to the Muslim rulers on following the Islamic sources, demanding that they adopt a proactive, a united, and an ethically founded approach to the global crises that ensue from Gaza, which corresponds to the divine and moral obligations. It is meant to help form contemporary Islamic political thought and to provide the answers based on the Qur'an and Seerah regarding Muslim humanitarian issues.

Keywords: Muslim Rulers, Qur'an, Seerah, Gaza Crisis, Islamic Governance, Justice and Oppression, Muslim Unity

Roadway to Self-Sacrifice: The Role of Deviant Association, Passion for Religion and Sensation Seeking

Hayat Muhammad — 2025-04-19

The present study investigates the predictive role of deviant association, passion for religion, and sensation seeking in relation to self-sacrificial behavior. A total of 354 participants completed a self-report measure. The study hypothesizes that deviant association, passion for religion and sensation seeking effects self-sacrifice. Data were collected through survey method. Results showed that deviant association, passion for religion and sensation all often strengthen the effect on self-sacrifice. The study highlights the need to address of individuals who are involved in the deviant peer groups, high but negative passion for religion and high sensation seeking which ultimately leads to self-sacrifice.

Keywords: Self-Sacrifice, Deviant Association, Passion, Religion, Sensation Seeking

Digital Innovation and Online Shopping Experience as Drivers of Repurchase Intention in Pakistan’s Fashion Industry

Sohail Raza — 2025-04-20

This study investigates the mediating effect of brand love on the impact of digital innovation and online purchase experience on repurchase intention in Pakistan’s fashion e-commerce sector. Based on Social Exchange Theory, the research is quantitative with 320 online shoppers in major Pakistani cities surveyed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation analysis were used to analyze the data. It is found that although the impact of digital innovation (β = 0.32, p < 0.01) and online shopping experience (β = 0.38, p < 0.01) on repurchase intention is significant, the latter has a stronger influence. Both mediate between these relationships and in the end, emotional attachment explains part of how we engender brand love. It shows there’s context – Pakistani consumers are willing to rein in on innovations instead of being in the cool kids table of cutting edge innovation except that they don’t want to compromise with functional reliability (e.g seamless navigation, secure payments). Also, the young demographics (18–24 years) are more responsive to brand's digital features such as AI and AR. The findings here present actionable insights to be brought into the loop of fashion retailers, that these need to be coupled with culturally resonant branding strategies, user friendly technologies that will lead to repeat purchases. It bridges a critical gap in literature by contextualizing digital consumer behavior in an emerging market, and highlighting utilitarian and emotional factors in the matter of sustaining e-commerce growth.

Keywords: Digital Innovation, Online Shopping Experience, Repurchase Intention, Brand Love, Pakistan, Fashion E-Commerce, Social Exchange Theory

An Analysis of Humanism and Realism in Manto’s Short Stories

Haleema Sadia — 2025-04-21

Saadat Hasan Manto, one of the most prominent short story and fiction writers in Urdu literature, is widely known for his unfiltered portrayal of society and deeply humanistic approach to storytelling. His fiction captures the raw realities of the human condition, often delving into themes of partition, sexuality, marginalization, and psychological trauma. This paper explores the intricate interplay of humanism and realism in Manto’s short stories. Manto’s realism is not limited to external events or historical occurrences but extends deeply into the psyche of his characters, who are often victims of societal hypocrisy, political turmoil, or internal moral conflict. Through stories such as Khol Do, Thanda Gosht, Toba Tek Singh, and Bu, Manto presents a world where the lines between right and wrong, virtue and vice, are blurred challenging the reader’s moral framework. His humanism lies in his refusal to dehumanize his characters, even when they operate in morally ambiguous or socially condemned spaces. Women, prostitutes, refugees, lunatics, and the lower classes are not mere symbols in his work but complex human beings with agency and depth. This paper analyzes these themes from psychological and sociological perspectives, particularly through Freudian analysis and social realism. By doing so, it underscores Manto’s unique contribution to literature as a truth-teller who believed in confronting society with its own reflection. His work remains deeply relevant in understanding the socio-political and moral crises of both his time and the present.

Keywords: Saadat Hasan Manto, Urdu Literature, Humanism, Realism, Partition, Psychological Analysis, Social Realism, Gender, Marginalization, Freudian Theory

Individualized Education Programs (IEPs): Policy, Practice, and Progress

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naseer ud Din — 2025-04-21

Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) are critical tools designed to ensure students with disabilities receive tailored educational services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This paper examines the policy framework, practical implementation, and challenges of IEPs, emphasizing their role in promoting equitable access to education. Key components of IEPs include measurable annual goals, present levels of performance, and specialized services, all developed collaboratively by educators, parents, and specialists. Despite their legal mandate, challenges such as resource limitations, communication barriers, and inconsistent implementation persist, often hindering their effectiveness. The paper also explores trends like inclusion and technology integration, alongside future directions for enhancing personalization and policy alignment. By addressing these challenges and leveraging best practices, IEPs can better serve their intended purpose of fostering academic and social success for students with disabilities.

Keywords: Individualized Education Program (IEP), Special Education, IDEA, Inclusion, Measurable Goals, Parental Participation, Resource Limitations, Assistive Technology, Policy Implementation

Effect of Gamification on Cognitive Development of Students with Intellectual Disabilities

Dr. Muhammad Nazir — 2025-04-21

The study aimed to determine the impact of gamification on the cognitive development of the students with intellectual disability. The study assessed the impact of gamification three various variables i.e. impact of gamification on vocabulary development, problem solving, and concept development. The study was quantitative in nature. It was an experimental study. Randomized pretest-posttest control group design was used to conduct the research. All the students of intellectual disabilities presently studying in public special education institutes of district Faisalabad made the study population. Researcher selected Shadab Institute for students with intellectual disabilities located in city area district Faisalabad for the study. A sample of 10 students was chosen from Grade-1. The student selection was purely randomized based on the fishbowl sampling technique. Sample was again distributed into two groups i.e. Group-A (Treatment Group) and Group-B (Control Group). A random assignment of 5 ID students in each group was made. Researcher visited the Govt. Shadab Institute for Intellectually Disabled Faisalabad, and approached the students with intellectual disability of grade-1. Researcher firstly collected the pretest data from the students on the basis of various manual sheets to measure the vocabulary skills (parts of body, fruits), various concepts (big & small, color sorting, matching gemstones), and problem solving skills (ocean and mazes). Afterwards, the students of the treatment group underwent the intervention through various computer games for one months, 4 weeks (3 days a week). Researcher provided the intervention for 50 minutes (10 minutes to each child). All the students played the games one by one. After the intervention of one month, again posttest assessment was applied on both of the groups (experimental and control group). Gamification showed a significantly higher effect on vocabulary development (body parts), problem-solving (maze puzzle), and concept development (colour matching and big & small games) in students with intellectual disabilities compared to traditional methods. However, it had no significant impact on vocabulary (fruit names), problem-solving (ocean puzzle), or concept development (gemstone game), where both methods were found ineffective.

Keywords: Gamification, cognitive development, intellectual disability.

Translation and Validation of Urdu-Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS)

Huma Javed — 2025-04-22

The Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale is a widely used instrument to measure psychological morbidity in substance abusers. This study aimed to translate and test the reliability and validity of the Urdu version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale. The English version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale was translated into Urdu and used in this study. The questionnaire was administered to a consecutive sample of one hundred substance abusers. In general, the Urdu version of the scale was found to be acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, used to test reliability, is 0.71 for the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale, indicating good reliability. In this study, the Perceived Stress and Self-Esteem scales and the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale were employed to measure their validity. The validity of the translated and adapted scale, Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse, was assessed by calculating the item's total correlation and Inter-Item correlation with their respective rankings. Pearson correlation of measures between the perceived stigma of substance abuse, perceived stress, and self-esteem was computed for the study sample to determine the relationship between variables. This preliminary validation study of the English version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale proved that it is an acceptable, reliable, and valid measure of perception of the prevalence of stigmatizing beliefs among Substance Abusers.

Keywords: Perceived stigma, substance abuse, self-esteem, perceived stress

Mathematical Rigor at Primary Level in Pakistan: Teachers Problems and Prospects

Dildar Hussnain — 2025-04-25

The importance of teachers in the contemporary world has assumed novel manifestations due to the advent of the modern period. The main purpose of this research study was to investigate the mathematical rigor at primary level in the district Khushab, Punjab Pakistan: Teachers Problems and Prospects. Study employed a descriptive quantitative design. The population of the study was all the mathematic teachers of grade three at public primary schools and random sampling technique was used for sample selection. The sample (210) represents 30% of the population. The self-developed Likert type questionnaire was used to collect data. A questionnaire was about students’ mathematical rigor with 18 items. The value of Cronbach’s alpha for students’ mathematical rigor questionnaire was 0.89. The findings revealed that most of the teachers perceived that they have good level to foster student’s mathematical rigor. Results indicated that students possess a noteworthy degree of mathematical rigor, which were shown by their solid conceptual understanding of mathematical ideas, high level of fluency, and fluent application of these concepts. However, the range of differences identified in fluency and application scores highlights the need for ongoing endeavours to guarantee uniformity and thoroughness in mathematical skills across various situations.

Key words: Mathematical Rigor, Conceptual Understanding, Fluency, Application, Primary School Teachers

Comparative Analysis of Academic Achievement of Students with Hearing Aids and Without Hearing Aids in the Presence of Socio-Economic Barriers at Secondary Level

Waqas Mahmood — 2025-04-25

In Pakistan, the socio-economic challenges faced by Hearing Impaired individual are enormous. Educated individuals are often not employed due to an inability to communicate. This study investigates how auditory processing, assistive device usage, and socio-economic factors influence academic performance among secondary students with and without hearing aids in District Bahawalpur. A mixed-method approach was employed with 167 students, and data was analyzed using SPSS. Findings indicate significant relationships between hearing support and educational outcomes. The study underscores the importance of inclusive strategies and interventions to address the unique academic needs of hearing-impaired students.

Keywords: Hearing Impairment, Academic Achievement, Assistive Devices, Socio-Economic Barriers, Secondary Education

Relationship between Social Anxiety, Shaming Guilt and Psychological Distress in OCD

Maham Kanwal — 2025-04-26

To find the association of social anxiety, psychological distress, and shaming guilt in obsessives compulsive disorder patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at Mental Health Institutes, General and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore from April 2023 to June 2023. Data collected of 100 patients that were diagnosed at least three-month, 19 years above age. Closed ended questioners’ tool was used for data collection. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 26 and the result was obtained. Findings suggest a significant positive relationship between Social Anxiety, Psychological Distress, and Shaming Guilt in OCD patients. Psychological Distress mediated the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Shaming Guilt. Various patterns of correlations that surfaced throughout this investigation are thought to have significant practical relevance. It was concluded that the moderating role of psychological distress between social anxiety and shaming guilt led to obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological distress, social anxiety and shaming guilt showed positively significant association among OCD patients.

Keywords: Social Anxiety, Shaming Guilt and Psychological Distress in OCD

Optimizing Microservices in Edge Computing: Addressing Latency, Resource Constraints, and Security Challenges

Misbah Abid — 2025-04-26

The rise of edge computing has necessitated a shift in data processing and analysis, bringing these processes closer to the data source to reduce latency and optimize bandwidth utilization. This study proposes a set of specialized design patterns tailored for deploying microservices in edge computing environments, addressing critical challenges such as limited resources, unstable networks, and heightened security concerns. Using a comprehensive methodology involving case studies, literature review, pattern development, prototyping, and performance evaluation, we developed and validated several innovative design patterns. Our findings indicate that these patterns significantly enhance fault tolerance (achieving 99.5% uptime), optimize resource utilization by 30%, reduce latency by 40–60%, and improve security with 50% fewer breaches. These results underscore the effectiveness of edge-based microservices in achieving robust, efficient, and secure data processing.

Keywords: Edge Computing Microservices, Design, Patterns, Latency, Reduction, Resource Utilization.

Obstacles and Outcomes of Hospital Management System Implementation

Tehmina Khan — 2025-04-26

This study was conducted to identify the obstacles and outcomes in the implementation of a Hospital Management System (HMS) in Pakistan. A Hospital Management System (HMS) is used to streamline hospital processes by managing healthcare-related information efficiently. It is a necessity in today’s world, but limited hospitals in developing countries like Pakistan have implemented such systems. This study adopted a qualitative approach to identify major areas related to the obstacles and outcomes of HMS implementation in a hospital. It employed a qualitative approach rooted in interpretivism and an inductive methodology. Interviews were conducted in different departments of the hospital to ensure adequate representation of the various management levels and skill set diversity. Open-ended questions were asked from the interviewees related to the topic under study during the personal interviews. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Special attention was paid to capturing all relevant information, and these transcripts were then entered into NVivo software. The results of the study may prove beneficial in streamlining the HMS implementation process in other hospitals and working out the identified obstacles before implementation to carry out the task more efficiently.

Keywords: Hospital Management System, Hospital Automation, Employee Satisfaction, Patient Satisfaction, Qualitative Analysis

The Dynamic Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Employees Creativity through Mediating Effect of Self Efficacy Approach

Muhammad Akhtar — 2025-04-27

The research investigates the three-dimensional relationship between Ethical Leadership (ELDS), Self-Efficacy (SEF) and Employees' Creativity (EMC) in educational institutions. The research based on structural model analysis demonstrates that ethical leadership improves both self-efficacy and creativity levels among employees. Ethical leaders establish a workplace safety environment that lets employees generate innovative ideas without fear of adverse consequences. The research demonstrates that self-efficacy functions as the key factor linking ethical leadership to creativity by showing that confident employees engage more in creative problem-solving. This research demonstrates that organizations should maintain ethical leadership standards because they create supportive work environments, which promote teamwork and risk-taking behavior. Higher education institutions must create programs for ethical leadership development since this enhances both employee engagement and workplace performance. The resulting evidence adds to organizational behavior studies by proving that ethical leaders both advance workplace creativity and build greater self-efficacy which produces enhanced organizational achievements. The study provides vital insights that guide leadership-training strategies to enhance educational innovation development programs.

Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Self-Efficacy, Employees' Creativity, Higher Education

An Analysis of the Church's doctrine of Christ

Dr. Muhammad Yaseen Raza — 2025-04-27

Judaism and Christianity are the two primary religions in Semitic religion. Their primary source is the common Bible. Both religions believe the Bible to be inspired and its teachings to be true. The concept of Christ differs significantly across the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. In Judaism and Christianity, the notion of Christ has evolved to its current state. However, in Christianity, Christ is not the same as the church's head. This article will provide a critical evaluation of the Church's understanding of Christ

Keyword: Judaism, Christianity, Bible, religions, Christ, Church.

Pedagogical Innovation in Primary Education: A Comparative Analysis of Teaching Practices in Public and Private Schools

Ramsha Rashid* — 2025-04-28

This study explores the comparative implementation of pedagogical skills and teaching methodologies in public and private primary schools of Faisalabad, Pakistan. With the growing emphasis on educational quality and student engagement, the research aims to examine how teachers from both sectors apply instructional strategies, manage classrooms and utilize modern teaching techniques in their daily practices. Using descriptive-comparative model with inferential analysis, data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 120 primary school teachers, evenly divided between public and private institutions. The findings reveal significant disparities between the two sectors. Private school teachers were more inclined toward the use of student-centered approaches, ICT integration and innovative classroom practices, whereas public school teachers, despite holding higher academic qualifications, faced challenges such as lack of resources, overcrowded classrooms and limited professional development opportunities. The study concludes that teacher effectiveness is shaped not only by formal education but also by institutional support, training availability, and access to pedagogical tools. Recommendations include targeted policy reforms, increased investment in teacher training and enhanced collaboration between public and private educational institutions to bridge the pedagogical implementation gap.

Keywords: Pedagogical Skills, Teaching Methodologies, Public Schools, Private Schools, Primary Education, ICT Integration, Teacher Training, Comparative Study

Exploring Parental Dynamics and Their Subtle Impacts on Student Personality Development: A Perspective of University of Sargodha

Mishal Akhtar — 2025-04-28

The role of parents in the personality development of university students is a critical area of study in educational psychology. To clearly define the area of the study and the target population, this research targets the students of the University of Sargodha to establish the link between parenting and student personality. According to the quantitative research design, respondents’ data were obtained from a sample of 150 students through a Likert scale questionnaire. The correlation analysis shows that there is a first degree relationship between personality development of students, our dependent variable and parental influence, our independent variable with correlation coefficient of 0. Equal to 3579 and the level of significance of 0. Wider result range 0.500- 0.999 shows a moderate and strong relationship with r> 0.700, where r will be equal to 0.877 (This is calculated by taking the sample correlation coefficient, dividing it by one, converting it to decimal form and adding one to it : [(0.877) / 1] = 0.877. The result shows that there is a positive correlation between parents and personality development of students with the correlation coefficient of 0. 579 that displayed a significance level of 0. 00. The collected data were analyzed by relative frequencies and Chi-square tests in the framework of the bivariate analysis with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results attained by means of statistics support the hypotheses referring to the connections between the independent and the dependent factors, as the p-values are below 0. 05. Thus, the present study emphasizes the necessity of parental impact will character of university students.

Key Words: Personality Development, Parents, Sargodha University Students

Marriage a guarantee for Morality: An Islamic Analitical Study

Dr. Muhammad Amin — 2025-04-29

Islam, as a religion of nature, guides us in every aspect of life and the system of marriage is a beautiful example of this. Marriage is not just a legal contract between two individuals, but it is a meaningful relationship that ensures the formation of a family, the survival of the human race and social purity. This relationship is based on love, mercy and mutual responsibilities, which leads to peace and prosperity in life.

Key Words: Islam, Marriage, Relationship, Benefits.

The Effect of Traditional & E-Recruitment Methods on Organizational Performance in Private Institutes of Hyderabad: A Comparative Study

Annam Jameel — 2025-04-30

Human Resource Management plays a very important role in every organization. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a need for traditional recruitment or modern recruitment in Private Institutes of Hyderabad, Pakistan. In previous times organizations had to go through a long process of recruitment but currently most of the firms are switching to online hiring day by day. It is very important to understand the importance and significance of using technology in all the departments of organizations. The main focus of this study was to show the effectiveness of online recruitment in private institutions of Hyderabad, Pakistan. This study explored the adaptability of technology by the HR department, their advantages, limitations and the effectiveness of E-recruitment over traditional methods on organizational performance. Not only the efficiency of online recruitment was explored but the need to adopt the modern methods in the HR department was also identified. The study is quantitative in nature; a sample of (90) respondents (employer and employee) this data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Nowadays, social media hiring is very common in many organizations as e-recruitment is a cost-effective method which facilitates the selection procedure in the HR department.

Keywords: E-Recruitment, social media, recruitment process, organizational performance, traditional methods

Green Influencers: The Power of Social Media in Shaping Eco-Conscious Communities

Dr. Nasir Iqbal — 2025-04-30

In today’s digitally-driven world, green influencers have emerged as pivotal figures in the global sustainability movement, utilizing social media platforms to cultivate eco-conscious communities and inspire tangible environmental action. These influencers comprising environmental activists, sustainable lifestyle bloggers, ethical brands, and concerned citizens leverage the visual and interactive nature of platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube to disseminate knowledge, challenge unsustainable norms, and promote eco-friendly alternatives. Through innovative content strategies including educational reels, viral sustainability challenges (#TrashTag, #PlasticFreeJuly), and behind the scenes looks at zero-waste living, they make complex environmental issues accessible and actionable for diverse audiences. This digital activism has proven remarkably effective in shifting consumer behavior, with measurable increases in plant-based diets, reusable product adoption, and sustainable fashion choices directly linked to influencer campaigns. Beyond individual actions, green influencers are increasingly holding corporations accountable, exposing greenwashing practices and demanding genuine sustainability commitments through organized social media pressure campaigns. The community-building aspect of this movement is particularly noteworthy, as influencers create virtual spaces where like-minded individuals can share tips, celebrate progress, and collectively problem-solve sustainability challenges. However, this burgeoning movement faces significant challenges, including the paradox of promoting sustainability through energy-intensive digital platforms, the risk of superficial "eco-friendly" content that prioritizes aesthetics over impact, and the ethical dilemmas surrounding sponsored content and influencer monetization. As the field evolves, emerging trends suggest a future where green influencers increasingly collaborate with scientists and policymakers, utilize AI and data analytics to personalize sustainability recommendations, and focus on systemic change rather than individual actions alone. This article argues that while not without limitations, the green influencer phenomenon represents a powerful new model for environmental engagement one that combines the reach of digital media with the urgency of ecological crisis, ultimately transforming passive awareness into active participation in building a more sustainable future.

Keywords: Green Influencers, Social Media Activism, Eco-Conscious Communities, Sustainability Movement, Digital Environmentalism, Climate Change Communication, Viral Sustainability Campaigns

Transitions in the Character of Bimala: An Analysis of Tagore's Novel "The Home and the World"

Farhan Ali — 2025-04-30

Abstract

The current research article explores the transitional impact occured in Bimala’s character from traditionalism to modernism in “Rabindranath Tagore’s” Bengali novel “The Home and the World”. The novel examined the socio-political conditions of the inhabitants of the sub-continent during British colonial rule. The Indian Independence Movement was expedited after the Swadeshi movement. The character of Bimala is the core element of the novel for portraying the conventional domestic settings and women’s role in the Indian Independence Movement. Specifically, the researcher with the support of evidence elucidates transitions in the character of Bimala.

Keywords: Swadeshi Movement, Indian Independence Movement, Bimala, traditionalism, modernism, transitions

An Analysis of the Impact of Variations in Rasm and Qira'at Diversity on the Meanings of the Qur'an

Dr. Sumayyah Rafique — 2025-04-30

The Noble Qur'an is the sacred and infallible Word of Allah, a complete and perfect code of guidance, light, and life for people of every era and generation. This Book of Guidance is not only miraculous in its words, meanings, and teachings, but also in the remarkable and unparalleled system through which it has been preserved. Allah Almighty, in His divine grace, has ensured the preservation of every aspect of the Qur'an—its words, meanings, and even its modes of recitation and pronunciation. Among these essential aspects are two scholarly and technical dimensions, namely, the Rasm Uthmani (Uthmanic script) and the diversity of Qira’at (variant readings), both of which have profoundly influenced the understanding, interpretation, and recitation of the Qur'an.The term Rasm al-Qur'an refers to the style of script that was specifically adopted during the caliphate of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him), in the official transcription of the Qur’anic manuscripts. This script is not merely a technical writing method, but a foundational system that encompassed the diversity of the Seven and Ten Qira’at and supported the variant readings of different Qur’anic reciters. This system of transcription not only unified the recitation of the Qur'an but also enriched and deepened its understanding.The diversity of Qira’at refers to those mutawatir (mass-transmitted) recitations of the Qur'an that were transmitted from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through various Companions. These recitations exhibit differences in pronunciation, vowelization, grammatical structures (sarf and nahw), and even in the orthographic forms of certain words. These variations are not intended to create contradictions in meaning, but rather to manifest the miraculous nature, eloquence, and semantic richness of the Qur'an. This diversity served as a great facilitation by accommodating the dialectical variations of different Arab tribes and easing the recitation for them. It also played a significant role in ensuring the accuracy and correctness of the Qur’anic text. For this reason, eminent scholars, hadith experts, and exegetes of the Muslim ummah not only accepted this diversity but also regarded it as a means of enhancing the depth and breadth of Qur'anic understanding.

Keywords: Impact of Variations, Rasm and Qira'at, Noble Qur'an, Mutawatir Recitations, Qur'anic Interpretation, Dialectical Facilitation

The Islamic Approaches toward Purification of soul: Analytical Study of Allama Iqbal Thoughts

Dr Muhammad Shah Faisal — 2025-05-01

In this article, the Islamic process of Purification of soul is analytically described in the light of Allama Iqbal's thoughts. Soul-Purification is another name for fulfillment person's legitimate wishes, purposes, and mottoes. While different persons have different goals or objectives but same type of methods and principles for achieving it . Under the light of Allama Iqbal's thoughts, the techniques and Guideline of soul-Purification cannot be defined as complete, fixed, and associated form. However, if one pays enough and In-depth attention to his philosophical thoughts and practical illustration, the approach to soul-purification will become transparent in some places and inherent in others. Iqbal's defined approach to soul-Purification is a apparent of human inherent and a reflection.Under the light of Iqbal's thoughts, this Article explain three way of selfhood which include complaince, soul-restraint, and divine closeness, including these Soul descipline, way of moderation,treatment of Inner-thoughts, the principle of self-safety, well defined goals, firm belief, action and consistency, constant objective visualization rule, "furthermore" remarkable way of soul-care like striving and endeavor are part of this Article.

Key words: Quran, Sunnah, Shari'ah, Soul, Purification of Soul, Iqbal, Allama Iqbal.

Challenges in Counterterrorism Cooperation Between Pakistan and Afghanistan After the US Withdrawal

Dr. Attaullah Jan — 2025-04-30

The US withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 has changed the security situations of the region while providing new prospects and obstacles for joint counterterrorism efforts between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan had anticipated that the Taliban's rise to power in Afghanistan would lessen the threat of militancy in the country; however, the situation went beyond expectations. The Taliban’s reemergence intensified the security situation in Pakistan, which further increased the conflict between the two states. The study investigates counterterrorism efforts and challenges to Pakistan and Afghanistan since the US withdrawal. Pakistan's and Afghanistan's interests in fighting terrorism face obstacles from distrust, unstable politics, and differing main concerns for national security. This research article uses qualitative research to examine how regional states and international organizations influence the anti-terrorism plans of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Their counterterrorism cooperation has been limited for a long time due to their distinct political frameworks and security issues. The analysis concludes that strong cooperation between them is needed to boost cross-border efforts and strengthen security coordination between the two states.

Keywords: Counterterrorism, Cooperation, Pakistan, Afghanistan, US Withdrawal

University Researchers’ Challenges in Technology- Dependent Research Phases

Saba Sarwar — 2025-05-03

This study explores the technological challenges faced by M.Phil and Ph.D. students during various phases of their research and examines the impact of digital literacy, institutional support, and discipline-specific needs on their research progress. It highlights how limitations in access to digital tools, lack of technical training, and inadequate IT infrastructure hinder the quality and timely completion of research work. The findings reveal that students from Social Sciences often face greater difficulties due to limited exposure to data analysis software, whereas students from Pure Sciences encounter challenges related to complex technical tools and high-cost resources. The study emphasizes the importance of digital literacy and the role of universities in providing adequate training, software access, and supervision. It concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing institutional support systems, offering targeted training, and improving access to research technologies to foster a more efficient and equitable research environment for research students.

Keywords: University Researchers, Digital Literacy, Technological Tools, Academic Research, Research Capabilities

Urdu Translation and Validation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale among Drug Users

Warda Sadiq — 2025-05-03

The current study aimed to translate and validate Recovery Related Discrimination Scale into Urdu language. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 comprised of the forward and backward translation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale by a panel of experts. In phase 2, the scale was administered on a sample of 400 drug users admitted in Rehabilitation Centers. The overall reliability of the scale was .851, whereas reliability for micro and macro discrimination is .885 and .871 respectively. The EFA and CFA were run to assess the factor structure of the translated version of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale. The two-factor solution emerged for the Urdu version of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale, with factor 1 comprising of 11 items to measure micro discrimination and factor 2 comprising of 12 items measuring macro discrimination. Both factors showed good internal consistency. All the values of goodness of fit were above threshold level. CFI obtained value was .968, GFI was .940, AGFI was .932 and IFI value was .968. RMSEA was below .05 mark, and recorded value of .033. The scale also demonstrated the good values for composite and convergent validity. The criterion validity was determined by correlation between Recovery Related Discrimination Scale and Illicit Drug Use Stigma Scale (r = .580, p < .001). The Urdu translation of Recovery Related Discrimination Scale proved to be valid and reliable measure for use in Pakistan.

Keywords: Recovery Related Discrimination, Micro Discrimination, Macro Discrimination, Urdu Translation, Drug Users

Not Only Economics Gain-Much More: How Pakistani Migrant Women Interpret the Migration Success to the UK, A Case Study Applying Relative Deprivation Theory

Syeda Sitwat Hasan — 2025-05-04

While migration is often associated with economic improvement, this study finds that the migration decision-making process is not linear, but more complex. Through the theoretical lens of Relative Deprivation Theory (RDT), this paper analyses how Pakistani women interpret their migration experience from Pakistan to the United Kingdom. The findings of case studies explored how migration shaped and reshaped their perception of deprivation and well-being, not only on economic upgradation but also on emotional, social and cultural domains. Our findings challenge the famous narrative of economic growth and empowerment as a result of migration, adding more to the thesis that perception of deprivation moulds and is reshaped contextually. This study significantly contributes to disseminating the migrant women’s lesser voices echoed in the literature.

Keywords: Relative Deprivation Theory, RDT, Migrants, Migrant Women, Pakistani Women, Pakistani Migrants, Migration, Life Experiences, Gender, Migration

Rethinking Political Leadership and Social Welfare in Pakistan

Nazir Ahmed Siyal — 2025-05-04

Political leadership plays a crucial role in shaping social welfare policies, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, where poverty alleviation and social protection remain key governance challenges. The study aims to understand the role of political leadership in social welfare by evaluating the legacy of the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and the Ehsaas Program. Despite their significance in addressing socio-economic inequalities, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive comparative analysis of their program under different political regimes. This study addresses the missing information by researching how political leadership priorities affect policy sustainability, effectiveness measures, and societal economic consequences. The research uses a qualitative methodology that relies on secondary data through research papers, government reports, and policy evaluations. The research reviews published literature to determine how BISP and Ehsaas perform in poverty reduction, financial inclusion, and social welfare advancement. The data shows how both programs reduced poverty, although their performance emerged from political beliefs, organizational structures, and institutional factors. The analysis demonstrates the necessity of establishing consistent welfare policies free from political manipulation for sustainable development.

Keywords: Political leadership, Social Welfare, Poverty Alleviation, Policy effectiveness, Governance

Teaching English Language by Using AI at Secondary level in Islamabad

Dr. Rubina Rahat — 2025-05-04

English language education experiences substantial educational changes due to Artificial Intelligence implementation because it creates new evaluation systems that modify educational methods along with change communication routines between students and teachers. Modern education tools incorporating AI functions produce revolutionary teaching methods to enhance both English education quality and student learning approaches. The study investigates artificial intelligence systems used to enhance ESL/EFL education by using language learning tools for vocabulary building and grammar checking and pronunciation instruction together with real-time interactive conversation practice through customized educational routes.AI systems execute several operations through intelligent tutoring together with AI chatbots and automated essay scoring and real-time translators because of their ability to embed Natural Language Processing (NLP) into digital educational learning systems with speech recognition capabilities. Students gain feedback swiftly within learning technology since the system evaluates their work simultaneously and teachers become capable of creating individualized educational content that aligns with student profile information. The gamified educational tools on Grammarly and Duolingo and Speak app implement AI technology to create personalized learning exercises for students in autonomous environments to detect educational flaws during the teaching process. Privacy safety of data requires strict protection measures but human verification protects information authenticity and assessment accuracy. AI technology needs education specialists to receive thorough training for implementing educational teaching methods properly because AI automation systems require human assistance for performing various academic activities. The combination of valuable results from machine learning technology poses significant hurdles to developing successful educational goals for ELT practices. Users applying AI tools correctly develop educational training methods that yield equivalent educational results identical to traditional educational systems. The research target needs to validate lengthened educational improvements from AI for ELT programs alongside establishing moral criteria for educational practices and automated systems deployment.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching, ESL, EFL, Natural Language Processing, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Speech Recognition, Language Learning Technologies, Educational Technology, AI in Education

The Influence of Technological Innovation on Labor Productivity in Developing Asian Countries

Iffat Zahra — 2025-05-05

This study aims to investigate the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and labor productivity in 5 Developing Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) from 2002-2022. Utilizing a Pool Mean Grouped/Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model, it examines the extent to which technological advancements impact labor productivity in economies characterized by varying levels of development and industrialization. The results reveal that technological innovation poses a significant impact in increasing labor productivity, both in the short term and the long term. This implies that as technological innovations increase, it will bring meaningful progress in labor productivity in Developing Asian nations. Furthermore, the findings indicate that certain factors can either facilitate or impede progress toward labor productivity. In both the short and long term, technological innovation fosters sustained increases in labor productivity by enabling efficiency gains and economic growth. Inflation may temporarily disrupt productivity by distorting price signals and reducing real wages. Labor force participation and human capital investment contribute positively to productivity over time through a skilled workforce, enhancing innovation absorption and application. The presence of an error correction term in the model suggests that the dynamics of the relationship between technological innovation and labor productivity are stable over time. This implies that any deviations from the long-term equilibrium in labor productivity are corrected over time. This study provides valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders striving to increase labor productivity. By understanding the complex interplay between technological innovation and labor productivity, informed strategies can be developed to mitigate the adverse impacts of technological innovation on labor productivity for sustainable development.

Keywords: Technological Innovation, Labor Productivity, ARDL, Asian Countries

Women and Crime in Pakistan: An Examination of the Legal Framework and Social Context

Sumia Azhar — 2025-05-05

This article contributes to a deeper understanding of the intertwined relationship of gender, law, and society in Pakistan by analyzing women's participation in crime both as criminals and as victims in the broader legal and sociocultural environment of Pakistan. Although women’s criminal behavior is often unrecognized in official crime statistics, as more women appear within the criminal justice system, the noticeable patterns of criminal behavior related to poverty, domestic violence, lack of education, and patriarchal conformity do emerge. The study provides a critique of the current corpus of Pakistani law (the Pakistan Penal Code, the Hudood Ordinances, and new gender-sensitive legislation) as a tool to address women's particular kinds of vulnerability. It also examines the role played by social facets like honor culture, gender-based discrimination, and difficulty accessing justice in the process of criminalizing or making victims of the women. This paper, which analyses legal materials, case law, and interviews with legal practitioners and women this system prevails (conducting qualitative content analysis) reveals systemic lacunae and cultural barriers that prevent justice for women. The report ends with policy suggestions to reform male-centered laws, promote legal literacy, and ensure equal access to justice. This study enriches the existing literature on gender justice in South Asia and underscores the pressing need for an inclusive legal regime that reflects women’s rights and experiences in Pakistan.

Keywords: Women, Crime, Legal Framework, Gender Justice, Pakistan.

Prejudice Against Islam: The Reality of Islamophobia in the Modern World and Its Remedies

Dr. Zeeshan — 2025-05-06

In the past couple of decades, Islamophobia has become a serious social and political issue all over the world. Islamophobia is defined as an irrational fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, and it manifests in many ways: discriminatory laws, media misrepresentation and violent hate crimes, social exclusion. In this paper, the roots and current form of Islamophobia in the modern world is explored, how it developed in the post 9/11 geography and how global propaganda, biased media portrayal and increasing nationalism of the West reinforced it. The study considers critically how certain political narratives and cultural stereotypes promote fear and false information of Islamic beliefs and practices. It points out how Muslim communities experience psychological and social effects brought on by such prejudice and how Muslims in the West, in particular, have to contend with integration and identity preservation. The paper additionally speaks on the position of social media platforms in advancing Islamophobic content and demanding for responsibility and content regulation. In order to tackle these challenges, the study offers a multi facetted strategy designed to combat Islamophobia through inter faith dialogue, educational reform, image perception media journalism, and an inclusion of Muslim voices in public arena. It also introduces community based initiatives that have worked, and also international legal initiatives that deal with combating religious hatred, as well as promoting cultural pluralism. The research ultimately claims that combating Islamophobia is not just a matter of concern for Muslim communities but a necessity for a global peace, mutual coexistence and safeguarding of the most important human rights in a multicultural world.

Keywords: Islamophobia, Religious prejudice, Media bias,Interfaith dialogue, Cultural integration, Hate speech, Human rights

An Analytical Study of the Economic Life of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim Lands in the Light of Islamic Principles

Safia Khan — 2025-05-06

As Muslims live as minorities in non-Muslim countries in an increasingly globalized world, millions of Muslims are engaged in economic activities that are frequently influenced and at times limited by local laws and cultural norms as well as the dominant financial systems. It aims at examining the economic life of Muslims who live in the non Muslims lands and how they choose economy and carry out economic activities based on Islamic principles like halal (lawful earnings), riba (prohibition of interest), ethical trade and social responsibility. This paper explores the critical problems that these societies encounter in accessing interest free financial institutions, practicing zakat and charity, engaging in business opportunities that are in compliance with Shariah, and staying honest in societies where Islamic conventions are not acknowledged or facilitated. It also examines the various ways in which Muslim minorities adapt and creatively keep their religious identity, yet at the same time participate in secular economic systems. The nature of this research is analytical and relies upon field surveys, case studies and the scholarly writings on Islamic economics, and minority jurisprudence (fiqh al-aqalliyyat). The method used by the paper is an attempt to comprehend the pragmatic ways in which the teachings of Islamic economics in minority contexts are put into practice and how these communities contribute to economies of host societies that do not violate their faith based obligations. Furthermore, this research presents how Islamic finance institutions, community based cooperative model, and educational initiatives also have a role to play in providing economic empowerment to the Muslim minorities. In addition, it also suggests policy interventions and community strategies that can facilitate the bridging of gap between faith and practice in a non Muslim setting. It suggests that with sufficient support, education, and awareness, Muslim minorities can have high economic prosperity and high religious adherence, and become models of integration, ethics and productivity in pluralistic societies.

Keywords: Muslim minorities, Islamic economics, Halal income, Riba (interest), Fiqh al-aqalliyyat, Economic integration

Poverty Prevention and Economic Progress in Light of Islamic Teachings

Dr. Khanzada Muhammad Waqar — 2025-05-07

This paper explores the relationship between poverty alleviation and economic empowerment within the framework of Islamic principles. Islam, with its emphasis on justice, equity, and compassion, provides a solid foundation for addressing economic disparities. The study critically examines how key Islamic teachings such as zakat (obligatory charity), sadaqah (voluntary charity), and the prohibition of riba (usury) contribute to sustainable economic development and poverty reduction. By promoting ethical financial practices, social solidarity, and wealth redistribution, Islamic values foster an inclusive approach to economic growth. The paper further analyzes successful case studies from Muslim-majority countries, illustrating the effectiveness of microfinance initiatives and cooperative enterprises grounded in Islamic ethics. In addition, the role of Islamic institutions in supporting marginalized communities through education, skill development, and entrepreneurship is explored. Ultimately, this research argues that integrating Islamic values with contemporary economic strategies offers a comprehensive solution to poverty and lays the groundwork for a more equitable and resilient economic system. The paper advocates for a holistic approach to poverty alleviation that combines moral imperatives with practical economic policies for long-term impact.

Keywords: Poverty, Islamic Law, Riba, Welfare, Economic Empowerment, Sustainable Development

The Concept of Ma‘arifa in Sufism as a Pathway to Spiritual Realization in Islamic Mysticism

Dr. Humaira Khalil — 2025-05-08

The concept of Ma‘arifa in Sufism represents a profound journey toward spiritual enlightenment and inner realization of the Divine. Rooted in Islamic mysticism, Ma‘arifa goes beyond conventional knowledge, serving as an experiential form of divine understanding that touches the heart and soul of the seeker. This research delves into Ma‘arifa as a critical aspect of the Sufi path, emphasizing its role in attaining a deeper awareness of Allah. Unlike intellectual knowledge, which is acquired through study, Ma‘arifa is attained through purification of the self (nafs), remembrance of God (dhikr), and divine unveiling (kashf). The paper explores the sources of Ma‘arifa, including the Qur'an, the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), spiritual guidance from Murshids, and the inner experiences of the seeker. It further highlights the significance of the heart (qalb) in Sufi thought as the ultimate receptacle for this profound knowledge. By examining the stages of spiritual progression, from outer practices (Shari'ah) to the inner journey (Tariqah) and ultimate truth (Haqiqah), this research underscores Ma‘arifa as a transformative force that leads the believer closer to Allah, bringing about humility, compassion, and an intimate connection with the Divine. Ultimately, Ma‘arifa serves as a pathway to spiritual realization, guiding the Sufi towards a life of peace, sincerity, and divine love.

Keywords: Ma‘arifa, Sufism, Islamic Mysticism, Spiritual Realization, Divine Knowledge, Dhikr, Kashf, Tariqah, Haqiqah, Sufi Path, Heart (Qalb).

India-Pakistan Relations After the Revocation of Article 370: A Diplomatic Deadlock

Iram Abid — 2025-05-10

The revocation of Article 370 in August 2019 marked a turning point in India-Pakistan relations, intensifying long-standing tensions over Kashmir and triggering a diplomatic freeze. This article examines the fallout of India’s constitutional changes, analyzing Pakistan’s political, diplomatic, and military responses, including the downgrading of bilateral ties, international lobbying, and media-driven nationalist narratives. It explores the fragile 2021 ceasefire agreement and backchannel talks, revealing how both nations balance hostility with pragmatic restraint. The study also assesses the role of regional organizations like SAARC and the SCO in facilitating or hindering dialogue. Despite deep-seated mistrust, the article identifies potential pathways for limited normalization, emphasizing incremental confidence-building measures (CBMs) such as trade resumption, humanitarian corridors, and climate cooperation. However, domestic politics, electoral cycles, and rigid positions on Kashmir continue to obstruct meaningful progress. The analysis concludes that while a comprehensive resolution remains unlikely, transactional engagement on non-political issues could prevent further escalation and lay the groundwork for a fragile but functional coexistence.

Keywords: Article 370, India-Pakistan Relations, Kashmir Conflict, Diplomatic Stalemate, Ceasefire Agreement, Backchannel Diplomacy, Confidence-Building Measures (CBM’s), SAARC, Regional Security

https://doi.org/10.55966/assaj.2025.3.2.008

Superstitions Casuses and Ruling (Hukm) of Quran and Sunn’ah

Dr. Hafiz Nasir Ali — 2025-05-11

This research demonstrates the significant role of superstitions for individuals and collectives for shaping the behaviors, beliefs and evaluating causes in the light of Islamic teachings. It is fact that superstitions are irrational beliefs, practices rooted far, cultural traditions, ignorance and lead people to associate convinced actions or substances with good or bad luck without any logical or spiritual doctrine. Although several reflect superstitions harmless, they can misrepresent human perception, incumber rational thinking, and even lead to follows that contradict Quran and Sunnah ruling (Hukm). The study also critically analyzes dimensions of root causes of superstitions like educational, psychological and sociocultural aspects. Religious teachings conclusively address such illogical beliefs, accenting the significance of Tawheed, confidence on divine will, and the pursuit of knowledge. Through textual analysis of Qur’anic verses and authentic Hadiths, the study establishes that Islamic teachings depress all forms of superstitions and practical steps to purify individual and collective belief systems. The research concludes that superstitions persevere even in Muslim societies due to weak religious awareness and the frequency of syncretical traditions however this can overcome through educational reforms, culture focused strategies, public-based awareness programs and religious leadership contributions to fabric superstitious practices in societies.

Key words: Superstitions, Qur’an, Sunnah, Irrational Beliefs, Religious Literacy, cultural practice

Quranic Verses Related to Allama Iqbal's Kalam Zarb Kaleem and Armaghan Hijaz's Poems

Bakhtawar Siddique — 2025-05-11

Allama Iqbal's speech "Zarb Kaleem" and "Armaghan Hijaz" contain references to several verses of the Holy Quran. Iqbal's poetry is based on the teachings of the Holy Qur'an and he presented his messages in the light of the Qur'an. . In this book of Iqbal, the teachings of the Qur'an have been given importance for the revival of Islam. Iqbal says: "Create faith, O fool! From faith comes the dervish, before whom the Fagfur bows." These verses of Surah Al-Baqarah. It is related to verse 45: And seek help through patience and prayer: "And seek help through patience and prayer, and this task is difficult except for those who are humble." It advises to get rid of difficulties. Iqbal also draws Muslims to patience and prayer by basing faith in his poems. In "Armaghan Hijaz" Allama Iqbal has highlighted the greatness and spiritual centrality of Hijaz (Mecca and Medina). This book is a collection of Iqbal's spiritual poetry, in which the verses of the Qur'an are often used as the basis of his poetry. Iqbal says: "Iqbal jumped without danger into the fire of Nimrod, Ishq Aql Hai Mahu Tamashaye Lip Bam Abhi" This poem is from Surah Al-Baqarah. Refers to the incident of verse 258 of: "Alam tar ali al-haj Haj Ibrahim fi Rabbah an atah Allah al-Malik" "Have you not seen him who argued with Ibrahim about his Lord, because Allah made him the ruler?" This incident is about Hazrat Ibrahim (peace be upon him) and Nimrod. Here, Iqbal is describing the power of true love that he moves forward to fulfill his goal without fear of any danger, like Hazrat Ibrahim decided to jump into the fire of Nimrod. In Iqbal's words, the Holy Quran. His verses have been given importance and the purpose of his poetry is to attract Muslims towards their religion and spiritual goals.

Keywords: Quranic, Allama Iqbal, Kalam Zarb Kaleem, Armaghan Hijaz's, Al-Baqarah, Mecca, Medina

From Margins to Mainstream: A Study of Women Empowerment Initiatives in Pakistan

Rameez Haider — 2025-05-11

Women’s empowerment in Pakistan has historically been constrained by deep-rooted cultural, social, and economic barriers. However, the last two decades have witnessed a significant shift, with women increasingly moving from the margins to the mainstream of national development. This study explores the evolution, current landscape, and effectiveness of women empowerment initiatives across Pakistan. It examines key government-led programs such as the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and Punjab Women Empowerment Initiatives, as well as the pivotal role played by NGOs like the Aurat Foundation and the Kashf Foundation in promoting economic and social inclusion. Drawing on both secondary data and case studies, the article highlights the multifaceted dimensions of empowerment including educational advancement, entrepreneurship, and political participation and identifies the major obstacles that persist, including societal conservatism, gender-based violence, and structural inequalities. The study also presents success stories where women have transcended traditional limitations to become influential entrepreneurs, educators, and policymakers. It argues that while meaningful progress has been achieved, sustainable empowerment requires an integrated approach combining legal reform, educational expansion, economic opportunities, and cultural transformation. Through a comprehensive analysis, the article emphasizes the critical need for continuous, inclusive policy actions and grassroots mobilization to consolidate women’s position in Pakistan’s socio-economic and political fabric. By shedding light on the ongoing journey from marginalization to mainstream inclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into designing more effective, culturally sensitive empowerment strategies for Pakistan and similar contexts.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Pakistan, Gender Equality, Social Development, Economic Empowerment, Women’s Rights, Policy Initiatives, Grassroots Movements

Analyzing Customary Law of Marriage and Family Practices of the Kalash Community in District Chitral Lower of Pakistan: Need for a Proper Legislation

Hamaish Khan — 2025-05-12

The Kalash community, residing in the District Chitral Lower of Pakistan, is renowned for its unique cultural heritage, particularly its distinctive marriage customs and family practices. Love, arranged and elopement marriages are commonly found in the Kalash community. Love marriage is one of the important and most common types of marriage in the Kalash community. The way of living of Kalash community is distinct and their cultural practices are unique at the world level. Their women have complete freedom to choose their life partners. Nevertheless, no proper legislation is carried out by the government in order to codify the distinct marriage practices of the people of Kalash for the reason to give a legal cover to its customs. This research paper provides an in-depth overview of these traditions, which are deeply rooted in the community's ancient beliefs and social structures. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for proper legislation and policy measures to preserve and protect these cultural practices from erosion. By documenting and analyzing the Kalash marriage and family systems, this research aims to contribute to the broader discourse on cultural preservation and the importance of safeguarding minority communities' heritage in Pakistan. The findings underscore the necessity of collaborative efforts between the government, local communities, and cultural organizations to ensure the survival and continuity of the Kalash way of life for future generations. In this research article, unique marriage customs and family practices of the Kalash community are discussed in detailed. Various distinct local terminologies are well defined. Different stages in marriage ceremony are highlighted. Need for proper legislation of preservation of such practices are also emphasized. Recommendations are also given for effective legislation and preservation of unique marriage customs and family practices of people of Kalash.

Keywords: Marriage, Customs, Kalash Culture, Chitral, Legislation, Janigrom, Alashing, Custody of Child, Polygamy, Dissolution Of Marriage.

A Comparative Analysis of Forced Conversions among Minorities in Pakistan and India

Sapna Sewani — 2025-05-13

This study investigates the complex phenomenon of forced religious conversions of minorities in Pakistan and India, with a focus on gender, legal frameworks, political manipulation, and socio-religious dynamics. Drawing on a comparative analysis of over 40 scholarly articles, legal documents, media reports, and NGO publications between 2015 and 2025, this paper reveals that forced conversions disproportionately target minority women—particularly adolescent Hindu and Christian girls in Pakistan, and Muslim men or interfaith couples in India. In Pakistan, the lack of specific legislation criminalizing forced conversions, combined with weak enforcement of child protection laws and religiously influenced judicial decisions, contributes to the alarming rise in such cases. Girls are often abducted, coerced into marriage, and converted under duress, with courts frequently legitimizing these acts. In contrast, India’s anti-conversion laws, while framed to prevent coercion, are frequently used to suppress consensual interfaith relationships and reinforce Hindu nationalist agendas, thereby infringing on religious freedom. This research adopts a qualitative case study methodology, employing thematic content analysis to identify patterns of systemic complicity, legal failure, and gender-based violence. The study applies a human rights-based theoretical framework, highlighting how state institutions often facilitate or ignore these violations under socio-political pressures. The paper concludes that while the underlying mechanisms of coercion differ in each country, both demonstrate a convergence in terms of patriarchal control, minority suppression, and legal loopholes. The recommendations include legal reforms, judicial training, protection mechanisms for women, and international oversight to ensure adherence to universal human rights standards. Addressing these issues is critical not only for religious minorities but for the broader protection of civil liberties in South Asia.

Keywords: Forced Conversions, Religious Minorities, Gender-Based Violence, Pakistan, India, Interfaith Marriage, Legal Reform, Human Rights

Analysis of Gender Discrimination in Sindh through Galtung’s Models of Conflict

Muskan Moazzam — 2025-05-14

Using Galtung's theories of conflict, this dissertation will investigate gender discrimination in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. Sindh resides in Pakistan. This article delves deeply into the various factors, such as the region's history, society, economy, and politics that contribute to the region's gender disparity. It analyzes the ways in which sexism effects women in Sindh and identifies the knowledge gaps that exist in the existing body of literature. Using Galtung's Three Triangle Models of Conflict Resolution, particularly structural violence, cultural violence, and direct violence, the purpose of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and dynamics of gender discrimination. This will be achieved by implementing Galtung's Three Triangle Models for Conflict Resolution. In addition, the Conflict Tree Model is utilized to propose strategies and interventions for addressing gender inequality in Sindh. We provide some insights into the complexity of the problem of gender discrimination, as well as suggestions for future research and activities in this area.

Keywords: Sindh, Galtung, Gender Discrimination, Conflict Tree Model, Conflict Resolution

The Role of Technology in Supporting Students With Disabilities in Higher Education

Naeem Akhtar — 2025-05-14

Technology has revolutionised the redefinition of the educational lives of disabled students in Higher Education. In include assistive technologies such as screen readers and voice to text software, educational establishments benefit from digital innovation that has made a more inclusive educational setting. With legislative support from policies like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and broad scale movements toward universal design, students with disabilities still experience systemic barriers to utilising and participating in higher education. This research examines how different types of educational technology facilitate student with disability academic achievement, engagement, and inclusion in higher education institutions. It explores faculty and institutional readiness, student satisfaction and institutional policy frameworks in relation to technological accommodations using mixed methods. Five key variables are identified in the research. technological availability, user satisfaction, academic performance, institutional support, and faculty preparation. Using qualitative interviews and surveys provided quantitatively in three universities, the study examines relationships between these variables and their effects on educational inclusion. The study shows that, although assistive technologies greatly improve learning outcomes, success relies much on institutional preparedness and personalized supporting systems. Additionally, as findings indicate, the bulk of the barriers is not a result of the technology itself, but a lack of training and policy implementation. This paper adds to the general discussion on inclusive education by providing evidence-informed views regarding the role of technology in teaching students with disabilities. The findings should interest university administrators, policymakers, and technologists that want to create more inclusive learning environments.

Keywords: Assistive Technology, Disability, Higher Education, Inclusive Learning, Accessibility, Adaptive Learning, Student Engagement, Academic Performance, Institutional Policy, Universal Design

Civic Education and Sustainable Development Goals: A Framework for Secondary Schools

Ramsha Rasheed — 2025-05-14

This study investigates the nexus of civic education and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in secondary schools. The objective of the research is to establish a model for incorporating civic learning into secondary school curricula with the goal of raising awareness, promoting civic engagement, and generating action in the direction of the SDGs. Amid mounting global concerns about climate change, poverty, and inequality, it has become more imperative than ever to work toward an education that encourages students to engage in work that supports sustainable development. The paper presents a basic structure that explains the key parts of civic education (critical thinking, participatory learning, and social responsibility) in connection with the 17 UN SDGs. The framework, if implemented in schools, would help educators provide the student with a good level of understanding of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The students will be inspired to make a difference in their vicinity and in their world. This framework seeks to address the link between education and action toward sustainability through a focus on global citizenship and ethical commitment. The article ends by giving ideas on how to include civic education in the curriculum, help teachers grow, and support policies so that civic education can be a key part of achieving the SDGs in high school education.

Keywords: Civic Education, Sustainable Development Goals, Secondary Schools, Global Citizenship, Curriculum Framework.

The Impact of Gender Role Attitudes and Workplace Discrimination on Job Satisfaction among Women: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and the Moderating Effects of Work-Life Balance

Taimoor Tabasum — 2025-05-14

In the contemporary workforce, women continue to face entrenched gender-based barriers that hinder their job satisfaction and professional growth. Despite growing participation across sectors, traditional gender role attitudes and pervasive workplace discrimination remain significant obstacles. These societal and organizational biases not only challenge women’s advancement but also adversely affect their self-esteem and capacity to maintain a balanced personal and professional life. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of gender role attitudes and workplace discrimination on job satisfaction among women, incorporating self-esteem as a mediating variable and work-life balance as a moderating factor. Guided by Social Role Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, the study aimed to uncover both the structural and psychological mechanisms affecting women's workplace experiences. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 301 professional women from public sectors in Pakistan, including education, healthcare, law enforcement, and social services. Standardized instruments were used to measure all variables via a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS, with Hayes' PROCESS Macro employed for mediation and moderation analysis. The main results revealed that workplace discrimination significantly decreased self-esteem and job satisfaction, while egalitarian gender role attitudes indirectly enhanced job satisfaction through higher self-esteem. Self-esteem fully mediated the relationship between gender role attitudes and job satisfaction, and partially mediated the relationship between workplace discrimination and job satisfaction. Additionally, work-life balance significantly moderated the link between self-esteem and job satisfaction amplifying job satisfaction for women reporting higher balance. The value and implications of this study lie in its integrated framework that combines societal attitudes, workplace conditions, and psychological resilience. The findings underscore the importance of inclusive policies, self-esteem enhancement programs, and flexible work arrangements in promoting gender equity, psychological well-being, and sustained job satisfaction for women in diverse professional settings.

Keywords: Gender Role Attitudes; Workplace Discrimination; Job Satisfaction; Women Employees; Self-Esteem; Work-Life Balance

Pathways to Crime: How Exposure to Violence Shapes Criminal Behavior

Maleeha Amjad — 2025-05-14

This study examines the role of exposure to violence in shaping criminal behavior, focusing on three primary sources: community, family and media. Using qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, the research explores how different forms of violence contribute to criminal tendencies. The findings suggest that community violence fosters aggression through desensitization and peer influence, family violence increases the risk of criminal behavior through psychological distress and normalization of violence and media violence influences attitudes but lacks a direct causal link to criminality. Notably, individuals exposed to multiple forms of violence are significantly more likely to engage in crime due to the absence of positive role models and social support networks. These results underscores the need for targeted interventions including awareness campaigns, early prevention strategies and media literacy programs to mitigate the impact of violence on criminal behavior.

Keywords: Violence exposure, criminal behavior, community violence, family violence, media violence, desensitization, psychological distress

Empowered by Prophetic (PBUH) Guidance: The Role of Muslim Youth in Societal Reformation through the Lens of Seerah

Dr. Tanveer Qasim — 2025-05-15

This research explores the transformative potential of Muslim youth in driving societal reformation through the lens of the Prophetic model (Seerah) and Qur’anic guidance. Rooted in the timeless framework of Islam, the study posits youth as dynamic agents of ethical renewal, tasked with harmonizing spiritual integrity and pragmatic engagement to address contemporary challenges. Drawing from the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) life, it examines their roles in fostering moral excellence, judicial integrity, familial stability, and Islamic unity while countering modern crises such as moral relativism, systemic inequity, and communal fragmentation. Through actionable pillars—anchoring identity in divine revelation, promoting ethical livelihoods, advocating justice, and leveraging education and media—youth emerge as stewards of tazkiyah (self-purification) and islāḥ (social reform). The paper underscores the Seerah as a blueprint for navigating modernity, positioning Muslim youth as architects of a just, compassionate society that bridges tradition and innovation for civilizational renaissance.

Keywords: Muslim Youth, Prophetic (PBUH) Model (Seerah), Societal Reformation, Islamic Ethics and Values, Tazkiyah and Islāḥ, Education and Media Reform.

Human Rights Violations: A Case Study of Pakistan

Mamoona Bashir — 2025-05-15

The expression "parliamentary federal republic" is the clearest and most accurate way to describe Pakistan's political system. The Constitution of 1973, which established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic and designated Islam as the country's official religion, is primarily responsible for Islam's official status. Even though the Constitution protects religious minorities, it also grants Islam preferential status in society and safeguards the "Islamic way of life." Even if it does protect religious minorities. The freedom to practice any religion or belief system of one's choice is a fundamental human right recognized and safeguarded on a global scale by a number of international treaties and conventions. It includes the right to choose and follow one's own religious or philosophical path and to manifest that path through public or private prayer, observance, practice, and instruction. In addition, it includes the liberty to instruct others about that path. This study provides an overview of human rights in Pakistan, including information on children's rights, gender equality, discrimination, religious freedom, and the role nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have played in this arena of the human rights struggle.

Key Words: Pakistan, Human Rights, Violations, UN charter, Constitution of Pakistan

The Impact of Misleading Advertisements and Underlying Drivers on Customer Loyalty in Pakistan’s Telecom Sector

Mr. Sohail Raza — 2025-05-15

This study examines the impact of misleading advertisements on customer loyalty within Pakistan’s telecom sector, focusing on key drivers such as hidden charges, network quality, and customer service. The research employs a quantitative, cross-sectional design, utilizing data from 300 respondents and Smart PLS-SEM analysis. Findings reveal that deceptive advertising, particularly hidden fees, significantly erodes customer trust and loyalty, with 74.6% of respondents reporting dissatisfaction due to unmet advertised promises. Customer service emerged as the strongest positive predictor of loyalty (β = 0.477), while network coverage and quality showed negligible effects. A comparative analysis highlights Jazz as the least deceptive provider, correlating with its highest market share (39.2%), whereas Ufone, perceived as the most misleading, lags behind (16.1% share). The study underscores the long-term economic and ethical costs of deceptive practices, advocating for transparency in pricing and service delivery to enhance retention. Recommendations include stricter regulatory oversight, improved infrastructure, and ethical marketing strategies to align advertisements with actual service quality. The research fills a critical gap by linking specific deceptive practices to loyalty drivers in an emerging market context, offering actionable insights for telecom firms and policymakers.

Keywords: Deceptive Advertising, Customer Loyalty, Telecom Sector, Hidden Charges, Service Quality, Pakistan

The 2025 Indo-Pakistan Crisis: From Pahalgam Attack to Ceasefire

Sania Haroon — 2025-05-15

This paper analyzes the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict that was triggered by the Pahalgam terrorist attack and contextualizes it within the deep historical and geopolitical dynamics of South Asia. It provides a detailed timeline of escalation that began with the April 22 attack on Hindu pilgrims and culminating in India’s launch of Operation Sindoor that is a series of cross-border strikes. The study critically examines India’s military and political response mainly the Modi government’s handling of the crisis in the context of upcoming elections, its use of nationalist rhetoric and the strategic signaling involved in nuclear-related statements. The paper evaluates the role of specifically Indian media narratives, the international community’s mediation efforts and the ceasefire that followed under U.S. pressure. This paper gives special attention to the performative nature of Modi’s posturing, the risks of deterrence breakdown and also the implications for Indo-Pak relations moving forward. The paper argues that the conflict exposed the fragility of peace and the increasing normalization of preemptive strikes as political tools in the subcontinent’s volatile security architecture despite the immediate crisis being averted.

Keywords:
2025 India-Pakistan conflict, Operation Sindoor, Pahalgam attack, ceasefire, South Asia security, nuclear deterrence, cross-border strikes, water terrorism, U.S. mediation, Kashmir, escalation dynamics, nationalist rhetoric.

Relationship between Oil Prices, Gold Prices, and Stock Returns: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

Muhammad Shahab — 2025-05-15

This research highlights the dynamic relationship between oil prices, gold prices, and the Stock returns in the Pakistan Stock Exchange, and how they impact each other and provide information on the connectedness that we can see in oil-importing, gold-influenced countries due to the political economy of commodities that are affected by inflation. The simplest way to integrate the three variables is to examine the interest rate effect in the market. The researcher collected twelve monthly data sets from 2014 to 2024 and applied the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model to test the short- and long-run dynamics of oil and gold prices and PSX returns. The research findings confirmed that oil prices exhibited the most significant shocks and impacted stocks through inflation-based pressures and rising costs of production, while gold acts as a hedge in troubled economic times with a stabilization effect. Overall, the results reflected the asymmetry of financial markets as they provide essential reflections for investors, policymakers and stakeholders in academia about the behavior of financial markets, improving investment strategies, and creating effective economic policies for developing countries like Pakistan.

Keywords: Oil Prices, Gold Prices, Stock Returns, Stabilization Effect, Financial Markets

Colonial Shadows and Modern Authorities: An In-Depth Analysis of Female Prisoners in Pakistan with Cross-Jurisdictional Insights and Primary Interviews from District Jail Kasur

Saqlain Haider — 2025-05-16

This research paper delves into the multifaceted experiences of women within the prison system, with a particular emphasis on the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Section 1 presents an outline of the prison landscape in Pakistan, highlighting how colonial legacies have predominantly moulded prisons into instruments of containment rather than avenues for rehabilitation. Section 2 delves into the presence of women within the prison system across three jurisdictions, examining the gender-specific dynamics at play and emphasizing how rehabilitative efforts within prisons reflect and address these unique experiences. Additionally, we delineate five foundational challenges encountered by women in prison, namely accommodation and food, victimization, programming and treatment, work opportunities, and the unique role of motherhood in confinement. In particular, we reflect on how this impacts the rehabilitative aim of the prison system. Section 3 of the paper is dedicated to examining the reality of women’s incarceration in Lahore, Pakistan, through the lens of these five challenges. By organizing our analysis around these specific areas, we aim to shed light on the distinct experiences and hardships faced by incarcerated women in a socio-cultural context that warrants attention and intervention. Through this research, we endeavour to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding women’s incarceration, with implications for policy-making, advocacy efforts, and the development of targeted interventions to address the unique needs of this marginalized population in Lahore and beyond.

Keywords: Incarceration, Colonialism, Gender, Punishment, Rehabilitation, Segregation, Justice, Victimization, Discipline, Marginalization

Unveiling Cultural Trauma in Deborah Ellis’ Parvana’s Journey

Amna Jehan — 2025-05-17

This research examines and explores cultural trauma and its effects on the protagonist portrayed in Deborah Ellis’s Parvana Journey. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of cultural trauma. The methodology of the study shows that the study is qualitative in approach and secondary techniques used in analysis and data collection. The study collects different passages from the novel related to the Cultural Trauma and then used for the data analysis. For the purpose of data analysis, the passages have been divided into different sections. These sections have been divided on the basis of study objectives. The data analysis of the study was based on the textual analysis technique. The results show that the protagonist faced different problem and Parvana and her companions face several challenges, including the threat of violence, malnutrition, and the harsh Afghan winter. They encounter those who provide aid along the path, as well as those who exploit their vulnerabilities. The analysis showed that the protagonist handle all the problems; Parvana demonstrates remarkable resilience, resourcefulness, and empathy throughout the journey, often taking up the role of the group's leader. Biggest problem for Parvana is the inability to build a fence against fear amid the inner chaos. That is why conflicting feelings seem to frequent her mind persistently. When her father is imprisoned, Parvana realizes she must step up and become the breadwinner for her family. She cuts her hair and disguises herself as a boy, venturing into the streets to sell goods and earn money. This transformation is not only physically demanding but also emotionally challenging, as she has to constantly hide her true identity. Parvana’s ability to adapt to the situation and create a new identity for herself demonstrates her resilience and determination to do whatever it takes to support her family.

Keywords: Cultural Trauma, Transformation, Identity Hurdles, Fear, Challenges

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Pakistan Equity Market

Rida Khan — 2025-05-17

From 2014 to 2024, this paper investigates how Economic Policy Uncertainty (here after EPU) affects the performance and behavior of the Pakistan equities market. It emphasizes how changes in policy clarity affect market returns, trading activity, and investor decision-making. Included also are key macroeconomic factors as inflation and changes in exchange rates. The study intends to offer deeper understanding of the connection between uncertainty and financial performance in an emerging market setting. The analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and quantile regression approaches indicates that EPU exerts a statistically significant and favorable influence on stock returns across all quantiles. The impact is greatest in lower quantiles, suggesting more investor reaction during market declines. This implies that, instead of consistently lowering returns, uncertainty can set off risk-taking and speculative activity. The findings show a nonlinear link whereby EPU serves as a return driver and a risk indication. These results provide important consequences for regulators, investors, and legislators in Pakistan. Better policy communication and openness can help to steady market reactions to uncertainty. Investors have to change their risk management techniques depending on different market circumstances as well. All things considered, the study emphasizes the need of knowing EPU's influence on equities market behavior and direction of economic decision-making.

Keywords: Economic Policy, Uncertainty, Pakistan, Equity Market, EPU’s, Stock Returns

Leadership, Tenacity and State: A case study of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a Statesman

Dr. Siraj Ahmed Soomro — 2025-05-17

This research article is focused on the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a statesman before the partition of British India into two dominant states, Pakistan and India. Jinnah's role is analyzed not merely as a political figure but as a tenacious leader whose vision, constitutionalism, and strategic adaptability were pivotal in the creation of a separate Muslim homeland. The research uses a qualitative case study framework. The study also cross-examines critical turning points in Jinnah's political career as the Lucknow Pact in 1916, the Fourteen Points in 1929, and the Lahore Resolution in 1940, to substantiate the argument that under his leadership, the struggle transitioned from one advocating for Hindu-Muslim unity to one firmly oriented toward Muslim sovereignty. The sources that are being used and research are based on archived speeches and legislative debates to explain how Jinnah's style of leadership differed from his contemporary compatriots such as Gandhi and Nehru. Instead of mass mobilization or forcing people’s minds for revolutionary methods, Jinnah advocated legal processes and diplomatic negotiation to push his objectives. While working for democratic principles in the Indian subcontinent, he tried to unite Muslim identity into a well-organized political movement with his constitutional ideology and consistency. The paper intends to discuss literature review into three major historical waves of scholar’s contribution on Jinnah’s life from nationalist categories to critical revisiting and interdisciplinary studies, with the gap in available literature that has surfaced out of studying Jinnah as a statesman rather than merely a nationalist. This research will interpret his leadership as a deliberate balancing act between ideological clarity and political pragmatism through constructivist and realist political theory. The study holds that Jinnah's tenacity and statesmanship remain as relevant as ever to contemporary debates on minority rights, federalism, and statesmanship. His political legacy can still inform visions, strategies, and legal legitimacy on national destinies against the background of imperial decline and internal division.

Keywords: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Statesman, Leadership, Tenacity, Pakistan Movement, Two-Nation Theory, Constitutionalism, Muslim League

Media's Role in Crisis Communication: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani and Indian Print Media Coverage of the Pahalgam Attack

Muhammad Arif — 2025-05-17

The study looks at how the Pahalgam attack on April 22, 2025, in Indian-administered Kashmir was reported differently by Pakistani and Indian print media which caused 26 deaths. The study uses mixed methods to study stories from Dawn (Pakistan) and The Times of India (India) for 19 days, grouping them into frames for war, peace and neutral. Findings reveal stark contrasts: About 73.3% of the articles in The Times of India used a war frame, putting stress on terrorism and retaliation, whereas Dawn primarily (63.4%) opted for a peace frame, stressing dialogue and human issues. Qualitative analysis shows that Indian media tends to use securitized language, whereas Pakistani media focuses on seeking ways to solve conflicts. The research reveals that media presentation supports national interests, increases the tension between the countries and affects both public and government actions. It further investigates whether peace journalism decreases hostility, however such stories are not common. The findings suggest that media influences both fights and solutions, urging the media to act ethically and change their structure to promote peace in South Asia.

Keywords: Media Framing, India-Pakistan Conflict, Pahalgam Attack, Peace Journalism, War Journalism, Kashmir Crisis, Agenda-Setting, Comparative Analysis

An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurial Intentions of the University Students: The Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurial Education

Muazam Ali — 2025-05-18

This research investigates the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Pakistan through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), with a specific focus on the moderating role of entrepreneurial education. Utilizing the survey method for data collection and analyzed via SMART PLS and SPSS, the findings indicate that attitudes toward behavior and subjective norms are significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions across both university types, consistent with the TPB. While direct effects of perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intentions were not significant, a significant interaction effect between entrepreneurial education and perceived behavioral control was observed. Moreover, the moderating influence of entrepreneurial education on the relationship between perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intentions. The study concludes that entrepreneurial education's impact on fostering entrepreneurial intentions may be contingent upon its interplay with perceived behavioral control, particularly within the public sector university context. These findings offer nuanced implications for policymakers and educators seeking to cultivate entrepreneurship among university students in developing economies.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intentions, Theory, Planned Behavior, Entrepreneurial Education, Comparative Study

The dire need for electoral reforms in Pakistan

Nabeel Ahmed — 2025-05-18

Democracy, at its heart, thrives on elections that are both fair and visibly transparent. The electoral system in Pakistan has, without a doubt, seen its share of evolution. However, in most cases, significant gaps remain. To truly guarantee accuracy, efficiency, and comprehensiveness, reform is still very much needed. Areas ripe for improvement—to head off errors and those frustrating delays—include, for instance, the transparent funding of political parties. Voter registration also needs attention, as does the innovative use of technology. And, not least, the availability of the system to underprivileged groups must be strengthened, generally speaking. To enhance public trust, the Election Commission's independence and dispute resolution methods also need to be reformed. Pakistan can build a system that ensures every vote counts and reflects the valid will of the public in every election by adopting international best practices and implementing reforms based on unity. These changes will promote political firmness and encourage public trust in government as well as strengthen democracy. For a more progressive and inclusive future in Pakistan, electoral reforms are a necessary step.

Keywords: democracy, elections, fairness, Pakistan, reforms, voting

Generational Differences in Emoji Interpretation: A Study of Millennial, Gen Z, and Baby Boomers

Tehreem Zahra — 2025-05-19

Today, using emojis makes it easier to add emotion, tone and what you intend to say in messages. Still, given that emojis are understood differently by age groups, there is a chance for misunderstandings. This paper looks into how emojis are interpreted differently by members of the millennial generation, Gen Z and the Baby Boomers. To understand how each generation views common emojis, we use surveys, gather discussions in focus groups and analyze how they are used on the internet. It is revealed by our study that while Gen Z might mean something else with emojis, Millennials seem to take them at face value and Baby Boomers tend to use them plainly. According to the study, emojis such as thumbs up, crying laughing and skull are more likely to cause mix-ups between generations. Such examples illustrate that digital language is changing and that culture and generation matter in online communication. They relate to digital literacy, how people from different generations communicate and the creation of platforms designed for all ages.

Keywords: Emoji, Interpretation, Gen Z, Baby Boomers, Thumbs Up, Digital Literacy

Impact of Islamic Work Ethics on Job Satisfaction among Employees working in Islamic Banks of Sindh: The intervening role of organizational justice and moderating role of Cognitive Dissonance

Syed Asghar Ali Shah — 2025-05-19

This research aims to assess the Islamic work ethics in the context of Islamic banks. Interestingly, research intends to observe the impact of Islamic work ethics on job satisfaction. The study has collected the primary data from employees working among Islamic banks of Sindh, Pakistan and it conations cross-sectional research design. This study is purely quantitative in nature. The quantitative data was collected, screened, securitized than it is coded in the SPSS software. A robust inferential technique, Structural equation modelling is being used to assess both measurement and structural models. The outcomes revealed that Islamic work ethics has positive and significant impact on job satisfaction among employee working in Islamic banks of Sindh. In addition, study confirms a mediation of organizational justice in between Islamic work ethics and job satisfaction. Lastly, study included cognitive dissonance as negative workplace element which dampens the positivity among employees, hence, cognitive dissonance moderates the relationship of Islamic work ethics and job satisfaction. The outcomes of this research are very significant and useful for top management of organizations to enhance the satisfaction level of employees.

Keywords: Islamic Work Ethics, Cognitive Dissonance, Justice, Satisfaction, SEM, SPSS

The Influence of Financial Technologies (Fintech) on Modern Banking: Analyzing Barriers, Cybersecurity, Regulatory Frameworks, and Their Effects on Financial Inclusion and Customer Experience in Pakistan

Dr Sadiq Ullah Khan — 2025-05-19

This study investigates the impact of financial technologies (FinTech) on modern banking, focusing on barriers to adoption, cybersecurity concerns, regulatory frameworks, and their influence on financial inclusion and customer experience in Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Utilizing a sample of 200 banking employees and FinTech users, the research employs descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing to explore the relationships between these variables. The results demonstrate a significant positive impact of regulatory frameworks, cybersecurity concerns, and barriers on the adoption of FinTech innovations. Furthermore, FinTech innovations were found to significantly enhance both financial inclusion (Beta = 0.50, p < 0.01) and customer experience (Beta = 0.55, p < 0.01), highlighting their potential to improve access to banking services in underdeveloped areas. The findings suggest that while barriers such as limited awareness and cybersecurity risks exist, the benefits of FinTech—particularly in terms of accessibility and customer satisfaction—are substantial. Policymakers and financial institutions are encouraged to develop strategies that address these barriers and enhance security measures to facilitate greater FinTech adoption. These results align with prior studies on the transformative role of FinTech in improving financial services, especially in under developed regions.

Keywords; Fintech, Cybersecurity, Regulatory frameworks, Cybersecurity risks.

Personality Traits and Investment Decisions: A Study of the Big Five Personality Traits and Investors Behavior

Hira Shaheen — 2025-05-20

This study looks at how the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience) affect investor behavior and pursuit of investing objectives. Earlier research highlights psychological biases and personality traits. This study aims to bridge the trans-disciplinary gap between psychology and finance by examining how human personality traits influence behavioral patterns in financial contexts. A well-designed structured questionnaire was given to a sample of 245 individual investors to support this objective. Process mediation tools and SPSS have been used in our mediation study. Our personality traits exhibited significant and insignificant results, interpretation shows the further details.

Keywords: Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Big Five Personality Traits, Investor Behavior, Investment Decision, Behavioral Finance

Impact of Trump Administration Policies on Pakistan-United States Bilateral Relations: A Comprehensive Appraisal

Muhammad Ali — 2025-05-20

The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the United States underwent significant transformations during the Trump administration (2017–2021), marked by a shift toward transactional diplomacy and conditional cooperation. This article provides a comprehensive appraisal of how President Donald J. Trump’s "America First" policy redefined engagement with Pakistan, emphasizing burden-sharing in counterterrorism and conditioning military and economic aid on measurable outcomes. Key policy shifts included the suspension of nearly $2 billion in security assistance, the termination of trade benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), and public accusations of Pakistan harboring militant groups. These measures strained diplomatic ties, fueling anti-American sentiment in Pakistan and prompting Islamabad to recalibrate its foreign policy. In response, Pakistan deepened strategic partnerships with China and Russia, notably through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), to reduce dependence on the U.S. The article also examines Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan’s peace process, highlighting its dual position as both a facilitator and a subject of scrutiny. Geopolitical tensions were further exacerbated by the U.S.’s growing alignment with India, intensifying Pakistan’s security dilemmas. Through an analysis of political, military, and economic dynamics, the study reveals that the Trump era underscored the fragility of a relationship historically driven by strategic expediency rather than shared long-term objectives. The findings contribute to broader discussions on how emerging powers navigate shifting alliances in an increasingly multipolar world.

Keywords: Trump Administration, Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Transactional Diplomacy, Counterterrorism, Military Aid, CPEC, Afghanistan Peace Process, Strategic Realignment, Multipolarity, "America First" Policy

Oakeshott, Iqbal and Islamic Concept of “Learning To Be Human” Through The Legacy of the Meanings: A comparative and Analytical Discourse

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Shah — 2025-05-20

This research comprises on the comparative and analytical views of Oakeshott and Iqbal with especial reference to Islamic teachings regarding the inheritance of meanings as the central theme of any philosophy of education. Oakeshott’s educational philosophy and his epistemology revolves around the concept of the inheritance of meanings and on this basis he wanted to create such a human being who is the real human being having awareness and knowledge of the purpose and existence of his very personality as well as an elevated human being instead of just a bipod creature of the animal kingdom. Iqbal’s point of view was to have a self-aware selfhood who is vicegerent of the Ultimate Ego or God Who is All-Knowing-Self and this was on the foundations of knowledge. Islam also emphasis on the same point when Quran mentions the creation of Adam and presents the reference of the First Oath of Alast when Adam was made to learn the Names and due to that quality He was exalted above the angels and due to that knowledge, God order the angels to prostrate before Adam. Thus learning the meanings of human inheritance is equal to ‘learning how to be human being’ in Oakeshott’s thought while this learning for Iqbal is the basic element of the Khudi or Self and in the same manner this very characteristic of learning the inheritance of meaning is the elementary qualification for to be the vicegerent of God on the earth. Consequently this idea should be pivot of any philosophy of education.

Keyword: Aa’dmi, Ins’aan, Epistemology, Legacy of Meanings, Stages of Self, Vicegerent

Home as a Battleground: Familial Rejection and the Struggle for Transgender Belonging

Dr.Huma Butt — 2025-05-21

This study deleved into the intricate dynamics of familial rejection on the lives of transgender individuals, with a focus on how such rejection shapes their ongoing struggle for belonging and self-acceptance in Narowal, Pakistan. Drawing on qualitative interviews and existing sociological literature, the research highlights the emotional, psychological, and social consequences of being marginalized within one's own family. The study adopts a qualitative research approach, in which fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted across different villages in District Narowal through purposive sampling. It further examines the strategies transgender individuals employ to cope with rejection, build alternative support networks, and reclaim their identity in the face of stigma and exclusion. Utilizing thematic analysis, the study findings underscore the central role of kinship, both biological and chosen, in the formation of a secure sense of self and community. This research contributes to broader discussions on gender, marginality, and resilience, emphasizing the urgent need for inclusive familial and societal structures that affirm transgender lives.

Keywords: Transgender, Familial Rejection, Social Exclusion, Gender Identity

The Amendment Process of the Constitution of Pakistan: Political Dynamics & Legal Implications

Jahanzeb Waseh — 2025-05-21

Pakistan’s constitutional amendment process reflects a persistent tension between democratic aspirations and authoritarian legacies, shaped by political dynamics and legal ambiguities. The 1973 Constitution, amended 26 times, oscillates between empowering democracy (e.g., the 18th Amendment’s federalism) and entrenching autocracy (e.g., Zia’s 8th Amendment). While Articles 238-239 mandate a two-thirds parliamentary majority for amendments, military regimes and elite negotiations have frequently subverted this process. The judiciary’s inconsistent application of a basic structure doctrine evident in cases like NRO (2009) and District Bar Association (2015) further complicates the balance between parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional supremacy. Challenges include politicization (e.g., Musharraf’s 17th Amendment), instability from frequent changes, and public distrust due to exclusionary elite bargaining. Comparative lessons from India’s basic structure jurisprudence and Bangladesh’s post-crisis reforms highlight the need for participatory mechanisms, judicial consistency, and military accountability. Reforms like digital crowdsourcing of amendments and sunset clauses for emergency measures could transform Pakistan’s Constitution into a resilient, inclusive framework.

Keywords: Constitutional Amendments, Pakistan, Basic Structure Doctrine, 18th Amendment, Federalism, Judicial Review, Military Influence, Political Instability, Participatory Governance.

Practical Implementation of the Prophetic Model of Good Conduct: A Research Review in the Context of Contemporary Social Crises

Hafeeza Bano Arain — 2025-05-22

Today's world is facing many challenges including political instability, economic disparity and social unrest. In such a situation, a valuable insight to solve these problems is the most important need of the time, which can only be found in the life of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). In this context, this research article presents a comprehensive possible framework for solving contemporary challenges based on the life and teachings of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). This article has tried to understand the prophetic perspective of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) regarding governance, economic justice, and social welfare and to bring it forward to solve current problems. This article, keeping in mind the emphasis on mercy, justice and equality in his life, has explained how his teachings promote tolerance, understanding and peaceful coexistence among diverse nations and communities. By carefully analyzing the leadership style of the Prophet, it has also shed light on the characteristics of his successful leadership, namely consultation, compassion and accountability. The findings of this paper suggest that guidance from the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) is the solution to all our political, economic, and social problems. The study of the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in terms of justice and mercy provides us with a successful and comprehensive framework and exposes us to methods and principles that enhance political insight and promote good governance, social harmony, and economic equality. According to the information obtained as a result of this study, by adopting the principles of the Prophet’s life as individuals and as a society, we can not only get rid of all our problems but also play our role in creating a more peaceful, just, and prosperous world for future generations.

Keywords: Political Challenges, Economic Challenges, Social Challenges, Governance, Leadership, Justice, Mercy, Compassion

Analyzing Socio-Psychological Factors Related to Juvenile Delinquency: A Case Study of Province Punjab

Muneeb Anjum — 2025-05-22

This research was conducted to reveal the role of socio- psychological factors related to juvenile delinquency. The main objective of this study was to explore factors contributing to delinquency and their influence on juveniles’ behavior, how certain juveniles are affected by them and others not. Convicted juveniles of Punjab province were the population of research from which 15 delinquent juveniles were selected for in-depth interviews through purposively sampling. Interview guide and diary were used as tool to collect information. Research was only focused on factors related to family, school, and community and peers which cause delinquent at early age. Study revealed that juveniles living in delinquent or non-supporting families and criminal neighborhood are more likely to have inclination towards criminality. Likewise, juveniles who are week students and have criminal associations becomes delinquent at later adolescent age due to peer pressure. Criminal tendencies developed at early age are more chronic than those at later adolescence. Therefore, juvenile delinquency prevention programs should focus on socio-psychological factors related to early age to curb the delinquency. It was also found that juvenile-living in delinquent environment may not indulge into delinquency.

KEYWORDS: Socio-psychological, later adolescence, delinquents, juveniles

An Analytical Study of the Islamic Political System in the Light of the Prophetic Treaties

Dr. Aftab Ahmad — 2025-05-22

The political system used by Islam is a complete system that operates under justice, equality, and consultation while being directed by divine principles as given by Quran and by the practices of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). One of the leading features of the Islamic political structure is the fact that it was based on treaties and agreements at the prophetic era. These treaties not only created a political stability along with the social harmony, but also defined standards for international relations, minority rights, and resolution of conflicts. The respect of diversity and the principles of peaceful coexistence are prime examples of the Islamic diplomacy, and the key treaties, such as the Constitution of Medina (Mithaq-e-Madina), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and the Treaty with the Christians of Najran, are illustrations of that. The Constitution of Medina is especially interesting for setting up a multi-faith community with a single legal canon, a legal system that acknowledges the rights and duties of Muslims, Jews, and other tribes in a fair and neat environment. Although the initial feelings about the treaty were that of disadvantage, the treaty of Hudaybiyyah was a tactical win for Muslims as it portrayed the strength of the Prophet desire for peace and foresightedness. In the same way, the Treaty with the Christians of Najran emphasized on Islamic principles of tolerance of other religions as well as protection of the rights of minorities. These deals are the essence of Islamic governance values: justice (Adl), consultation (Shura), mutual respect as well as the protection of human rights. This study seeks to examine these prophetic treaties as the cornerstones of the Islamic political philosophy, providing a guidance on how these principles would be implemented in the modern forms of governance to engender social harmony and international cooperation.

Keywords: Islamic Political System, Prophetic Treaties, Constitution of Medina, Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Treaty with Christians of Najran, Justice (Adl), Consultation (Shura), Peaceful Coexistence, Minority Rights, International Relations, Governance in Islam

Impact of Education on Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Rural Pakistan

Munazza Mubarak — 2025-05-23

This study examines the impact of education on women's empowerment in rural Pakistan, focusing on social, economic, and political dimensions. Despite global recognition of education as a catalyst for gender equality, rural Pakistani women face significant barriers, including cultural norms, poverty, and inadequate infrastructure, which limit their educational access and subsequent empowerment. Through qualitative interviews with 40 female university students from rural backgrounds, the research highlights how education enhances economic participation, decision-making power, health awareness, and community engagement. However, systemic challenges such as early marriages, gender-biased curricula, and lack of female teachers persist, undermining the full potential of education. The findings align with existing literature, emphasizing education's role in fostering agency but also underscoring the need for structural reforms to address patriarchal constraints. The study calls for multifaceted policy interventions, including gender-sensitive infrastructure, vocational training, and community awareness programs, to bridge the gap between education and empowerment. By prioritizing rural women's education, Pakistan can unlock transformative societal benefits, including healthier families and stronger economies.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Education, Rural Pakistan, Gender Inequality, Economic Participation, Social Barriers, Policy Interventions

Suo Moto Action and Judicial Discretion in Pakistan: A Comparative Legal Framework Analysis

Naila Rafique — 2025-05-23

This paper critically analyzes the concept of inherent jurisdiction and suo motu powers of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, particularly under Article 184(3) of the Constitution of 1973. The study explores how the judiciary has expanded its powers beyond the constitutional text, enabling itself to hear matters of public importance involving fundamental rights, often without a formal petition. It further examines Section 151 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC) 1908, which recognizes inherent powers to prevent abuse of court process and ensure justice, and draws parallels with the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). The analysis highlights how these powers, although unwritten, serve as essential judicial tools, while also cautioning against their potential misuse and judicial overreach. By comparing statutory interpretation with textual provisions, the paper questions the legitimacy of the expansive use of suo motu powers and proposes procedural safeguards to ensure accountability and respect for the separation of powers principle in Pakistan’s legal system.

Keywords: Constitution, Criminal, Civil, Inherent Power, Judicial Overreach, Separation Of Power, Article 184(3)

Impact of Bilingualism on Neural Processing Speed and Lexical Retrieval Efficiency in Youngsters

Iram Rubab — 2025-05-24

This research study examines impact of bilingualism on the neural processing speed and as well as lexical retrieval efficiency of the youngsters by likening bilingual and monolingual persons using consistent reasoning and also neuropsychological assessments .In this research study, a quantitative comparative research design was employed with a stratified random sampling techniques and sample of 100 participants aged 10 to 18 years consistently alienated among bilingual and also monolingual groups. Response period and accurateness during word finding and neural processing tasks served as key measures of intellectual performance. Independent samples t-tests exposed that bilingual contributors confirmed meaningfully earlier neural processing speeds and also higher lexical retrieval competence both in terms of response time and accurateness associated to their monolingual aristocracies. The study results recommend that bilingualism positively impacts intellectual litheness and also language dispensation competence in young persons. These types of research study findings have applied implications for enlightening policy and early childhood prospectus design supporting for increased experience to manifold languages in academic backgrounds to improve learners’ intellectual and also linguistic development.

Keywords: NPS, Efficiency, Learners, Assessment, Impact, LRE, Bilingualism.

Sociological Study of Life Style of Nomadic Community and Its Impact on Children Socialization in District Jhang Punjab

Babar Ali — 2025-05-24

The socialization of the nomadic community's children affects the family relation in the nomadic community and causes serious fasting the family development in order to explore study the life pattern of nomadic community in relation to their children socialization. The study is plans to investigate the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the nomadic community, and the lifestyle of nomadic community and its impact on socialization of their children. The researcher conducted research in the Union Councils Badh Rajnbana, Qaim Bharwana and Allah YarJutta in Tehsil Shorkot. The sample size of the study was 210 repliers. The sampling technique used in this study is convenience sampling. First, the experimenter used multistage stage sampling, then researcher used randomly sampling and then finally researcher selected conveniently 210 (70 from each UC) respondents in this research. The interview schedule used in this research prepared in the light of research objectives and hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate research objectives and hypothesis. For this purpose SPSS is used to analyze data and results are represented in form of thesis. It was found that a huge majority (74.8%) of the participants agreed that tents or mobile schooling can minimize the issue of nomads’ illiteracy and social exclusion. The majority (75.2%) of the nomadic parents see that most of the things learnt in school are not relevant in real life situation and it is not in their culture to educate children (70.5%). It was observed that majority of the participants (67.1%) agreed that children who are subjected to a nomadic lifestyle are often deprived of emotional support, which may result in psychological traumas that can have long-lasting negative effects and when children were emotionally neglected, it poses a barrier to their academic development (61.4%). It was observed that children that suffer from intellectual deprivation do not benefit to their full potential from any educational programme (70.5%). Around 62% of the participants agreed that any educational programme will not be able to provide the maximum benefit to a mentally impoverished child. It was concluded that there is significant association between awareness of education and children socialization of nomadic community. The government must provide health and education facilities to the nomadic peoples and NGOs and other civil society organizations host nomadic communities.

Key words: Nomadic Community, life style, Socialization, Jhung, Punjab

Minimizing productivity gaps of major crops by improving farmers’ knowledge, adoption of recommended packages and investment in Pakistan

Dr. Abid Hussain — 2025-05-24

Crop sub-sector has the second largest share in agricultural economy of Pakistan. Improvement in productivity of major crops is urgently needed for enhancing food production, and sustaining the crop sub-sector’s share in agricultural GDP. Through this research study productivity gaps of major crops viz. wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugarcane in the country have been determined. Along with this, farmers’ knowledge gaps, adoption levels of recommended production packages and investment gaps in the adoption of these packages have also been ascertained. The research is based on primary data collected from 639 farmers of major crops selected through purposive random sampling technique. Added feature of the study is bifurcation of productivity gaps into research and extension gaps. It is found that productivity gaps in Punjab province, are ranged from 28.0% for spring maize to 63.0% for sugarcane. Similarly, knowledge gaps of the farmers in Punjab province ranged from 25.8% in spring maize to 58.8% in sugarcane crop. In Sindh province, productivity gaps are ranged from 34.5% for coarse rice to 66.0% for sugarcane. While, knowledge gaps of the farmers in the province ranged from 54.7% for rice crop to the highest of 60.9% for wheat crop. Productivity gap is the highest for sugarcane crop in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (66.7%), with a lowest for wheat crop (44.8%). In the province, knowledge gaps of the farmers are ranged from 31.6% for maize crop to the highest of 54.7% for sugarcane crop. In all the provinces, investment gaps were the highest for sugarcane crop, ranged from 22.4% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to 34.1% in Sindh province. It is found that investment gaps for adoption of recommended production packages of major crops are much low as compared to productivity gains that can be obtained through adoption of these packages. Moreover, investment gaps mainly depend on food or cash nature of the crops including their production durations. Findings of the study are useful for devising suitable policy and programmes to boost and sustain production of major crops in the country.

Keywords: Adoption, Extension Gaps, Major Crops, Productivity, Pakistan, Recommended Technologies, Research Gaps

Linguistic Diversity in English Varieties: Examining Sociolects, Dialects, and Registers Across Continents

Wasim Akram — 2025-05-24

This study explores the dynamic evolution and regional diversification of English across six major varieties: British, American, Australian, South African, Indian, and New Zealand English by examining sociolects, dialects, and registers influenced by cultural, historical, and sociopolitical factors. Through qualitative analysis of secondary data from linguistic corpora (e.g., ICE, COCA), academic literature, lexicographic sources (e.g., Oxford English Dictionary, Macquarie Dictionary), media content, and digital platforms, the research identifies distinct linguistic features such as lexical divergences (e.g., lorry vs. truck), phonological contrasts (rhotic vs. non-rhotic accents), and grammatical innovations (e.g., Indian English prepone and reduplication). The findings reveal how colonisation, migration, and globalisation have fostered hybridised English forms, such as Australian slang (arvo, barbie) and South African borrowings from Afrikaans (bakkie, lekker)—while sociolects and registers reflect social stratification and identity. This study highlights English’s dual role as a global lingua franca and a vehicle for regional cultural preservation, challenging the notion of a monolithic "Standard English." Limitations include potential biases in corpus representation and the stylised nature of media language. Framed within Kachru’s World Englishes paradigm and Halliday’s register theory, the research contributes to sociolinguistic discussions on linguistic adaptability and identity formation in a globalised world.

Keywords: linguistic diversity, English varieties, sociolects, dialects, lexicography

Comparison of India and Pakistan Constitution and Its Impact on Both States

Saqfa Jadoon — 2025-05-24

This research article embarks on a comparative analysis of the constitutions of India and Pakistan, South Asia’s two prominent nation-states that originated from the same colonial fabric but charted distinct constitutional paths. The Indian Constitution, celebrated for its secular and democratic ethos, prescribes a pluralistic framework endeavouring to balance regional diversity with a strong central government. Conversely, Pakistan’s Constitution, conceived later and marked by various iterations, entrenches Islamic principles as the cornerstone of its national governance and societal structure. This study probes the implications of these foundational differences on the political systems, the distribution of powers between central and regional governments, decision-making processes, judicial review, constitutional amendments, and societal dynamics of both countries. Utilising a qualitative approach, our analysis hinges on the examination of legislative evolutions, judicial precedents, and political discourse to ascertain the transformative impact such constitutional frameworks exert on the path of statehood and development of India and Pakistan. This paper posits that understanding the constitutional nuances is vital to interpreting the diverse political landscapes, societal complexities, and the nations’ abilities to grapple with contemporary challenges. Through this comparison, we aim to provide a nuanced understanding of not just the legal texts, but also the living realities shaped by these documents, thus contributing valuable insights into the comparative constitutional studies within the South Asian context.

Key words: India, Pakistan, Constitution, legislation, secularism and Sharia

(Post)Colonial Desire for Racial Supremacy in Hamid’s The Last White Man

Muhammad Rehan — 2025-05-25

This paper examines Mohsin Hamid’s novel The Last White Man by applying Robert J. C. Young’s theory of colonial desire. It addresses the problem of how race and supremacy are portrayed in the novel. The study aims to reveal how Hamid critiques racial supremacy and explores identity, transformation, and colonial legacy in a postcolonial context. Using Young’s framework on colonial desire, the study conducts a close textual analysis of the novel’s plot and characters. This method identifies how characters’ transformations reflect colonial power dynamics and psychological effects. The findings show that the novel challenges socially constructed racial hierarchies. Anders’s involuntary change of skin color is interpreted as a metaphor for destabilizing white privilege and revealing the psychological impact of colonial ideology. This study concludes that by focusing on colonial desire the novel critiques racial supremacy and demonstrates the legacy of colonial attitudes in modern identity formation.

Keywords: Colonial Desire, Race, Supremacy, Transformation, Metaphor

Use of Advanced Terminology in a Multilingual Classroom

Muhammad Husnain Nawaz — 2025-05-25

The use of modern terminology in multi-lingual classrooms is very important in today's time to sell and make educational activities successful. At present, it has become a great challenge for both students and teachers because its use is necessary for many methods and high levels of academic success. Students can develop critical thinking by working with complex concepts sometimes and can play an important role in effectively clarifying their concepts. Due to the lack of resources in Pakistan, education is being provided in traditional classrooms using traditional methods. This is why the use of modern technology and modern reforms has become difficult. Students may face a lot of difficulties in understanding the language barriers, political differences and the various complex reforms of education. All students face challenges in this regard. This research paper is qualitative and this research has been completed by taking advantage of books and articles. A thematic approach is needed for the use of modern reforms in multilingual classrooms in which audiovisual aids can play an important role so that students are able to use modern reforms correctly and effectively and teachers can also be familiar with all these methods and promote academic success. Thus, the learning process in multilingual classrooms can be quite positive.

Key Words: Multi-Lingual Classroom, Modern Terminology, Cross-Cultural Understanding, Audio-Visual Aids, Educational Reforms, Language Barriers, Challenges, Thematic Approach.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Financial Decision Making

Adnan — 2025-05-25

This study investigates the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on financial decision making, emphasizing its integration across investment strategies, risk management, credit scoring, fraud detection, and customer service automation. AI technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing are increasingly employed by financial institutions to optimize decision-making processes, reduce human error, and uncover data-driven insights. The paper outlines how AI contributes to enhanced accuracy, efficiency, and personalization in financial services, particularly through predictive analytics and algorithmic trading frameworks. Moreover, it highlights the benefits of AI in identifying patterns within vast datasets, enabling improved forecasting and portfolio management. However, the paper also addresses emerging risks associated with AI implementation, including algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns, systemic market vulnerabilities, and regulatory compliance challenges. The study underscores the importance of human oversight, ethical governance, and transparent algorithmic systems to ensure responsible AI deployment. It concludes by projecting future trends in AI-driven finance, calling for robust institutional frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration to harness AI's potential while mitigating its risks. Overall, the study presents a comprehensive evaluation of how AI is reshaping financial landscapes and the critical considerations for its sustainable application.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Financial Decision Making, Algorithmic Trading, Risk Management, Credit Scoring, Fin-Tech, Predictive Analytics, Data Privacy, Algorithmic Bias, Financial Regulation, Machine Learning

The Incorporation of Un-Islamic Practices and Ideas in Islamic Sufism: A Critical and Reformative Study

Dr. Abdul Rahman — 2025-05-26

Sufism represents a delicate yet profound dimension of Islamic civilization and spirituality that has, for centuries, played a pivotal role in the purification of hearts, moral refinement of souls, and the strengthening of the believer’s connection with Allah. The early Sufi masters, drawing their inspiration from the Quran and Sunnah, exemplified rigorous struggle (mujahadah), asceticism (zuhd), sincerity (ikhlas), piety (taqwa), fear of God (khushyat Allah), and exemplary ethics (akhlaq al-hasanah). Their practices—such as sincere intention, remembrance and contemplation of Allah, meditation, and night vigils served as authentic indicators of nearness to God, rooted firmly in the Qur’anic and Prophetic traditions and illuminated by the asceticism and devotion of the Companions, the Followers (Tabi‘un), and the pious predecessors (Salaf al-Salih).However, over time, deviations and excesses began to infiltrate the originally pure and authentic concept of Sufism. While Sufism continued to be a means of spiritual advancement and reform for the Muslim community, it simultaneously absorbed certain practices and ideas that were not only un-Islamic but, in some cases, explicitly contradictory to the Shariah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The institutionalization of specific Khanqah (Sufi lodge) systems, unsubstantiated concepts of spiritual master-disciple relationships (Piri-Muridi), dubious litanies and invocations (awraq and adhkar), ecstatic states and dance (wajd and raqs), gatherings of musical listening (sama‘), seeking help from graves (tawassul), legitimizing visions and inspirations (kashf and ilham) as absolute proofs, and the philosophical doctrine of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Existence) are among those innovations that have marred the pristine fabric of Islamic Sufism.This study critically examines whether these ideas and practices are truly derived from Islam’s foundational sources the Quran, Sunnah, consensus (ijma‘), and reasoned analogy (qiyas) or whether they represent foreign influences drawn from Hindu, Greek, Persian, or Neo-Platonic philosophies that have detached Sufism from its authentic spirit. The present research attempts a critical and reformative analysis aimed at distinguishing the pure Islamic principles of Sufism from the later-introduced innovations and un-Islamic practices. Through a thorough examination of the Prophetic traditions (Ahadith), this study seeks to identify which practices are genuinely rooted in the Sunnah and which fall within the realms of innovation (bid‘ah) and superstition (khurafat). Moreover, it highlights the imperative of religious renewal (tajdid) aimed at restoring Sufism on its original, simple, and Qur’anic foundations. The purpose of this research is neither to reject nor disparage Sufism but rather to purify, reform, and renew it so that it may serve as a harmonious and authentic system of spiritual purification within Islam, guiding the Muslim community toward true devotion and nearness to Allah, rather than becoming a ground for innovation and polytheistic ideas.

Keywords: Incorporation, Islamic Sufism, Contemplation, Institutionalization, philosophies, Polytheistic

Experiences of Emotional Labour: Narratives of Men from Islamabad

Dr. Saira Batool — 2025-05-26

This study explores the sociocultural and emotional experiences of men with the identity of sole bread earner for their families in Islamabad, Pakistan. Patriarchy as a social systems position men as dominant figures in both public and private spheres, yet simultaneously impose standardized sociocultural burdens on men for societal approval, enforces them to play the role of head of the household after the death of a father. Drawing upon the feminist lens, this research critically examines how men internalizes institutionalized norms during the process of gendered socialization and perform socially constructed masculine ideals through emotional regulation, suppression, and resilience. Using a Foucauldian discourse analysis, an approach typically considered one of the main qualitative data analysis methods. Interviews were conducted by taking life histories of 20 men having diverse sociocultural orientation and social status. The study underscores the social and emotional cost of conforming to rigid gender roles, focusing on how emotional burdens are ignored at the name of meeting societal expectations and maintaining masculine identity. This research contributes to sociological literature on sociology of men by expanding the discourse on male emotional labor and mental health, advocating for more inclusive gender-sensitive policies.

Keywords: Sole Breadwinner, Emotional Labor, Hegemonic Masculinity, Patriarchy, Psychological Burden, Islamabad, Gender Norms

SDGs Embeddedness in SNC: A Critical Analysis General Knowledge Textbooks

Sarah Rasul Mirza — 2025-05-28

Lifelong learning is critical for fostering sustainable practices that address global challenges. Early education plays a pivotal role in instilling sustainability principles. In Pakistan, the General Knowledge textbooks under the Single National Curriculum (SNC) for grades 1-3 aim to develop foundational knowledge and skills related to sustainable development. This study reviews these textbooks to evaluate their potential in nurturing lifelong sustainability practices among young learners. Using a qualitative content analysis framework, the study assessed General Knowledge textbooks for grade 1-3. The analysis focused on three sustainability dimensions; social, economic, and environmental and evaluated the SDG goals for each dimension in the content. Data was coded and validated through peer review. The analysis reveals that while the textbooks incorporate themes such as environmental conservation, hygiene, and community responsibility, the coverage of economic and social sustainability is limited. Activities promoting critical thinking and problem-solving are sporadic and often lack depth. The study identifies significant opportunities to enhance the role of General Knowledge textbooks in cultivating sustainability competencies. Recommendations include integrating experiential learning activities, emphasizing interdisciplinary connections, and adopting participatory pedagogies. These improvements can transform early education into a robust foundation for lifelong learning, equipping students with the skills and mindset to navigate and address sustainability challenges effectively.

Keywords: Single National Curriculum (SNC), General Knowledge Textbooks, Grade 1-3, SDG

The Impact of Cognitive Biases on Strategic Decision-Making

Dr. Imran Latif Saifi — 2025-05-29

This research investigates the existence of cognitive biases in the context of strategic decision-making among higher education institutions in the Pakistan and the influence of Confirmation Bias, Overconfidence Bias, Anchoring Bias, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias. Methods- A survey distributed to 200 university leaders, faculty members, and administrators across the Pakistan recovered and analyzed 193 responses used to examine how far those biases affect decisions of curriculum development and resource allocation, faculty hiring, and international partnerships. The results identify that Confirmation Bias and Overconfidence Bias are highly prevalent and have a considerable impact on the strategic decisions taken. The correlation and regression analyses suggest that in all clusters of strategy-related decisions, Confirmation Bias is the most significant predictor of performance outcomes, followed by Overconfidence Bias. The findings emphasize the need for colleges and universities to cultivate structured, evidence-based decision-making frameworks to reduce the detrimental impact of cognitive biases and thus encourage more rational, data-supported strategic planning. It informs the better grasp of cognitive biases affecting decisions in an educational context and provides significant guidelines for enhancing institutional decisional processes.

Keywords: Cognitive Bias, Strategic Decision-Making, Higher Education, Confirmation Bias, Overconfidence Bias, Anchoring Bias & Loss Aversion

An Academic and Research-Based Review of the Council of Islamic Ideology Recommendations Regarding Interest-Free Banking

Rahim Ullah — 2025-05-29

Since long, elimination of interest (riba) from financial systems has been of the foremost concern in Islamic economic thought. In this academic and research based review of recommendations of the relevant council of Islamic Ideology regarding the implementation and operationalization of the interest free banking system this study is offered. So as many Muslim-majority countries have battled with finding ways to make modern financial practices fit Shariah principles, councils and regulatory bodies have helped financial institutions find ways to do business islamically. This paper analyzes, in particular, the structure, rationale and practical implications of council recommendations over time and evaluates how these proposals respond to the challenge of developing Shariah compliant mechanisms to replace conventional interest based ones. The philosophical and jurisprudential bases of interest free banking are investigated based on classical and modern Islamic sources, as well as the comparative financial systems. Further, the technical feasibility of the recommendations is evaluated from a financial sustainability, regulatory compliance, risk management and customer engagement perspective. This research employs a combined qualitative content analysis and comparative methodology to discover the core themes found in the council’s proposals (PLS, mudarabah and murabaha), in addition to discussing the practical limitations related to adoption of policy, market competitiveness and institutional resistance.In addition, this paper outlines successful global case studies in Malaysia, Iran and Pakistan where policy intervention inspired by council recommendations has dramatically shifted the banking landscape. The research shows that while the theoretical frameworks proposed by the councils are broad and grounded in the principles of Islamic finance, the implementation of these theories is impeded by a lack of institutional preparedness, insufficient awareness of the public and legislative gaps. Additionally the study is able to assess the extent to which political will, economic pressures and globalization influence the implementation of such reforms. The paper ultimately arrives at the conclusion that Islamic councils' recommendations lay out a blueprint for the transformation of the interest bearing banking system to an interest free system. These proposals, however, necessitate stronger integration strategies, stakeholder education and a macroeconomic alignment to realize their complete potential. Further research must be devoted to developing dynamic models that integrate religious ethical imperatives and the need for modern financial requirements to achieve both religiosity compliance and efficient economic outcomes. Thus, this review functions both as an evaluative critique and forward looking roadmap for those in the scholarly, policy making or practitioner communities interested in helping further development of authentic Islamic financial systems.

Keywords: Interest-Free Banking, Islamic Finance, Council Recommendations, Shariah Compliance, Profit-and-Loss Sharing, Riba-Free Economy, Islamic Banking Reforms

The China Factor in Pakistan's Middle East Diplomacy: A Shift from Religious Solidarity to Strategic Realism

Dr. Muhammad Naveed Ul Hasan Shah — 2025-05-31

This article investigates the evolving shapes of Pakistan’s foreign policy toward the Middle East, focusing on a notable shift from a historically religion-driven framework to one increasingly defined by strategic realism. For decades, Pakistan’s engagement with Middle Eastern states particularly Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Iran was shaped by shared Islamic identity and religious solidarity. This ideological orientation found expression in Pakistan’s enthusiastic support for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), participation in Islamic summits, and alignment with Gulf monarchies on key regional issues. However, with the rise of China as a dominant economic and strategic actor in the region, Pakistan’s foreign policy priorities are undergoing significant recalibration. The emergence of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), along with Beijing’s expanding influence in the Gulf and Iran, has placed Pakistan in a delicate but strategic position, compelling it to balance traditional alliances with emerging partnerships. Using a qualitative methodology grounded in case study analysis, this study critically examines Pakistan’s diplomatic postures on the Yemen conflict, its nuanced approach toward Iran, and the evolving dynamics with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The research applies the theoretical lens of strategic realism to argue that economic dependency, security concerns, and geopolitical compulsions now increasingly dictate Pakistan’s decisions, often at the expense of religious symbolism. The findings reveal a deeper trend of policy pragmatism driven by China's indirect leverage, which is steadily reshaping Islamabad’s engagement with the Middle East. This study contributes to the broader discourse on foreign policy behavior of secondary powers and enriches understanding of how external actors like China influence regional realignments in the Muslim world.

Keywords: Pakistan, China, Middle East, Strategic Realism, Foreign Policy, Religious Solidarity

Potential Armed Conflict between Pakistan and India A Realis Perspective

Muhammad Sharjeel Tabssum — 2025-06-01

Dating back into history as both nations India and Pakistan got independence from British rule in mid twentieth century, the relation between two countries has been not so good that both nuclear armed states been engaged in tussles in terms of war and by blaming each other for act of terrorism and there has always been political, diplomatically and militarily contentions between two nuclear powers. The contentions between two countries has always been presenting on international arena as base points, one is act of terrorism and other the conflict on Kashmir disputed region for both countries claiming their own authority on that region. As in recent this year in 2025 the escalation heightened between two states, as the base point of escalation was Pahlgam attack and India blamed Pakistan for this act. This study as adopted the framework of realistic perspective as offensive realism which was given by John miershiemer and other framework which is about the security dilemma framework to analyze the contentions between two nuclear states also to determine what kind of forces which are contributing for this conflict.

As for the sake of good relations between two states there were multiple talks which were conducted for settlement of misunderstanding between two states and these efforts proved to be mediator for these two states. As theory of realism refer the ideas of upgrading power for security and provide the anarchical pattern for states and states make decision on rational choice and this theory also guide leaders for framing the behavior of states.

This study is conducted by following multiple models and content analysis. As we have included the analysis tool which content analysis of several policies and there were also the integration of knowledgeable people for better understanding as expert suggestions and there also strategic planning how troops can be deployed including other key areas like economy, budget and military strength. Major contribution and steps has been taken after the pandemic of corona virus which involved as economic hindrance in 2019 and other areas of tensions has also been heightened as terrorism, cross border tensions and support for backdoor diplomacy.

This research as conducted on both nuclear states as both are much better in this field and both state has the plus point in terms of strategic geographical location through which both state stable the deterrence by including other means like military and doctrines. As historically since Pakistan got independence and from the time when Pakistan framed its national security strategy, Pakistan followed the policy of conventional strikes and on the other side India has adopted the policy of first strike, so even a little signal lead to major conflict.

This research includes that, there is emergence of strategic studies in the region of south Asia and for this realist domain and theory of knowledge has been ever best to apply for coercive states. So there need to be robust system and there should be applied new models for settlement of these crisis. Realism theory is best for understanding of conflict like this in recent escalation.

Reassessing the Political Theology of Johannes Althusius: A Forgotton Architect of Federalist Thought in the Age of Centralization

Syed Samir ul Hassan — 2025-06-01

Johannes Althusius (1563-1638) has been remained one of the best influential philosopher in European history of philosophy and also contributed in the western philosophy but his works faced many problems and remained as were underestimated. Johannes Althusius was very influential in the age of when there was shift in power, as power was supposed to be shifted to many authorities. Before that shift there was monarchial system as dated back to history which started from Roman Empire and remained applicable until the John Locke influential philosophy.

Johannes Althusius was a German philosopher and was the founder of federalist government structure and also got fame for the renowned work as his one of most influential and applicable work was" Politica Methodice Digesta (1603)". He was citizen of Germany also was jurist, Calvinist and as he was best political theorist of his time and the work, which put the foundation of pluralist government and updated federal system of governance through the work of "Consociatonal theory".

This article or this study determine the way Althusius worked and especially his ideas of covenantalism and decentralized authority are still able to shape the politics of modern world. As Althusius born when there was religious wars were ongoing in the region of Europe that’s why he put his ideas into reality and unpacked the system of government where the power will be not in one hand but in share community. As power will be in hands of family and community members. His time was full of chaos, conflict and the people were in consistent zone of uprising and conflicts and were demanding the absolute sovereignty for their own statehood. As Johannes was not given much respect and was unable to get attention of western world as compare to other philosopher like Hobbes and Locke.

As far this study we have applied multiple discipline for the sake of this evaluation as investigation of conceptual contexts, study of comparative federal system and the political theology of Althusius. This study and research can also be seen as in this research article through the lens of neo-Calvinist political theory and this theory also resemble with the contemporary system of governance and present model of federal system.

For the sake of this study we also adopt several case studies as investigatory examples to apply and for the analysis and for the sake of political theology of Althusius, which pose that how political ideas of Althusius have resemblance with modern political system. Case studies like Pakistan, European Union and Ethiopia, as in these region and countries there have been tough circumstances between the centralize and decentralize government as these are pluralist states that’s why we have put these region as case studies. For support of Althusius work his principle of subsidiarity has been very influential and also gives the authentic moral-ethical unit for these kind of region where states are in state of religious pluralism.

Plea of Insanity as A Defence: Analysis of Jurisprudence in Pakistan

Ayiena Yaqoob — 2025-06-01

The widespread issue of rising incarceration is attributed to a number of factors, including a shortage of mental health services and hospitals, legal and social attitudes and stigmas, and a general lack of concern for the needs and rights of mentally-ill persons. The criminal justice system is trending away from rehabilitation and toward brutal, ignorant, and illegal imprisonment tactics. The current Pakistani legal system only recognizes insanity as a defense if the defendant was insane at the time the crime was committed; it does not take into account insanity during the phases of arrest, prosecution, and punishment. This paper aims to explain Pakistan's legal and procedural framework for people with mental illnesses. It will analyze international fair trial principles and standards that govern detention conditions, access to justice, and the right to medical care in the criminal justice system.

Keywords: Insanity, M’cnaghton Rule, Inalienable Rights, Criminal Lunatic, Lunatic Trial

Orientalist Objections on the Difficulties of the Qur'an in the Context of Allegedly Contradictory Verses

Dr. Muhammad Pervaiz — 2025-06-02

The Qur’an is the final revelation of Allah Almighty, revealed to the Seal of the Prophets, Muhammad Mustafa ﷺ. It has been declared a perpetual source of guidance for humanity until the Day of Judgment and serves as the foundational text of Islamic belief, law, and moral order. This Divine Book, owing to its eloquent and powerful style, exalted moral principles, and universal directives, is not only the central source of spiritual and social guidance for Muslims but has also remained a subject of reflection and investigation for scholars around the world.Throughout Islamic history, scholars of exegesis (mufassirūn), hadith (muḥaddithūn), and theology (‘ulamā’ al-kalām) have explored various dimensions of the Qur’an particularly its miraculous nature (i‘jāz), coherence (naẓm), contextual unity (siyaq wa sabaq), principles of abrogation (nāsikh wa mansūkh), and legal and ethical injunctions in deep scholarly discussions.However, Orientalists have raised objections against the text and interpretation of the Qur’an from various angles. A significant aspect of their critique is based on the claim that certain verses of the Qur’an appear to contradict one another. They argue that this apparent conflict indicates a lack of conceptual and thematic harmony within the Qur’an, and that it comprises inconsistent rulings and divergent statements. From their perspective, such contradictions suggest that the Qur’an is not a coherent and systematically organized discourse, but rather a collection of disjointed statements and unconnected themes.These objections are commonly raised in the context of “allegedly contradictory verses” (āyāt muta‘āriḍah), in which verses relating to doctrines, legal rulings, or historical narratives are taken out of their context and presented as mutually conflicting. A critical academic review of these objections reveals that Orientalist interpretations are often rooted in a lack of familiarity with the Islamic hermeneutical tradition including the science of Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr), the principles of abrogation, and the contextual and linguistic framework within which the Qur’an is interpreted.

Keywords: Orientalist, Objections, Contradictory, Judgment, Investigation, Linguistic, Hermeneutical

Environment and Islamic Politics: Climate Change Policies in the Light of the Quran and Sunnah

Fozia Bibi — 2025-06-02

Climate crisis now stands as one of the most urgent challenges of our time and a collective, worldwide response is desperately needed. On this basis the Islamic teachings offer an exceptional ethical and practical foundation for the development of environmental policies that are sustainable. This paper analyzes how Quranic principles and Prophetic traditions (Sunnah) can contribute to and direct contemporary responses to climate change from a faithbased perspective of ecological stewardship. Three key Islamic concepts which are central to this discussion are: khalifa (humans are stewards of the earth), the prohibition of israf (waste and extravagance) and mizan (divine balance in creation). The Quran explicitly talks about a human responsibility in protecting the environment, in that it warns against fasād on Earth (Q 30:41) and advocating moderation in the consumption of resources. The Sunnah gives practical examples through the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), whose words encouraged planting trees, water conservation and animal kindness. Collectively these teachings provide the basis for an Islamic environmental ethic that equates with modern sustainability goals. The paper reviews progress and challenges of current climate initiatives in Muslim majority countries. For example, Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 entails ambitious afforestation projects to combat desertification, Pakistan’s ‘10 Billion Tree Tsunami’ is an example of large scale reforestation. But there are still large obstacles such as continuing to be based on fossil fuel economies, lack of public awareness and lack of policy implementation. This paper critiques these gaps in their need to be more closely aligned with Islamic environmental ethics and national policy.To overcome those challenges, the paper suggests an Islamic political model for dealing with climate change which includes several innovative mechanisms. This type of green finance includes Islamic banking (eco-friendly sukuk), the revival of waqf endowments for environmental projects and the introduction of Sharia compliant environmental taxes (pollution levies). In addition, the study points out the influence of Islamic education in terms of fostering ecological consciousness and suggests that environmental teachings be incorporated in madrasa curricula and Friday sermon. In the international realm, the paper demands a greater cooperation with the aim that the body such as Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) may foster exchange of knowledge, joint Interventions in climate in the world and unified stance in the global forums. This research serves as a bridge between Quranic wisdom and modern science by allowing it to overcome the challenge of environmental governance through Islamic ethics, technological and policy innovation. Finally, the paper concludes that among Muslim majority nations, they have both a religious and a moral duty to take the lead on climate action and should provide a model for action which intersects between spiritual values and practical solutions for a sustainable future. As such, this thesis fulfills its role in the growing discourse of faith based environmentalism which shows how Islamic teaching can motivate and generate effective climate policies as we endeavor to deal with contemporary ecological crises. The Muslim world can be a key player in the world-wide fight against climate change by returning to the tradition’s ecological wisdom.

Keywords: Islamic environmentalism, Climate change and Quran, Sunnah-based sustainability, Green finance in Islam, Muslim-majority climate policies, Eco-theology in Islam, OIC environmental cooperation

Navigating Social Integration: A Qualitative Study of Nouveau Modern Students at IIUI

Noreen Saher — 2025-06-02

This qualitative study examines the subjective experiences of social integration among female students belonging to "nouveau modern" backgrounds at the International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI). Employing a qualitative research strategy, the study examined how such students navigate identity, belonging, and social adjustment in a traditional academic environment. Based on in-depth interviews with 22 self-identified progressive/modern IIUI students, the study thematically coded data regarding peer relationships, cultural negotiation, symbolic consumption, and media influence. The research findings identify tension between social conformity to institutional standards and the articulation of real selves, with problems of class discrimination, peer exclusion, and social conformity to dominant cultural signifier such as dress, dress codes, language, and way of life. This study contributes to the ongoing debate about cultural hybridity, social conformity, and identity formation in Pakistani higher education, calling for academically diverse spaces that recognize and value socio-cultural diversity.

Keywords: Cultural Adaptation, Social Integration, Conformist, Code Switching, Hybrid Identity, Visual Modernity, Symbolic Consumption, Linguistic Blending

Russia’s Digital Diplomacy and Cyber Governance: Strategic Narratives, Hybrid Tactics, and Global Implications (2000 2025)

Sami ul Haq — 2025-06-02

This paper explores the evolution and strategic function of Russia’s digital diplomacy from the early 2000s through 2025, examining its role in shaping international cyber security norms. Drawing on theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, the study situates Russia as both a cyber power and a diplomatic actor actively contesting Western-led frameworks. Initially characterized by broad, unfocused public diplomacy efforts, Russia’s digital outreach matured into a sophisticated fusion of strategic communication, public diplomacy, and state-backed disinformation. From targeting marginalized groups via social media to lobbying for cyber sovereignty at the United Nations, Russia has transformed from a reactive to a proactive force in global cyber governance. The paper investigates how digital diplomacy evolved into an offensive instrument of influence, combining overt messaging with covert campaigns aimed at reshaping narratives and undermining liberal institutions. Case studies from 2013 to 2025 including bilateral treaties, BRICS cyber partnerships, and influence operations around U.S. elections highlight this shift. The research concludes that Russia’s cyber diplomacy has not only redefined the tools of statecraft but also accelerated the splintering of cyberspace governance into competing global visions.

Keywords: digital diplomacy, Russia, Cyber Empire, soft power.

Manifestation of Mental Illness: A Psychological Study in "The Silent Patient" by Alex Michelides

Qasid Abbas — 2025-06-02

This study “Manifestation of Mental Illness: A Psychological Study in "The Silent Patient" by Alex Michaelides” unfolds the unconscious motives of violence, and it discusses the domestic and psychological violence. The theory of Feminism and Psychoanalysis have been used as theoretical framework. In particular, the research applies the theoretical concepts of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. The primary source is The Silent Patient by Alex Michelides. Critical articles, reviews, and books are used from print and electronic media as secondary sources. For the purpose of analysis, qualitative research method is used, and inferences are drawn by close scrutiny of the relevant passages, paragraphs or sections of the primary source. The paper unfolds the unknown and mysterious aspects of human mind in different situations presented in the novel including; the human desire for escape, deception and it’s results in human relationships specially in love- relationships, Love and it’s camouflage, the death and it’s after affects, the rival between good and evil, self-preservation as a tactic to be unanswerable or unaccountable, mental disorders and the realities behind them, mythological references and it’s interpretations, psychological representations of repressed desires, the veiled lies and truths of a human mind. The study unveils the effects and damages of the psychologically suppressed people on individuals and society, the people who look normal may act abnormal under the influence of their unconscious motives.

Key Words: Silence, Psychoanalysis, Feminism, violence.

Examining the Effectiveness of Metacognitive Writing Strategies for Improving Academic Writing Skills of Undergraduates

Arooma Ismail — 2025-06-02

Developing academic writing skills is essential for undergraduate students, but many of them find it hard to organize and present their ideas effectively. Although metacognitive writing strategies have shown potential for improving self–directed learning, there is limited research on how they directly affect academic writing skills. It explores the use of metacognitive writing strategies as effective tools for enhancing the academic writing skills of undergraduate students. The study aims to examine how metacognitive writing strategies like planning, monitoring, and evaluation can help undergraduates improve their writing. This research used a quantitative analysis, in which a survey was conducted among 149 undergraduate students in order to determine the frequently used metacognitive strategies undertaken during the writing process, and a paired sample t-test was performed to test the significance of pre and post scores of the study; and it was found significantly improved the quality of student’s writing after applying the metacognitive strategies. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS software. The results showed that students who applied metacognitive writing strategies made notable improvements in clarity, structure, and critical analysis in their writing process. The study highlights the importance of teachers incorporating metacognitive instruction into writing programs to support self–regulated learning and boost academic writing performance. Future studies should look into the long-term effects of these interventions in various academic fields.

Keywords: Academic, Writing Skills, Metacognitive Strategies, Undergraduate Students, Quantitative Study, Survey, Pre-Test, Post-Test

Great Power Rivalry in Indo-Pacific: Impact on CPEC and Functional Operations of Gwadar

Muskan Moazzam — 2025-06-02

The emergence of a new cold war involving great powers, particularly China and the United States, presents major risks to CPEC and Gwadar Port operations. These geopolitical crosswinds manifest through security threats, economic challenges, and geopolitical dynamics that have hampered the advancement of CPEC and Gwadar’s prospects as a regional center. Security threats include destruction of infrastructure, cyber threats, and naval blockade as well. Economic, trade, investment, and competition risks are associated with other port projects. This has made the risk perception of investing in Gwadar to be high due to geopolitical tensions that may hinder its sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these complex threats and stresses that only strong security, diplomacy, economic diversification, and regional integration can protect CPEC and guarantee the success of Gwadar. The future of both projects is hinged on the ability to manage the geopolitical environment and the risks that are associated with great power competition.

Keywords: Indo-Pacific, CPEC, Gwadar, China, Pakistan, US

Cultural Barriers and Legal Gaps: Protection Against the Denial of Women Rights of Inheritance in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa

Mohammad Zamin — 2025-06-03

Death is inevitable. Every human being has to face it in one day or another. When a person dies, they usually leave property behind them. Such property is distributed among their heirs under Islamic Law. Pakistan, being an Islamic Country, tends to follow Islamic Inheritance Jurisprudence with regards to the matters of inheritance. According to Shariah, the legal heirs have the right to inherit from the property of their ancestor or relatives after their death. Under Islamic Law, women are as entitled to inherit from their deceased parents and relatives as men are. However, they are deprived of this right especially in the province of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The basic theme of this research paper is to highlight this reluctant behavior of majority of the people of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa whereby they deprive their women fellow from their due right of inheritance. The paper throws light on the relevant Islamic and Pakistan Laws which is related to women rights of inheritance. It highlights the gaps in these laws and recommends a suitable solution for the protection of women rights of inheritance in the province of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa

KEYWORDS: Islamic Law, Inheritance, Due Share, Pakistani Laws, Women Rights, Due Right.

Social Media as Mirror and Mediator: Analysing Intra-Faith Dynamics among Youth in Peshawar, Pakistan within an Islamic Framework

Associate Professor Dr. Naseem Akhter — 2025-06-03

The paper investigates social media functions as both a reflective medium and a modifying intermediary for Muslim youth interfaith interactions in Peshawar, Pakistan, by studying Islamic moral principles and digital religious traditions. The investigation centers on how online platforms, including Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok, convey faith interpretations while navigating sectarian divides to shape digital religious identities among the urban Pakistani population. This analysis explores Islamic principles of adab al-ikhtilaf (etiquette of disagreement), ijtihād (independent reasoning), and ummah (community) to examine how social media both facilitates Islamic pluralism and exacerbates inter-Muslim polarities through algorithmic promotion, alongside symbolic separation practices and doctrinal conflicts. Digital spaces show opposing trends by allowing religious devotion and inter-sectarian unity to coexist with fragmented ideologies and practices of takfīr and performative religious acts. Internet platforms demonstrate their ability to transform doctrinal contests while reshaping religious leadership structures through dual operation systems. The study applies digital Islam theory and mediated sectarianism to explore knowledge shifts and faith-based ethics in youth interfaith communication within South Asia’s digital public spheres.

Keywords: Social Media, Intra-Faith Dynamics, Islamic Ethics, Youth, Digital Religion, Sectarianism, Digital Islam, Pakistan, Adab al-Ikhtilaf, Online Piety

Contemporary Political Challenges of the Islamic World and Their Resolution through the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Dr. Rahim Ullah — 2025-06-03

This research explores the major political challenges currently confronting the Islamic world, such as foreign intervention, internal instability, and the absence of a unified political vision rooted in Islamic principles. The study begins with a general introduction to the concept of politics in Islam, emphasizing its integration with religious and ethical values. The first chapter examines the political framework of the Islamic system during the Prophetic era, focusing on the treaties and covenants established by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. These agreements are analyzed for their strategic wisdom, ethical foundations, and long-term societal impact, providing a comprehensive view of Islamic political philosophy. The second chapter delves into the concept of the Islamic Caliphate its historical background, structural components, and relevance in the modern age. It discusses the fall of the Caliphate, the causes behind it, and the need for its revival based on authentic Islamic guidelines. The conclusion summarizes the key political issues facing the Muslim world and offers practical insights inspired by the Prophetic model for reform and unification. This study highlights that the path to political stability and justice in the Muslim world must begin with a return to the values and strategies exemplified in the Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ.

Keywords: Contemporary Political Challenges, Islamic World, Resolution, Seerah

The Role of Extracurricular Activities in Fostering Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education: A Systematic Review

Muhammad Shoaib (Corresponding Author) — 2025-06-04

This paper has been designed to investigate the role of extracurricular activities in fostering diversity and inclusion in higher education using a systematic review. Portraying a comprehensive analysis of published research documents from diverse academic contexts, the study synthesizes several findings from the past few decades to explore how participation in extracurricular engagements including sports, volunteer initiatives, cultural events, academic clubs, and student organizations contributes to inclusive campus environments in higher education. The review highlights that these activities provide critical platforms for cross-cultural dialogue, social interaction, and community building among students from different cultural, socio-economic, and geographical residential backgrounds. This study has been based on the published research documents extracted from digital databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Sage, Tylor & Francis, Springer Nature, Emerald Insights, etc. Researchers continued to extract data on the subject till reaching the point of saturation (135 published research documents). Thematic analysis has been done to present the qualitative data. The findings emphasize that extracurricular participation diminishes social exclusion, enhances students' sense of belonging, and empowers diminished groups by supporting mutual respect and equity. Through an intersectional lens, the review also studies how factors such as social class, gender of the student, residential background of students, and cultural differences interact with extracurricular activities to shape students' experiences of inclusion.

Keywords: Extracurricular Activity, Social Class, Diversity, Inclusivity, Higher Education

The commandments of Women’s Adornment

Dr. Atiq Ullah — 2025-06-04

Islam promotes a balanced approach to beauty and adornment. While it encourages cleanliness, elegance, and taking benefit from Allah’s blessings, it discourages both excessiveness and negligence. Adornment (zeenat) is neither obligatory nor forbidden in Islam, but generally recommended (mustahab), especially when done with modesty and without the intention of showing off. The Prophet Muhammadﷺ valued neatness because Allah loves beauty. Hair care is particularly stressed, with commands to keep it clean and well-groomed. Using wigs made from human hair is prohibited due to deception, but synthetic or wool-based extensions are allowed. Dyeing hair, especially with henna or saffron, is encouraged to differ from Jews and Christians, though black dye is generally discouraged. For women, keeping long hair is part of their adornment. Cutting or shaving it is discouraged unless necessary and some reports of the Prophet’s wives cutting hair are interpreted as acts of simplicity after his death. Women are also allowed to remove unnatural facial hair, like beards or mustaches, as it involves no forbidden imitation. Overall, Islam values beauty with moderation, cleanliness, and sincerity

Keywords: Women’s Adornment, Beauty, Cleanliness, Modesty, Neatness

The prevalence of proverbs in Arabic discourse and an analytical study of poetry

Muhammad Imtiaz — 2025-06-01

The paper is a comprehensive and analytical study of the use of proverbs in Arabic language and literature especially in their poetry. Proverbs in Arabic literary tradition are not considered simple linguistic embellishments but as profound expressions of thought and culture. Proverbs and their role in presenting the moral principles, social consciousness and cultural values of Arab society have played a central role in Arab society from the pre Islamic up to modern period. In this research we discuss proverbs linguistically and terminologically as well as distinguish them from idioms and in detail discuss their poetic usage. In the first part spotlighted high prevalence of proverbs in Arab society and its role in daily life, tribal judgments, warfare and peace negotiations and moral instruction. The second section shows instances from the works of the well known Arab poets: Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, Labid and Imru’ alQais in which proverbs enrich one metre of poetry and the profundity of the meaning. Analysis shows how proverbs in Arabic poetry enrich literary style and at the same time, how they embody human experience, wisdom and philosophical thought. The study also studies the symbolic, political and the philosophical use of proverbs in the modern Arabic poetry. Also, the use of proverbs in Urdu poetry is briefly compared to the way proverbs are used in Urdu and the thematic similarities between Arabic and Urdu proverbial expressions are briefly compared. Conclusions are made that proverbs act as a necessary bridge between literature, language and society, a still important aspect in academia, education and culture.

Keywords: Arabic Proverbs, Arabic Poetry, Rhetoric and Expression, Wisdom and Philosophy, Analytical Study, Classical and Modern Literature, Comparative Literature

The Abraham Accords and the Transformation of Middle Eastern Geopolitics: Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges

Aisha Saram — 2025-06-05

This paper critically examines the Abraham Accords as a transformative diplomatic initiative aimed at normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab states, thereby reconfiguring the geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East. It explores the motives of the signatory states including the US behind the Abraham Accords and analyzes the emerging opportunities, challenges, and the regional implications. Applying the theoretical framework of neo-liberal institutionalism, the study explores how cooperation is possible among states despite long- standing political disputes. A qualitative research methodology is employed to attain comprehensive and diverse insights regarding the impact of the Abraham Accords on the Middle Eastern region. Findings suggest that Abraham Accords have the potential to reshape historic tensions, diversify foreign policy strategies for Arab nations, and alter the geo-political dynamics in the Middle East. The long-term success of these Accords however, depends on the institutionalization of the normalization process and resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Key Words: Abraham Accords, Middle East, Opportunities and Challenges.

Examine the psychological and social effects of prolonged unemployment among educated youth, using a quantitative approaches

Zainab Bibi — 2025-06-05

Unemployment remains a critical global concern, particularly in developing nations where rapid educational advancement outpaces employment opportunities. This study investigates the psychological and social effects of prolonged unemployment among educated youth, Pakistan a rural region facing limited economic development. The research addresses a significant gap by examining how extended joblessness influences mental health, self-esteem, and social relationships among degree-holding individuals unable to find employment for more than six months. The primary purpose of the study is to explore how prolonged unemployment impacts the psychological well-being and social integration of educated youth, with particular attention to the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating influence of family support. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed, using structured questionnaires administered to a purposive sample of 242 unemployed youth. The study utilized established scales such as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and DASS-21, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS. Findings reveal that prolonged unemployment significantly correlates with increased psychological distress and adverse social effects. Self-esteem was found to mediate this relationship, with lower self-esteem exacerbating mental health issues and social withdrawal. Moreover, family support emerged as a significant moderator, buffering the negative effects of unemployment on self-esteem and psychological health. These results carry substantial theoretical and practical implications. The study reinforces Jahoda’s Latent Deprivation Theory by illustrating how the absence of employment disrupts psychological and social functioning. Practically, it underscores the need for multi-dimensional interventions including mental health services, self-esteem enhancement programs, and family-based support initiatives to mitigate the consequences of youth unemployment. By focusing on a rural, under-researched population, this study contributes novel insights to the discourse on unemployment and offers a localized framework for policy and community-level support mechanisms.

Keywords: Psychological Factors, Social Effects, Unemployment, Quantitative Approach, Educated Youth

The Fracturing Nexus: Technological Decoupling as the New World Order and Its Implications on Developing Nations

Alizeh Khakwani — 2025-06-05

Technology decoupling, spurred by the escalating great power competition among the likes of the United States and China, is remaking the world order. This research report investigates the reasons, mechanisms and implications and in particular developing countries: for this phenomenon. While the interconnected technological ecosystem is replaced with a network of independent, multipolar systems, the developing world must face numerous challenges, including supply chain disruptions, compromised access to essential technologies, and deepening economic inequities. It reflects on the pressing necessity of cooperative mechanisms to prevent developing countries from being marginalized in a new world order, and calls for a proper handling of the relationship between technology dependence and the world in favour of global development and stability. With country cases of developing nations, the report emphasises that decoupling will have the most severe economic, social, and political consequences in the Global South, as well as the presence of regional innovation and diversification opportunities. The study shows that the technological decoupling widens the digital gap, endangers the success of the SDGs, and leads the developing countries to difficult geopolitical choices.

Keywords: Technological Decoupling, New World Order, Implications, Developing Nations

Postcolonial Identity in the Works of Bapsi Sidhwa and Mohsin Hamid

Hadia Khan — 2025-06-06

This article examines the portrayal of postcolonial identity in the works of Pakistani authors Bapsi Sidhwa and Mohsin Hamid, highlighting their unique yet complementary perspectives on cultural hybridity, displacement, and resistance. Sidhwa’s narratives, such as Ice-Candy-Man and The Crow Eaters, delve into the trauma of Partition and the struggles of marginalized communities, particularly women and minorities, to reclaim agency amid colonial legacies. In contrast, Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Exit West explore globalization and diaspora, focusing on the alienation of Muslim identities in a post-9/11 world. Both authors employ distinct narrative techniques Sidhwa’s historical realism and Hamid’s modernist experimentation to challenge Eurocentric discourses and articulate the fluidity of postcolonial identity. The article situates their works within postcolonial theoretical frameworks, including Bhabha’s hybridity, Spivak’s subaltern resistance, and Said’s Orientalism, demonstrating how literature serves as a site of decolonization and cultural negotiation. By comparing their thematic and stylistic approaches, the study underscores the transformative power of postcolonial literature in redefining identity beyond colonial constraints.

Keywords: Postcolonial Identity, Cultural Hybridity, Displacement, Resistance, Bapsi Sidhwa, Mohsin Hamid, Partition, Globalization, Diaspora, Decolonization

Jinnah Preparing His Nation for Future: Critical Discourse Analysis of Jinnah’s Speech, 30th October, 1947

Muhammad Rizwan — 2025-06-06

This research critically inspects Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech delivered on 30^thOctober 1947. By operating Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of CDA, which employs: the textual features, discursive features and broader social, political and historical context in which it was delivered, the linguistic features of speech were analyzed. The research reveals his strategic use of rhetoric and inclusive language, how Jinnah positioned himself as a political and visionary leader and served as a unifier among diverse communities of Pakistan. By utilizing Fairclough’s 3D model, this study explores the significance of this speech, how it serves as a crucial transformative tool for the guidance and preparing nation for approaching challenges and better

future.

Analyzing Language Use in Graduate English Classrooms at Kohat University of Science and Technology through Pragmatic Speech Act Theory

Waqar Ahmed — 2025-06-06

The research study was basically conducted to investigate and analyze various speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary (declarative, assertive, directive, expressive and commissive speech acts) and perlocutionary speech acts, as proposed by John Lang Shaw Austin and John Searle by the teachers and the students in the context of graduate M.Phil. English classrooms at Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST). Besides, the researcher analyzed various functions of different speech acts performed. Taking three teachers of English, teaching to graduate classes, and students of the first three semesters of graduate studies were selected as sample for the study, the researcher attended five different classes of each teacher and attended 15 classroom interactions held between teachers and students using the technique of observation and note taking for collection of data. The qualitative research method was used for the conduction of the research study and descriptive analysis (discourse –pragmatic analysis) as a data analysis technique was employed by the researcher for the analysis of data. Based on the study, the researcher analyzed different speech acts used by the teachers and the students, along with the functions and forces carried by the speech acts. It was found that a total of 353 different illocutionary speech acts were performed with various functions by the teachers and the students. It was observed after deep analysis and investigation that directive speech acts were most dominantly performed by the teachers and the students, while commissive speech acts were less dominantly performed.

Keywords: Language use, English as Foreign language; English Classrooms; KUST; Speech Act.

Technological and Legal Barriers to Anti- Money Laundering and Compliance Enforcement in Decentralized Finance: Case Studies from the European Union

Muhammad Waqar Naeem — 2025-06-10

DeFi is revolutionizing the financial world by providing open, approval-free, peer-to-peer ways to transact, thanks to blockchain. DeFi allows more financial opportunities and difference, but it also presents problems for AML and compliance due to how it is decentralized, uses pseudonyms and is available in different countries. It describes in detail the barriers faced in DeFi within the EU due to technology and regulations. It discusses why traditional laws are often unsuitable for DeFi, leading to questions about regulations, regulatory boundaries and any gaps in enforcing them. Studying specific cases in the EU, the article explores the journey of AML regulations and points out some of the obstacles inside the regulatory sphere due to swift changes in decentralized technology. Moving on, it highlights that it is difficult to enforce the law in decentralized networks. The study puts forward a group of guidelines in policy, law and technology to improve AML compliance in DeFi without hindering its advancements. For example, EU regulators may align their rules for member states, create better frameworks for liability of decentralized market actors, utilize regtech and encourage teamwork between regulators, technologists and industry members. Based on the findings, rigid and uncooperative regulations will not only fail to tackle issues in DeFi but also slow down innovation. Thus, this article offers ideas for future discussions and rules on safeguarding money matters in the growing world of decentralized finance.

Keywords; Decentralized Finance, Anti-Money Laundering, Compliance Enforcement, European Union, Regulatory Challenges, Legal Barriers, Blockchain Technology, Financial Regulation, Regtech, Cross-border Cooperation

Kant Principle of Publicity and Governance Transparency in the Age of Algorithm Rule

Ayesha Shabbir — 2025-06-11

This article as entitled with the ideas of modern innovations and with new trends like artificial intelligence and new variants of governance which are aligned with algorithm ideas, which put question about the political system of modern day. Because as these trends have emerged and shaped the way of governance and also do ask question that is this way of governance base on justice instead of these disparities and perception changing innovative things in society. So in society of this modern world base on unintended trends and influenced by algorithm and AI knowledge. The work of Kant philosophy as principle of publicity that ask actions of political leaders and system are compulsory to be on the side of justice and virtue. This study and research provides the several way of analysis of Kant philosophy in realm of politics and in modern day era and also put the ideas that is algorithm and artificial intelligence give best choices or provide the up against points?

Philosophy of Kant which gives the extraordinary ideas and provide several way to govern society he as a philosopher refers that if a state makes a law which is not well defined and without purpose so that, law is not a law which is made for society. In new era of this contemporary world as thinkers and inventors are coming up with new trends and innovations so the modern day political decision making is very difficult and to some extent have the biasness of leaders. These trends do raise question about legality of governance and its transparency because these trends provide invisible policies and decisions to decision makers. This article also analyzed the modern day politics in which decisions are much difficult to convey and to be announced.

This research also investigates that which aspects of algorithm do not align with the ideas and compulsory acquired things in Kant philosophy. As one of his famous work which was written in 1795 as perpetual peace theory, which also collectively pave ways for modern day politics and provide way on transparent system of governance and engage these ideas in new systems. For the sake of this we have analyzed multiple political systems of many countries like Estonia in which there is best example of e-governance and in USA in which we have analyzed the structure of COMPAS and another example from south asia as from china which is to be seen in social credit system.

This study is conducted through multiple methods as comparative model and as interviews are conducted and some case are also analyzed to collect data for this. In modern day era, algorithm type governance which is totally fail to grasp the ideas from enlightenment thinkers as from publicity ideas which base on moral and virtue values are totally neglected from modern day politics because there is much gap between ideas and they do not have model and values like moral and ethical law based. For this Kant philosophy provides best framework to deal with these disparities and also let us to think about for the adaptation of enlightenment practical theory in contemporary world.

A Is Mechiavelli Still Matter? Analyzing Corporate Leadership through a Mechiavelli Lens

Warda Akhtar — 2025-06-11

This article is deeply rooted in the writings of Machiavelli philosophy as topic puts the idea that Machiavelli and his writings matters in the modern era of algorithm political system. Famous philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli as was born in the society where at that time was much instability in the region of Italy where the new era of reason and science was started as known as renaissance. Because of uncertainty of political system and for the sake of state he wrote his famous work as" the prince" and for this work Machiavelli got fame in the realm of philosophy and for long time this book provided strong pattern , planning and it assisted leaders for their survival in political system.

Machiavelli is considered to be the father of political realism as he puts the ideas that to be in power leaders have the authority for their ultimate means and for outcomes which are expected to come as per their desires, it also put the cruel nature of leader for end means. This research work is conducted to re-examine the work of Machiavelli to modern world as his ideas convey that the domain of power and planning for leader survival and for state survival are still compulsory and do assist the means of leaders.

For the sake of this study as many framework are applied to conduct study and as one of his famous central theme which is about the gain of corporate. This article also determine that current political system are also aligned with the ideas of Machiavelli political ideas he put out for the pursuance of power and to gain ultimately end means. For the sake of this study as multiple source have been analyzed to conduct this study coherent and relevant as like the text of the famous work the prince and other which is discourse on Livy have been analyzed.

To conduct this study many lens and framework have been applied as policy papers and texts and documentaries and historical views are also included to collectively put some relevant study. As for the sake of this study many studies also been analyzed as business related case studies are also been assessed, companies like amazon and other documentaries are included.

As Machiavelli philosophy is been much relevant in the age of modern political system, it not only assisted the realm of politics but also to put many strong points in achieving power and in decision making policies, so outcome are drawn that Machiavelli philosophy is much relevant and exist in many realist states as currently power maximization between India and Pakistan is one of the biggest example which is relevant to Machiavelli ideas.

The Impact of Different Schools of Thought on the Principles of Hadith: Criteria for Acceptance and Rejection of Narrations

Dr Muhammad Fakhar ud din — 2025-06-12

This paper brings about the critical examination of how different schools of thought in Islam affect the principles of Hadith. The Usul al-Hadith (Principles of Hadith) are the basic principles, according to which the authenticity, acceptance and rejection of the narrations are ruled. In the history of Islam, various schools of thought, such as Ahl al-Hadith, Hanafis, Shi a Imamiya, Ash aris and Maturidis have produced diverse methods of appraising Hadith, on the basis of theological, jurisprudential, and sometimes, even political and historical grounds. The study starts with a definition of the basic terms of Usul al-Hadith, such as the isnad (chain of transmission), matn (text) and the reporters themselves. It also details the systems of classifying the Hadith into distinct categories like sahih (authentic), hasan (reliable), da if (weak) and mawdu (fabricated). The paper then examines the specific methodological approaches that various schools assume. As an illustration, the Ahl al-Hadith stress the soundness and the continuity of the Isnad and only accept the most robust narrations, limiting the application of weak Hadiths to certain circumstances. Conversely, the Hanafi school places great emphasis on analogy (qiyas) and ijtihad, and sometimes does accept weak narrations provided they coincide with wider principles of jurisprudence. Narrations that are narrated by the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt are given the utmost importance by the Shi a Imamiya school, and the reliability and sectarian affiliation of reporters is believed to be a key part of their approach. They tend to criticize some of the companions and only listen to narrations by those who are loyal to the Ahl al-Bayt. Ash'ari and Maturidi schools try to find the middle way between reason and transmission, explaining Hadiths with references to rational theology but without the total rejection of transmitted reports.The paper examines the historical, political and epistemological causes of these differences. It points out that different schools of thought judged the same Hadith in different ways in accordance to their principles, e.g. the Hadith: Umaritu an uqatila al-naas... ((I have been ordered to war against the people…)) that has been taken in different senses on the spectrum. Additional practices such as raf - al -yadayn (raising hands during prayer) and amin bil jahr (saying amin loudly) show how the interpretive divergence affected the juristic ruling. In the end, the work comes to the conclusion that though Hadith methodology is greatly diverse, this pluralism is to be considered as intellectual abundance and not as sectarianism. The study insists that it is time to take recourse to the modern tools: digital databases, historical-critical methods etc. to re-assess the study of Hadith in the contemporary challenges. It also suggests cross-sect academic dialogue and common academic platforms to work out common standards in evaluating Hadith. Finally, it emphasizes the need to revise curricula in order to teach new generations about a balanced and informed perception of Hadith sciences.

Keywords: Usul al-Hadith, Schools of Thought, Acceptance and Rejection of Hadith

Ahl al-Hadith, Jurisprudential Differences. Reason and Revelation, Shi'a and Sunni Methodologies

A Critical Analysis of Lesley Hazleton's Objections Regarding the Expedition of Banu Qurayza

Muhammad Awais Khan — 2025-06-12

This paper critically examines the objections raised by contemporary Western writer Lesley Hazleton regarding the traditional Islamic narratives about the events of the Expedition of Banu Qurayza (5 AH/627 CE). The primary objective of this research is to academically evaluate these objections in light of authentic sources, particularly the Quran, authentic Hadith, and classical Islamic biographies. The study focuses on three key aspects: (1) the nature of Banu Qurayza's treaty violation, (2) the historical context of the judicial decision, and (3) analysis of the moral and legal dimensions of this event within Islamic principles. Through comparative analysis of Hazleton's claims, this paper demonstrates that she not only completely ignored Islamic primary sources but also presented them in a biased manner, committing the error of applying modern standards to historical events while disregarding their proper context. The research concludes that the Banu Qurayza incident has not been examined through its original sources, and has been presented divorced from factual reality. The study reveals how modern critics selectively present historical events while omitting crucial contextual factors that are essential for balanced historical understanding.

Keywords: Banu Qurayza, Lesley Hazleton, Prophetic Biography, Islamic History, Western Criticism

Determinants of Household Waste Management: Socio-economic Insights for cleaner Quetta, Pakistan

Farhana Amir Ali — 2025-06-13

This study aims to find out key significant socio-economic factors influencing household waste management practices to ensure sustainable environment and further policy interventions in Quetta. Inefficient household solid waste management poses serious environmental and health challenges, resulting into blocked drainage system and outbreak of several diseases due to water contamination. A comprehensive understanding is mandatory for addressing the socio-economic dynamics that shape waste management practices; generation to disposal. For this purpose, trained enumerators collected data regarding socio-economic status and waste management practices from 321 households through semi-structured questionnaires. Multiple, binary logistic and ordinal regression models were used to assess factors driving waste generation, segregation and collection, respectively. Findings elucidate numerous socioeconomic determinants which could determine household waste practices. Household income, awareness, literacy level, gender roles, and waste volume significantly impacted the household’s waste management practices. Community-driven polices, gender-sensitive approaches and education campaigns must be incorporated, and take initiative to align socio-economic realities and waste management strategies. It offers a framework for designing efficient, sustainable and environmental friendly waste management in Quetta in particular and Pakistan in general.

Keywords: Waste Generation, Waste Collection, Waste Segregation, Regression Models

A Research Review of the Concepts, Necessity and Importance of Prophetic Medicine

Attiya Khaliq — 2025-06-13

Prophetic medicine is an ancient method of treatment. Its uniqueness from other methods of treatment is that it is a divine method of treatment in which the Creator has revealed the solution to the medical problems of His creation. Prophetic medicine (peace be upon him) is essential for the continuation of human existence. And Prophetic medicine (peace be upon him) is important for the preservation of human existence. Illness is related to every aspect of human life. Similarly, when treating mental illnesses, mental life is related to Prophetic Medicine. In Prophetic Medicine (PBUH), mental and psychological health of a person is as important as physical health. Prophetic Medicine (PBUH) is not just about treating illness, but also about measures and food that can build immunity before the onset of illness. This is also part of Prophetic Medicine (PBUH). Prophetic Medicine (PBUH) is an ancient method of treatment. Its uniqueness from other methods of treatment is that it is a divine method of treatment in which the Creator has revealed the solution to the medical problems of His creation. Prophetic Medicine (PBUH) is essential for the survival of humanity. And Prophetic Medicine (PBUH) is important for the preservation of humanity.

Keyword: Medicine, Prophetic Medicine, Meaning, Necessity, Importance, Medicine, Scope.

Introduction and Importance of Plants Mentioned In the Quran: A Research and Analytical Study

Hafiz Muhammad Tahir — 2025-06-13

The Quran is a source of knowledge and wisdom. It mentions everything in the world, even the wonders of plants that contain wisdom. In the Quran, Allah Almighty has collected knowledge of all kinds of facts that will occur until the Day of Judgment, among which plants are worth mentioning. The plants of the Quran are a special part of this universe, and this is a manifestation of the glory of Allah Almighty in the universe, where humans and other living beings have been given many blessings. At the same time, it has also been given a favorable environment and Allah has created herbs, which absorb impurities and protect the environment from various types of pollution. In this holy verse, two words have been used regarding dry and moist plants: رَتْبٍ and يَابِسٍ. رَتْبٍ means wet and يَابِسٍ means dry and moist plants. This verse is the ultimate proof of the conciseness and eloquence of the Quran. In earlier times, mankind did not know that there is a difference between male and female in plants and fruits. Today, botany has told us that there is a difference between male and female in every plant and fruit. Even in unisexual plants, there is a clear difference between male and female. If we study the books of hadiths regarding the necessity and importance of Quranic plants, it becomes clear that the necessity and importance of herbs and the fruits obtained from them is proven by the verbal and practical Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

Keyword: Quranic Plants, Medical Education, Plants Effects, Prophetic Medicine, Necessity, Herbs.

A Research Review of Muslim Society and Its Origins and Evolution

Mr.Muhammad Iftikhar Ahmad — 2025-06-13

In the Arabic dictionary, the word "society" is derived from "ashra" and "mashalat", which means to live together. Society is a human unit or a collection of individuals whose needs for life cannot be fulfilled without interconnected and stable social ties. A literal definition of society does not necessarily mean that the members of the society belong to the same race, caste, or religion. Whenever we talk about the history of a society associated with a particular group or religion, we usually associate it with a particular society, such as Muslim society, non-Muslim society, Madani society, Arab society, etc. Muslim society provides us with an unparalleled and welfare-oriented society in which the basic common needs of society are bound by brotherhood and the welfare of the people to improve the ideology of life. Society is the collective life of a large number of human beings in which each individual has to interact with others for their survival, development, achievement of goals, welfare and survival. In this environment from which no individual or human being is exempt, called society, each individual is a part and parcel of the group, community or society in his or her own place. An individual has to depend on other people, that is, society, for his or her needs of life. Society is formed by nature. Society is not created for a limited and specific purpose for a particular group, but is built on the interactions, mixing, and relationships of people living in remote areas of the world.

Keyword: Society, meaning and connotation, scope, types, Muslim society, beginnings and evolution.

An Introduction to the Debates of the Prophets and a Research Review of its Need and Importance in the Modern Era

Mr. Muhammad Ijaz — 2025-06-14

Allah sent all the prophets to guide humanity, and they fought against them in various ways. Some polytheists even plotted to kill the prophets by drowning them in the intoxication of disbelief and polytheism. However, Allah protected His chosen prophets and gave respite to the enemies of the prophets. However, Allah punished those who did not desist from their disbelief and polytheism. The arguments that have been used to convince these polytheists, hypocrites, Jews, and Christians are called the science of arguments or the science of debate. The word "mujadala" has two forms, general and specific. If this word is read with the suffix "dal", then this word becomes specific. This is also true of Sayyidah Khawla bint Tha'labah. Debate is the path to justice when the plaintiff and the defendant come to a judge and both argue with their respective arguments. In this case, it is only a debate that provides justice and allows the parties to decide who is truly entitled. Allah Almighty has commanded the judge to be just and to achieve virtue when the parties argue for their rights. Peace and order in society is possible only through justice, as if the peace of society is linked to justice, and no one denies this fact. And then, when looked at carefully, justice is linked to debate. When the lawyers of two parties do not cross-examine the case before a judge, it becomes impossible for the judge to give justice to either party. That when the lawyers of both parties do not cross-examine the case before a judge, it becomes impossible for the judge to give justice to either party. Justice is possible only when the lawyers of both parties argue with each other in front of the judge with their respective arguments and the judges give a fair decision. It is the responsibility of every judge to provide justice to the parties in the dispute, and because this is the demand of the law.

Keyword: Debate, Principles of Debate, Conversational Etiquette, Importance of Debate, Justice and Fairness, Peace, Society

Research Review of the Sharia and Legal Scope of Drugs

Mr. Muhammad Zakir ul Hassan Heideri — 2025-06-14

History tells us that addiction has been a problem for man since the beginning because man has always wanted to be intoxicated. He wants to escape from the sorrows and worries of the world. In such a situation, addiction is the only process that solves both of these problems for man. Only Islam has given full emphasis on eliminating drugs from human life and has introduced a general term for it. Drugs are derived from intoxication, for which the word "khamr" is commonly used in the Arabic language. Hazrat Umar Farooq has explained khamr in the following words: It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar that Sayyiduna Umar said; I was sitting on the pulpit of the Prophet (ﷺ) and I heard him say: O people! When the prohibition of wine was revealed, it was prepared from five things: grapes, dates, honey, wheat and barley. In view of Islamic teachings and the prohibition of drugs in Islam, the prohibition of drugs is clear in the constitution and laws of Pakistan. Alcohol and its various forms, as well as snuff, pan, gutka, and all other types of drugs are prohibited. Both developed and developing countries have been affected by all these aspects of drugs. Despite thousands of measures, Pakistan has not remained free from addiction to paan, gutka, cigarettes, snuff, and alcohol. Even the institutions of knowledge and consciousness, from which enemies of such evil intentions are born, have not remained free from drugs. On September 16, 2018, the Supreme Court Lahore took notice of the use of drugs in private and government educational institutions, after which a wave of concern spread across the country, including the Senate, but no steps have been taken to prevent it yet.

Keyword: Drugs, Drug Prevention, Islamic Prohibition, Pakistani Law, Intoxicated, Islamic Teachings

The Reemergence of Russia: The Role and Strategies in the Middle East

Yousaf Ali Khan — 2025-06-14

This paper attempts to analyze the reemergence of Russia at the global level and the role and strategies of Russia in the Middle East. Middle East is a conflict hub where major power institutionalized its role and strategies. Russian engagement in The Middle East project its interests in the region vis a vis other major power. The study concludes that while reestablishing itself the Russia facing major challenges both at domestic as well as at the international level. From the historical perspective hard power is not an option instead, kremlin is focusing on furthering its power and position through hard and soft power projection in Middle East.

Keywords: Reemergence of Russia, Role and Strategies, Middle East, Hard and Soft Power

A Systematic Review of Gender Disparities in Academic Achievement in Higher Education Across Muslim Countries

Muhammad Shoaib — 2025-06-13

This systematic review investigates gender disparities in academic achievement within higher education institutions across Muslim countries. Drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, and regional data from the past decades, the study critically analyzes patterns of educational performance among male and female students. The review explores multiple dimensions of gender-based academic achievement. The countries of the Muslim world including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordon, Kuwait, Central Asia (The Stan States: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Azerbaijan has also been included in this section of the study), and Libya. I have ended to extract the published document till reaching the point of saturation and a total of 193 published documents has been reviewed. Despite the commonly held assumption that patriarchal norms disadvantage women, the findings reveal a complex and context-specific landscape: in many Muslim-majority contexts, female students outperform their male counterparts academically, yet face structural barriers to access and post-graduation opportunities. The study highlights the influence of educational reforms, religious interpretations, family expectations, and labor market structures on shaping gendered academic experiences. By synthesizing existing literature, this review identifies research gaps and proposes policy recommendations aimed at fostering gender equity in higher education across Muslim societies.

Keywords: Gender Disparities, Academic Achievement, Higher Education, Systematic Review, Muslim Countries

Research Review of the Basic Debates on the Principles and Laws of the State

Qahirah Qudsia — 2025-06-14

The common and simple definition of an Islamic state refers to a system of government that is based on Islamic Sharia law. As a term, the word has been used to describe many political and religious governments in the Islamic world in the past. The Islamic concept of the state is hidden within the terminology that Islam has adopted to define the state. Islam has not adopted the terms ‘state’ or ‘kingdom’ or ‘government’ for the political organization established on its principles, but has adopted the terms ‘caliphate’ or ‘imamate’ or ‘leadership For this reason, to clarify the Islamic concept of the state, it is first necessary to consider these terms and understand their implications. Therefore, when the discussion of the Islamic state begins, its basic characteristics are three: politics, imamate, and caliphate. The intellectual principles and laws of the Islamic state encompass all the actions, deeds, and movements of the individual for his preparation. Because these are what make and break the individual. These general ideas are actually based on a few firm, unwavering, and unquestionable principled ideas. "What need does Allah have for this worship and supplication of a servant?" It is true that Allah Himself is independent of our worship, but His creation is in need of worship because man has been created weak and imperfect by nature and character, and he has to face helplessness on thousands of occasions in life.

Keyword: Islamic state, principles and laws of the state, importance and utility of law, principles and foundations of law

Investigating the Impacts of Motivation on English Language Learning: A Comparative Study of Integrative and Instrumental Motivation among English Undergraduate Students at the University of Lakki Marwat

Malika Ayesha Mahrukh — 2025-06-14

This study investigates the impacts of motivation on English language learning among English undergraduate students at the University of Lakki Marwat (ULM), with a particular focus on comparing instrumental and integrative motivation. Employing a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 90 students selected via systematic random sampling across the 2nd, 6th, and 8th semesters of the Department of English. Descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS revealed that motivation significantly enhances various dimensions of language acquisition, including academic success, fostering interest in English learning, regular practice of language skills, language-related memory retainment, and social interactions. Motivation impacts English language learning by developing self-efficacy in English learning, language autonomy, proficiency, and fluency in English. It helps to overcome language learning anxiety, face challenges related to language learning, and build confidence to speak English. Motivation helps learners to stay focused, engaged, and actively participate in English language classes. Although learners exhibited both integrative and instrumental motivational factors, the findings indicate a pronounced prevalence of instrumental motivation—driven by the pursuit of better educational opportunities, career advancement, professional skill development, societal expectations, and prospects for travel abroad. This suggests that, for these students, English is primarily viewed as a pragmatic tool for achieving academic and professional objectives rather than as a means of cultural integration. The study fills an existing gap in the literature regarding motivational impacts in rural educational settings and recommends that language curricula and teaching methodologies be tailored to better align with the instrumental goals of students. Future research might explore further the interplay between intrinsic, extrinsic, and technology-assisted learning motivations in diverse educational contexts.

Keywords: Motivation, Instrumental Motivation, Integrative Motivation, Undergraduate Students, English Learning

The Linguistic Landscape of Peshawar City: A Study of Language Use in Shops Signs and Billboards

Nazma — 2025-06-15

This study investigates the linguistic landscape of Peshawar city, focusing on the commercial signage in urban public spaces. Given the prevalence of billboards and shop signs, the research examines the languages employed in these visual displays to understand their sociolinguistic implications. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. Data were collected through 200 digital photographs of shop signs across various urban areas, categorized by business type. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), employing percentage calculations and standard deviation. Additionally, descriptive statistics and narrative analysis were utilized to interpret the data. The findings reveal a multilingual landscape, with English predominating on billboards, followed by Urdu. Notably, Pashto, the indigenous language, is underrepresented in commercial signage, indicating a shift towards globalized linguistic practices. This study contributes to the understanding of how language use in public signage reflects and influences cultural identity and social dynamics in Peshawar.

Keywords: Linguistic Landscape, Multilingualism, Commercial Signage, Sociolinguistics, Peshawar, Language Policy

The Strategic Importance of Gwadar Port in Regional Connectivity and Rivalries

Asifa Zafar — 2025-06-15

The Gwadar Port, strategically located on Pakistan's southwestern coast near the Strait of Hormuz, serves as a critical node in regional and global geopolitics. As a cornerstone of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the port enhances trade connectivity between South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, while reducing China's reliance on the vulnerable Strait of Malacca for energy imports. Gwadar's deep-water capabilities and proximity to key maritime routes position it as a potential global trade hub, offering economic benefits such as job creation and regional integration, particularly for landlocked nations. However, its development is fraught with challenges, including political instability in Balochistan, security threats from insurgent groups, and geopolitical rivalries involving China, India, and the United States. The port's strategic significance also fuels competition with regional ports like India's Chabahar and raises concerns over militarization in the Indian Ocean. Despite these hurdles, Gwadar's future as a transformative economic and strategic asset hinges on effective governance, conflict resolution, and balanced international partnerships.

Keywords: Gwadar Port, CPEC, Belt And Road Initiative, Regional Connectivity, Geopolitical Rivalries, Strait Of Hormuz, Maritime Trade, China-Pakistan Relations, Indian Ocean, Balochistan Security

Exploring Gender Role in the Perpetuation of Honour Killing: A Case Study of District Kohat-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Muhammad Adil — 2025-06-16

Honour killing remain a significant issue within the Pakhtun community, deeply rooted in socio-cultural constructs and traditional notions such as “namus” (honour) and “ghairat” (Chivalry). This study investigated the socio-cultural dimension of honour killings in District Kohat, focusing on the perspectives of key community stakeholders, including Jirga members, offender families, social activists, researcher and Non-governmental organization (INGOs). A qualitative research methodology was employed, collecting primary data through in-depth interviews by selecting 25 participants through a purposive sampling technique. The thematic analysis technique was applied for data analysis. The study identifies key factors contributing to honour killings, including rigid gender roles, societal pressure, deep-seated patriarchal norms, and a lack of effective legal enforcement. Findings reveal that concepts such as “paighor” (taunt) and public shame act as catalysts for honour-related violence, compelling individuals and families to resort to extreme measures. Honour killings are not merely personal acts but are reinforced by broader systemic issues, such as weak governance, traditional dispute resolution mechanisms, and the collective pressure to conform to cultural expectations. The study recommends that addressing these structural and cultural factors, society can move towards the gradual eradication of honour killings and the protection of fundamental human rights within the Pakhtun community.

Keywords: Honour killings, Pakhtun Perspective, Socio-cultural constructs, Gender roles.

Black Market of Human Organs: The Dark Side of Medical Tourism

Hina Pervaiz — 2025-06-16

The illegal trade of human organs presents one of the most pressing contemporary challenges in global health governance, intersecting issues of poverty, criminal enterprise and medical ethics. This study explores the hidden world of organ trafficking in Pakistan, where vulnerable populations are systematically exploited by a nexus of brokers, medical professionals and corrupt authorities.

Employing a qualitative research design, the study integrates semi-structured interviews, ethnographic insights, court case analyses and NGO reports to triangulate data and uncover recurring socio-criminal patterns. Key findings reveal a consistent profile of economically marginalized donors, often lured by false promises or coerced under debt bondage. Their organs are sold to both domestic elites and foreign recipients, primarily from Gulf countries.

Notable case studies include the “Faisalabad Kidney Villages,” the State vs. Dr. Ali Raza case and covert operations in Rawalpindi—each exposing the structural violence embedded within these illicit networks. The research draws on a robust theoretical framework encompassing Structural Violence Theory (Farmer), Medical Capitalism, Routine Activity Theory (Cohen) and Transnational Organized Crime Theory.

Data were coded thematically using Braun and Clarke’s method, leading to the identification of dominant themes such as economic desperation, institutional failure, medical malpractice and transnational exploitation. Visual mapping and tabular summaries of seven real-life case files enhanced the analytic depth and provided empirically grounded conclusions. The use of methodological triangulation lends further credibility and academic rigor to the study.

Ultimately, this research reveals how the commodification of the human body in resource-poor settings is not merely a health issue but a profound human rights concern. The study calls for urgent legal, medical and ethical reforms, along with stricter enforcement of the Human Organ Transplant Authority (HOTA) Act. By centering the lived experiences of those affected, this thesis contributes to criminological and social science discourse and opens pathways for future research on bio-crime, global inequality and healthcare governance.

Keywords: Organ trafficking, medical tourism, structural violence, human rights, kidney trade, transnational crime, medical ethics, economic coercion, Pakistan, criminology, HOTA Act, qualitative research, institutional complicity, illegal transplantation.

Marital Status and Socio-Psychological Identity: A Discourse Analysis of Unmarried Men and Women's Experiences in Pakistan

Faria Shaheen — 2025-06-16

This qualitative research aims to address a crucial problem of Pakistani society’s behavior towards unmarried men and women. The research aims to investigate un-married men and women’s problems they faced while living in a society. The research problem is that society is hostile towards their acceptance, as a result, unmarried men and women face social identity issues and rejection. Society, including close family members, makes them a source of shame and makes them guilty of not getting married. The data is collected from more than 200 unmarried men and women ages 25 to 40 on their social identity threats, what type of identity threats they face, and how they cop them. They reported discourse indicates that they must cope with the situation to save their face. The study also revealed that women suffer more than men. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews and group discussion sessions. The collected data was later classified into sections and themes were allocated by using NVivo software (1.7.2). Tajfel and Turner ‘s (1979) Social Identity Threat Theory (SITT) was employed as a lens to analyze the collected data. The research revealed that social acceptance and reforms may be a reason to reduce stress levels among them. The research is significant as it has added a social value and informed the social policymakers to take necessary actions for social awareness for the acceptance of unmarried men and women. The study recommended that in the future reasons for staying un-married may be investigated to bring harmony. Marriage arrangements should be made at the national level so that a peaceful society may come into being.

Key words: Social Identity Threat Theory (SITT), Empowerment, Social awareness, Un-married men and women.

Introduction to Tafsir Mazhari and Research Review of its Methodology and Style

Mr. Tanveer Hussain — 2025-06-16

The Holy Quran was revealed in the Arabic language and the language of the Arabs was also Arabic. The Arabs were proud of their language, eloquence, and power of expression. The Holy Quran was revealed in their language and it adopted their style and manner of speech. When the people of the language heard it, they could not help but acknowledge its greatness because the Quran was undoubtedly revealed for the welfare and well-being of man and is a comprehensive law and guidance, a complete code of life. Among the scholarly and literary contributions of Qazi Sanaullah Panipati is his commentary, Tafsir-e-Mazahari. Qazi Sanaullah named his commentary after his teacher Mirza Mazhar Jan Janan. Qazi Sanaullah Panipati completed this commentary in 1208 AH. According to this period, this commentary of Qazi Sanaullah Panipati (1195 AH to 1208 AH) was completed in 14 years. Qazi Sanaullah's writing style was very laborious because while writing Tafsir-e-Mazhari, he made use of ancient commentaries, and ancient commentaries which are completely in Arabic. The language in which Tafsir Mazhari was written is Urdu, and many commentaries have been written in Urdu. Most of them are such that the words used in them are so difficult that the common man is sometimes unable to understand them. This has also been pointed out by Qazi Sanaullah Panipati. Qazi Sanaullah Panipati adopted a research style at every point in his commentary, and even if it is called a research commentary, it would not be wrong because of the colors of research that he has scattered in this commentary.

Keyword: Exegesis, Science, Exegetical Exegesis, Qazi Sayallah Pani Pati, Exegesis Of Particulars, Exegesis Methods, Styles

The Persuasive Power of Political Memes: A Coping Strategy for Mitigating the Political and Social Stress Among Youth

Shazia Akram Janjua — 2025-06-16

A prominent feature of the modern debate on politics, particularly among youth, is the spread of political memes on social media platforms. The effects of these memes on youth coping mechanisms and mental health are still poorly understood despite their increasing popularity. This qualitative study investigates how political memes can help youths cope with social and political stress. Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, aged 18 to 25, a purposive and snowball sampling procedure was used to examine how youth use political memes to manage stress and anxiety related to political concerns using thematic analysis. This thesis investigates how political memes function as coping strategies against social and political stress. It evaluates the persuasion of memes, their function in stress relief, and youth opinions regarding meme use in political discourse. This study's conclusions add to our knowledge of how political memes function as vital resources for navigating and understanding the complex socio-political environment, in addition to being sources of amusement. Additional longitudinal and comparative studies are recommended to further investigate the long-lasting influence of political memes on youth political involvement in various cultural settings. Moreover, empirical research assessing interventions aimed at improving digital literacy can provide valuable practical knowledge on how to promote informed digital citizenship among young people, thereby positively influencing their active participation in democratic processes.

Keywords: Memes, Stress, Persuasive power, Youth, Stress Relief, Citizenship, Social Media.

Work, Home, and Health: A Sociological Inquiry into Nurses’ Perceived Physical Health in Pakistan

Muhammad Shahzad — 2025-06-17

The study addresses a critical issue of finding potential sociodemographic variables associated with physical wellbeing of healthcare workers. Specifically, the study aims to identity significant differences in perceived physical health based on marital status, hospital type, and family structure among nurses working in public sector hospitals. The study used quantitative and cross-sectional research design. Date were collected from nurses working in public sector hospitals using convenient sampling technique. SPSS was utilised to manage and perform data analysis. Collected data were analysed by employing statistical tests of Kruskal wails and post hoc test of Bonferroni to identify significant differences in perceived physical across various categories of marital status, hospital type, and family structure. The findings show that there are statistically significant disparities in perceived physical health across different subcategories of marital status, family structure, and hospital type. Particularly, nurses working in tehsil hospitals and belonging to joint families reported better perceived physical health. The study findings suggest work environment and family dynamics are crucial for making perceptions towards physical state among nurses.

Keywords: Perceived Physical Health, Nurses, Marital Status, Family Structure, Hospital Type

A Comparative Legal Analysis of Judicial Autonomy, Freedom of Expression, and Criminal Justice in Pakistan and the UK: Bridging Constitutionalism and Control

Muhammad Asim Rafiq — 2025-06-18

The article examines the legal systems of Pakistan and the United Kingdom through a comparative lens, focusing on three main themes: judicial independence, freedom of speech, and the framework of the criminal justice system. It examines how both systems evolved from a shared colonial common law into distinct orders, highlighting Pakistan’s ties to Islamic law and its contrast with the UK’s secular traditions and judicial independence. Attention is given to hate speech laws and how both countries balance free speech with social harmony through specific definitions and judicial moderation. Additionally, the article analyzes the structure and operation of each country’s criminal justice system, noting procedural gaps and enforcement challenges. By employing qualitative legal analysis and referencing peer-reviewed literature, this study enhances understanding of legal pluralism, the rule of law, and democratic constitutionalism. The article ends with suggestions aimed at enhancing legal clarity, ensuring judicial independence, and upholding civil liberties in both jurisdictions, promoting the need for de-politicization and accuracy within Pakistan’s legal system.

Keywords: Judiciary, Freedom of Expression, Comparative, Pakistan, UK

Impact of Parental Estrangement on Psychological Distress Among Separated Parents in Pakistan

Maria Qureshi — 2025-06-19

The study investigates the impact of parental alienation on psychological distress among separated parents in Pakistan. The objective is to examine the extent of psychological distress caused by parental alienation and to identify any gender differences in these experiences. A quantitative research design was employed, collecting data from 150 separated parents using standardized questionnaires. The Parental Alienation Questionnaire (PAQ), which assesses the degree of alienation perceived by the parent, and the Kessler Psychological Distress Questionnaire (KPDQ), a measure of non-specific psychological distress, were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics, regression, correlation, and t-test analysis to explore relationships between variables and gender differences. Key findings reveal that parental estrangement significantly contributes to psychological distress among separated parents. The results suggest no significant gender differences in the levels of psychological distress experienced by mothers and fathers affected by parental alienation. These results underscore the pervasive impact of parental alienation on the mental health of separated parents, regardless of gender.

Keywords: Parental Estrangement, Psychological Distress, Separated Parents, Parental Alienation

Student Motivation as a Predictor of Academic Performance at University Level

Mamoona Rasheed — 2025-06-19

The study aimed to examine the relationship between motivation, self-concept, and academic achievement among university students. It also explored differences in motivation and academic performance. Conducted in Lahore, the research focused on student motivation as a predictor of academic success at the university level. A sample of 250 students from various departments of the University of the Punjab, Lahore campus, was selected for the study. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were gathered using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis, employing tools such as frequency, percentage, and standard deviation. The findings revealed a significant correlation between student motivation and academic achievement. Motivation was found to positively influence student performance. Based on the results, the study recommended the development of supportive and encouraging environments both at educational institutions and at home. Such environments can play a vital role in enhancing student motivation. The study emphasized that motivation is essential for academic success. It concluded by recommending steps to foster motivation among university students for improved academic outcomes.

Keywords: Motivation, Self-concept, Academic Achievement, University Students, Student Performance, Educational Environment

Impact of Knowledge Management on Employee Performance. Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy

Muhammad Rashid — 2025-06-19

Knowledge management (KM), has become essential in the fiercely competitive, unpredictable, and quickly evolving corporate world of today. This study aims to quantify the impact of knowledge management processes (i.e., knowledge creation, knowledge application, and knowledge acquisition) and investigate how they improve employee performance. The study used structural equation modeling (SEM) and partial least squares (PLS) to test the hypothesis experimentally. The data acquired from employee IT and Telecoonucation in Rawalpindi and Islamabad surveys are analyzed. The results indicate that knowledge management (KM) methods and techniques have a noteworthy and favorable effect on employee performance. Employee performance is significantly impacted by knowledge creation, application, codification, and personalization strategies; employee performance is also significantly impacted by knowledge acquisition, application, and creation. The study's results indicate that work-related performance may be influenced by the self-efficacy hypothesis, particularly in terms of motivating various employee-related aspects and achieving corporate goals. The researchers aim to evaluate how self-efficacy impacts individual performance at work and the mechanisms through which self-efficacy affects motivation and performance. Therefore, understanding the practical applications of these findings is essential for inspiring employees and enhancing their performance.

Keywords: Knowledge Management, Employee Performance, Self-Efficacy.

Knowledge and Engagement of Cryptocurrency in Youth of Quetta

Tahir Mehmood — 2025-06-19

Cryptocurrency is latest way to exchange the money for the sake of good and services. Cryptocurrency launched in 2008. Basically, crypto means secret and currency mean medium of exchange. Cryptocurrency is a new kind of electronic currency and this is decentralized digital money in this kind of money no intervention of the government. We have conducted this study to see the knowledge and engagement of cryptocurrency among the youth of Quetta. Because before that no studies have been conducted in Quetta about to see the knowledge and engagement of cryptocurrency. Exploratory research was carried out on 12 participants of both the gender female or male aged between 18to26.by using non probability sampling and convenient technique. The data was collected from student of Baluchistan University of information technology and management science. To assessed the knowledge and engagement of cryptocurrency among the youth of Quetta. We have conducted face to face interviews to explore what level of knowledge and how much they engaged with cryptocurrency. Expected results are the there is lack of knowledge and very few youth is engaged with cryptocurrency. Although number of participants were very few. This research can be considered as a pilot study for future research.

Keywords: Knowledge, Engagement, Cryptocurrency, Youth

Western interventionism and its impacts Global peace and security: A critical Examination of foreign policy Decisions

Muhammad Zohaib Mazhar — 2025-06-19

Western interventionism, that's described as army, monetary, or political meddling within the inner affairs of other international locations, has had an extensive impact on global peace and safety and has produced complex and regularly contradictory outcomes. These overseas coverage alternatives, which might be motivated via geopolitical, economic, humanitarian, and counterterrorism dreams, have every so often resulted ultimately of atrocities and the elimination of repressive governments, as is the case in several regions of the Balkans. Critics counter that these interventions often boom instability, extend wars, bring about large-scale civilian losses, and engender strong anti-Western sentiment. Unintentional effects, including the emergence of extremist companies and ongoing disorder, have regularly been caused by incomplete post-intervention making plans, misguided intelligence, and a loss of consideration for neighborhood settings. to be able to honestly improve international balance, a essential evaluation in the long run highlights the necessity of a more complicated, multilateral, and context-aware approach to worldwide participation, shifting away from unilateral impositions and towards lengthy-term, regionally-driven peace building tasks.

Keywords: Western Interventionism, Global Security, Foreign Policy, Conflict Dynamics, State Sovereignty, Humanitarian Intervention, Unintended Consequences, International Law