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The Role of International Organizations in the Development and Advancement of International Law: A Case Study of UN and EU

Dr. Tahira Mumtaz — 2025-07-01

By creating and upholding global values and standards, international organizations play a vital role in the development of international law. This research paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) amd EU, prominent international institutions, in establishing and enforcing international law. Specialized UN agencies such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC) have played a significant role in the development, codification, and implementation of international law. The European Union operates on the principle of upholding and ensuring this right, and respect for international law is one of its main goals. In addition to the norms of international law that the European Court of Justice disagrees with, the Union guarantees these values. The development of the international legal order is influenced by its involvement in treaty-making, its impact on customary law, and its involvement in dispute resolution. In order to settle conflicts and expand its global role, the Union has strengthened and established an appropriate institutional and legal framework. The United Nations and European Union collaborate with other regional and international organisations, promote ongoing communication, identify emerging issues, and provide dispute resolution mechanisms. However, this research also acknowledges the UN's and EU's inherent flaws and challenges. It explores reform proposals to address these issues, strengthen the organization's authority, and more effectively achieve its primary objectives. By critically analyzing the UN's and EU's role and impact on international law, this article aims to shed insight into how international organizations function and how they influence international legal standards.

Keywords: International institutions, International courts, impacts, Unions.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Task-Based Learning for Improving English Speaking Skills Among Undergraduate Students

Hajra Aslam — 2025-07-01

This study investigates the effectiveness of Task-Based Learning (TBL) in enhancing Sanghar University undergraduate students' English-speaking abilities. Due to a lack of practical experience, students who are learning English as a second language sometimes find it difficult to communicate effectively and clearly. The effectiveness of TBL in university-level English classes in remote or underdeveloped areas like Sanghar, however, has not received sufficient attention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether giving students involving, interactive activities may improve their English communication skills. The study uses a quantitative descriptive methodology and involves 141 undergraduate students learning English for coursework from several academic areas. A validated questionnaire was used to gather data, and convenience sampling was used to choose participants. Fluency, vocabulary, accuracy, confidence, and engagement were the five main topics of the survey, which also included demographic questions and 15 statements with Likert scale ratings. In order to represent real-world communication, students took part in a number of TBL exercises over four weeks, including role-plays, conversations, and problem-solving exercises. SPSS was used to analyze the data afterwards the intervention, and the findings demonstrated definite improvements. Students expressed more confidence when speaking English, improved vocabulary usage, and enhanced communication abilities. Additionally, students were very satisfied with the TBL experience, stating that it was more fun, inspiring, and successful than conventional approaches. These findings imply that TBL is an effective strategy for assisting students in using English more comfortably and self-assuredly. According to the findings, TBL should be taught in English classes, and instructors should receive training on how to use it.

Keywords: Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Speaking Skills, Student-Centered Classrooms

Exploring University Student’s Experience of Self-Regulation and Mental Wellbeing in Context of Short Form Social Media Engagement: Investigating the Challenges

Dr. Iram Naz — 2025-07-01

The current qualitative work investigates how university students self-regulate and experience well-being when using short-form content engagement (SFCE) on social media platforms such as YouTube Shorts, TikTok and Instagram Reels. Fifteen participants (aged 19-27) were interviewed as part of a series of semi-structured interviews and data were analyzed using (Braun and Clarke’s 2006) systematic approach to thematic analysis. The deductive method was followed and informed by the literature of digital engagement and psychological well-being. Three key themes were noted: (1) Helix of Scrolling, representing the routine and immersive aspect of SFCE use; (2) Adrift or Docked Up, (3) paralleling how students were trying to control their utilization, either consciously or through inner battles; (3) Digital Comfort Zones, illustrating that SFC was both an emotional escape and a mental burden. Some students used active tactics such as app restrictions or mindful breaks, others said they felt overwhelmed or emotionally splintered. Results underscore the two-sided role of SFCE—both as coping and as a stressor—and emphasize the value of educational interventions promoting digital literacy and healthy online practices in the university students.

Keywords: SFC (Short Form Content), Well-Being, Self-Regulation, Emotions, Reels, Engagement, SFCE (Short Form Content Engagement), Students

Pakistan’s Cyber Defense Revolution: AI & Machine Learning for Threat Mitigation

Zoya Bandukda — 2025-07-01

Pakistan faces escalating cybersecurity threats, including ransomware, phishing, and state-sponsored attacks, which jeopardize businesses, government institutions, and critical infrastructure. Traditional defense mechanisms are increasingly inadequate, necessitating advanced solutions like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to revolutionize cyber defense. This article explores how AI and ML enhance threat mitigation through real-time anomaly detection, behavioral analysis, and automated response systems, with specific applications in Pakistan’s financial sector, government databases, and critical infrastructure. The country has made notable strides in AI-powered cybersecurity, with initiatives led by the National Response Center for Cyber Crimes (NR3C), Pakistan Information Security Association (PISA), and emerging startups. Collaborations with international tech firms and academia further bolster these efforts. However, challenges persist, including a shortage of skilled professionals, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs. Looking ahead, AI-driven advancements promise to transform Pakistan’s cybersecurity landscape, supported by evolving policies like the Personal Data Protection Bill. With strategic investments and workforce development, Pakistan has the potential to emerge as a regional leader in cyber defense. This article underscores the transformative role of AI and ML in securing Pakistan’s digital future while addressing existing barriers and opportunities for growth.

Keywords: Pakistan, Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Threat Mitigation, Cyber Defense, Ransomware, NR3C, Data Privacy, Critical Infrastructure

Metaphysical Dimensions of Mirza Ghalib’s Poetry: A Philosophical Evaluation

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Shah — 2025-07-01

Ghalib has been regarded as a towering and celebrated figure in Urdu and Persian poetry for the last one hundred and fifty years. His poetry has multidimensional approaches, besides conventional issues of love and romanticism. The poetry includes meta-physical, philosophical, theological and mystical elements. Moreover, the universality of vision, deviation from the conventional ordinary themes, versatility of thoughts, all have given his poetry an everlasting fame and recognition. Due to these qualities, Ghalib’s poetry has been a source of inspiration for all types of intelligentsia belonging either to romantic poetry or philosophy, theology, mysticism etc. His rich imagination, using of metaphors, paradoxes, irony, depths of thoughts, hinting the combination of Persian and Indian literary customs and culture, focusing the problems of the Self in transitory life and existence, deliberations on the mysteries of death and here-after, have given him unique place not only among the contemporaries but a status of lighthouse for the coming generations of poets. The objective of this research paper is to discover, in his general poetry such metaphysical thoughts, theosophical issues, mystical, epistemological revelations which elevated him form the rank of just a poet and has given him everlasting fame and ‘Ghalib’ on others.

Keywords: Epistemology, Existentialism, Fatalism, Metaphysics, Ontology, Pantheism, Pantheism, Theology

The Digital Battlefield: A Comparative Analysis of AI-Driven Cyber Warfare in the U.S. and China and Its Implications for Pakistan’s National Security

Uswa Khalid — 2025-07-02

The study explores the deepening U.S.-China competition in cyber warfare driven by artificial intelligence and its strategic consequences for Pakistan. Relatively smaller states such as Pakistan are forced to adapt and maneuver within a digitally contested security landscape, which is shifting due to the integrated use of AI innovations in military and cyber domains by both superpowers competing with one another through differing models of innovation, governance, and deployment. The research focuses on the U.S. and Chinese rival cyber strategies comprehensively around their doctrinal, operational, technological differences along with contextualizing them into the scenario of India-Pakistan conflict 2025 where AI-enabled warfare was crucial. Using offensive realism as the framework, the research highlights the impacts of structural forces that compel Pakistan to take advantage of Chinese technological backing while simultaneously being exposed to geopolitical-strategic dependency risks. Qualitative methods were used to identify policy gaps in response to dual vulnerabilities the urgent need for development that will lead to national resilience within ethical bounds and the lack of self-reliance in AI and cybersecurity drawn from literature reviews, policy analyses, and expert interviews. The conclusion outlines strategic autonomy as well as investments stressing proactive governance concerning digital design frameworks. It emphasizes cross-sector synthesized approaches responding to rising threats mounting at accruing strained interdependence framing peripheral states from dire subordinated status onto clear vision revealing new frontiers waiting exploration having transformative potential metamorphosing states like Pakistan sidelined into pivotal players drawing direct contribution shaping discourse on global asymmetrical dynamic rivalry headlined south-east continuum STEM as tributary fueling supers.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber Warfare, U.S.-China Rivalry, Pakistan National Security, Offensive Realism, Military-Civil Fusion, Strategic Autonomy, Digital Sovereignty, AI Ethics, Geopolitics

Promotion-Linked Training Program in Punjab: Analysing Educational Managers’ Satisfaction through Demographic Lenses

Zil e Huma — 2025-07-02

It is widely acknowledged that enhancing the caliber of education managers is crucial to upsurge the standard of education. This entails launching wide-ranging training programs intended to equip them for the challenges of their roles, along-with a robust evaluation to gauge training effectiveness. The study aimed to provide a demographic analysis of educational managers’ level satisfaction as part of a broader evaluation of the Promotion-Linked Training program’s effectiveness using Kirkpatrick's four-level model. However, though this paper specifically focuses on the evaluation of educational managers’ level of satisfaction with the Promotion-Linked Training program through the lens of demography factors including gender, qualification, and experience. Therefore, demographic factors of 264 educational managers were analyzed using inferential statistics. It was revealed that gender, academic qualification, and years of administrative experience have no statistically significant influence on the satisfaction levels of educational managers. Thus, the findings confirms that the PLT program is effective across demographics. Its effectiveness is not confined to a particular gender, qualification level, or experience bracket, suggesting it is a fundamentally sound and well-conceived initiative.

Keywords: Promotion linked training, educational managers, satisfaction, demographic analysis

Examining the Interaction of Green Working Engagement for explaining the Eco-friendly empowerment of Employees by Green HRM. A study on higher education sector of Pakistan using SEM

Dr. Rubab Rauf — 2025-07-03

The present study was aimed to examine the mediation effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM practices and eco-friendly employee empowerment in the higher education sector of Pakistan. For achieving these objective, the data was collected from 368 respondents using convenience sampling approach through online means from the employees serving in the chartered universities in the major cities of Pakistan. The exogenous variable was green HRM practices, while the endogenous variable was eco-friendly employee empowerment and the mediating variable was green work engagement. The initial analysis using SPSS and Smart PLS of the data revealed that all the factors along-with their constructs were internally and externally reliable and valid by meeting the threshold level. The structural equation modelling revealed that all the hypothesis was accepted and the SEM estimation concluded that there is a strong mediating effect of green work engagement in the relationship of green HRM and eco-friendly employee empowerment. The managerial implications of the study are that the policymakers and management of higher education sector of Pakistan can boost the eco-friendly empowerment of their employees by carefully considering the green practices of HRM and green work engagement of their employees. The findings of the study are applicable to the education/higher education sector of other regions but no other sector due to the distinct nature of targeted population. The future research may include the other factors of green management like csr or cg for examining their impact in the eco-friendly employee empowerment for the higher education sector of Pakistan.

Keywords: Green HRM, Green work Engagement, Green Employee empowerment, Higher education, Pakistan.

South Asia's Power Play: Pakistan, India, China, and the USA in Strategic Relations

Dr. Syed Munib Ali Bukhari — 2025-07-03

Predictably, the study delivers a detailed view on modern South Asian strategic context, accentuating deep Triangular Security complex of China-Pakistan-India relations as well as addressing the impact of US presence in the region. Considering the current and emerging global and regional politics this research focuses on the nature of interests and affiliations that shape them and rivalry that underlines them. About conflicts of interests such as borders, militarization, economics, and diplomacy, are discussed in detail. Further focus has been provided to the analyzing of potential consequences of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the Indian strategic perspective and the US strategic interests in the region. As such, through integrating these issues, this study intends to bring forth the complexities of those large powers’ interests and intents as well as their influence over the stability of the regions and global security.

Keywords: US, China, India, Kashmir, CPEC, BRI, Counterterrorism, Extremism, Economics, Strategies, Diplomacy, Bilateral

The Practical Implementation of 'Bunyan al-Marsous' in the Contemporary Era and the Establishment of an Islamic Social System

Dr. Zeeshan — 2025-07-03

Bunyan al-Marsous (a solidly constructed structure), as mentioned in Surah As-Saff (61:4) of the Quran, symbolises a model of unity, strength and collective order in Islamic thought. The relevance and practical application of this concept is therefore assessed in the modern era, particularly in the rebuilding of an Islamic social system convulsed with moral, political and cultural challenges. It then demoniazes the Bunyan Al marsous framework as a comprehensive strategy of instituting Islam culture and civilization among the Muslims as an organized, just and spiritually rooted society. For today’s fragmented and ideologically influenced Muslim world, where sectarianism, foreign cultural influence and systemic injustice are rampant, the research explains that revival of a strong and unified social order according to Islamic teachings is not only necessary, but absolutely possible. The paper draws from Qur'anic exegesis, prophetic traditions and classical Islamic scholarship, to point out the importance of ideological clarity, institutional strength and collective responsibility as the three pillars on which a viable Islamic society should be founded. The paper delineates the requisite of the spiritual and intellectual training of individuals, before the farreaching reforms of the society. It focuses on a restructured education system: bringing together Islamic epistemology and modern sciences and leadership based on piety and capability. Moreover, zakat, interest free finance and equitable income distribution, as institutional reforms encourage economic reforms.The practicability of the Bunyan al-Marsous model is validated by case analyses from the life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphate and select Islamic movements in the modern age. It recognizes contemporary challenges, including secular influence, digital disinformation and political instability which obstruct Islamic societal progress. On this basis, the research calls for a phased and strategic path: first individual purification (tazkiyah); then family and society reform; and finally full societal transformation. Further, it emphasizes the role of youth engagement, women's leadership and technology in Islamic revival. In sum, Bunyan al-Marsous frame provides a comprehensive worldview, around divine guidance, regarding spiritual, social and civilizational renewal adapted to today’s realities.

Keywords: Bunyan al-Marsous, Islamic Social System, Contemporary Challenges, Ummah Unity, Spiritual and Institutional Reform, Islamic Governance, Civilizational Revival.

The Impact of Social Interaction Anxiety and Perceived Social Support on Academic Motivation among University Students

Gohar Khalil Chaudhary — 2025-07-04

The present study aimed to examine the impact of social interaction anxiety and perceived social support on academic motivation among university students. Specifically, it explored whether perceived social support mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. A total of 110 university students (55 males and 55 females) participated in the study using a cross-sectional survey design. Standardized scales including the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Student Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS) were employed. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that social interaction anxiety showed a weak and non-significant direct effect on academic motivation while perceived social support was a significant positive predictor. Mediation analysis revealed that perceived social support significantly mediated the relationship between social interaction anxiety and academic motivation. Subscale analyses demonstrated that various sources of social support (family, friends, and significant others) differentially influenced the subtypes of academic motivation. No significant gender differences were found in overall academic motivation. These findings underscore the critical role of social support in fostering academic motivation, particularly among students experiencing social anxiety. The study suggests that enhancing peer and family support mechanisms may serve as an effective strategy to promote students’ academic engagement and success.

Keywords: Social interaction anxiety, perceived social support, academic motivation, university students, gender differences

Occurrence of Political Violence in the Boat of Social Alienation, Meaning in Life, and Criminal Attitude

Hayat Muhammad — 2025-07-04

This study scrutinize relationship between social alienation, meaning in life, criminal attitude and support for political violence among students, prisoners and drug addicts. A total of 354 individuals from multiple subdivisions, prisons and altered drug rehab centers contributed in the study, with a number of male and female defendants. By means of a purposive sampling technique, participants accomplished validated scales: the social alienation scale, meaning in life scale, criminal attitude and support for political violence scale. The study shows that there is positive association between social alienation and support for political violence (r = .335, p<.001), meaning in life and support for political violence (r = .409, p<.001), criminal attitude and support for political violence (r=.397, p<.001), representing that individuals with sophisticated constantly socially alienated, have meaning in life and those people who have criminal attitude incline to practice a bigger support for political violence. Conferring to the learning, those who feel alone or alienated from others, who think of other people as less than human, and those who have a deep purpose in life will use these factors to defend any violent conduct. Future research can also look into defense elements that could lessen the impact of dehumanization and alienation on violent conduct, like social support, community service, or religious survival.

Keywords: Occurrence, Political Violence, Social Alienation, Life, Criminal Attitude

Psychological Barriers to English Communication in EFL Classrooms: A Study of Undergraduate WTC at NUST, Pakistan

Dr. Najma Begum — 2025-07-04

This paper presents a research on the psychological factors of Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in English among undergraduate students during the teacher-student communication in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes. Although language proficiency is adequate, a lot of students exhibit reluctance to oral participation as a result of affective barriers. The study embraced the mixed-methods design that allowed gathering quantitative data using surveys (n = 276) and qualitative data via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The results indicate that language anxiety is the greatest impediment with two-thirds of the respondents (68 percent) expressing moderate and high anxiety during English speaking. Some of the contributing factors are the fear of judgment, accent shaming and grammatical inaccuracies. Moreover, self-efficacy was also identified as a strong predictor of WTC (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), which is a manifestation of the gap between the perceived and real linguistic skills. The classroom climate and teacher behavior were also of importance, students were found to work better with collaborative and supportive teaching methods and the WTC was 40 percent higher under such methods than under authoritarian methods. The participation was also moderated by peer influence especially in the collectivistic environment, spontaneous speech was repelled by fear of peer judgment. Nevertheless, the interactive pedagogical methods, including task-based learning, role-plays, and formative feedback, were revealed to minimize anxiety rates and increase communicative confidence in the long run. Students who were always involved in such activities showed a 25 percentage increase in WTC. The research finds out that linguistic competence is frequently trumped by such psychological constructs as anxiety, self-perception and motivation in students in shaping their communication behavior. It suggests that the teacher should train, have peers and technology integration to support a more emotional and interesting learning environment. These conclusions provide an overall guideline to the redesign of English language pedagogy, especially in multilingual and culturally diverse environments.

Keywords: Willingness to Communicate (WTC), Language Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Teacher-Student Interaction, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Classroom Climate, Peer Influence, Task-Based Learning, Motivation, Psychological Barriers

The Importance of the Study of Social Sciences

Irfan Ahmed Gorshani — 2025-07-04

In this paper, the author seeks to discuss how social sciences are very important in the study of and finding solutions to modern issues in the society. The paper, viewed through the prism of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behavior, institutional frameworks, and cultural interactions, demonstrates the critical role of social sciences in understanding human behavior and the cultural and institutional frameworks, as well as cultural interactions. The theoretical framework uses the insights of the leading thinkers of the past, such as Weber, Marx, Durkheim, and such modern intellectuals as Sen and Said to show how the social sciences connect the experience of an individual with the history and the structure. Among the most important contributions, we can distinguish the development of critical thinking, the formation of inclusive policies, the encouragement of civic participation, consideration of social inequalities, and the improvement of intercultural awareness. Contextually, the article reveals some systemic issues in the teaching of social science in Pakistan, such as perpetual underfunding, obsolete curriculums and the lack of social value, which all impede the potential of social science to play a role in national development. In the study, the author advocates the immediate reformation of the curricular, faculty, and funding of research to realize the potential strength of social sciences in creating a fairer and more sustainable society.

Keywords: Social Sciences, Critical Thinking, Public Policy, Civic Engagement, Social Inequality, Intercultural Understanding, Pakistan, Education Reform, Theoretical Framework, Sustainable Development

The Holy Veil: Hijab as a Fluid Signifier of Agency and Oppression in The Holy woman

Ch Muhammad Uzair Chohan — 2025-07-04

This study delves into the symbolic and performative aspects of the hijab in Qaisra Shahraz's novel The Holy Woman, examining how the veil serves as a fluid signifier of both empowerment and subjugation. Drawing on Judith butler's theory of gender performativity and the principles of Islamic feminism, the study interrogates the ways in which veiling is socially constructed, imposed, and eventually reappropriated by the female protagonist, Zarri Bano. Initially employed as a means of patriarchal control after she was designated as a 'holy woman,' the hijab becomes a contested space where cultural tradition, religious devotion, and personal autonomy converge. Through close textual analysis, the research reveals that Shahraz complicates dominant western and traditionalist Islamic narratives of the veil, portraying it not as a fixed symbol but as one who’s meaning shifts according to context, choice, and power. The study adds to the ongoing conversation in feminist literature by emphasizing how religious and cultural symbols can be reimagined and reclaimed by women as a means of challenging oppressive systems.

Keywprds: Hijab, Agency, Oppression, The Holy Woman, Gender Representation

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on English Language Teaching at University Level: A Study of EFL Teachers’ Perspectives in Pakistan

Samra Bibi — 2025-07-04

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant technological advancement in various fields. One area where AI shows particular promise is in English Language Teaching (ELT). Due to rapid technological development, online resources, classrooms, and language learning platforms now incorporate AI to teach and learn English, transforming the approach to language education. AI has great potential to improve learning outcomes and the teaching process. This research explores the impact of AI on English Language Teaching (ELT) at the university level in Pakistan, focusing on EFL teachers. Data were collected through a quantitative descriptive analysis from 50 teachers using a questionnaire based on validated sources, which assessed AI's effectiveness, challenges, and ethical issues. The results indicate strong agreement on AI benefits such as personalized learning (mean value of 4.24) and increased efficiency in lesson preparation (mean value of 4.28), with 86% of teachers confirming its effectiveness (mean value of 4.16). Concerns mentioned include data privacy (mean 3.64), reduced critical thinking (mean 4.02), and a digital divide (mean 3.48). Teachers emphasized the need for training (mean 3.80), and AI is viewed as a complement to traditional methods (mean 4.26). The study underscores the importance of addressing ethical issues, ensuring equitable access, and enhancing training to fully harness AI’s potential for ELT. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive training programs and ethical guidelines to support human instruction rather than replace it, ultimately improving English language skills in higher education in Pakistan.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, English Language Teaching (ELT), Perception, University Teachers

Lessons Learned for Future Peace Processes: Drawing insights from the 2015-2020 efforts for potential future negotiations

Dr. Nusrat Rehman — 2025-07-04

Afghanistan is the land of tribal warriors who fought with every invader and contemporary examples are the Soviet Union and the USA. The organization of the Taliban which emerged on the surface of Afghanistan in 1994 and took the Government very easily and ruled across the country was also a result of the Soviet-Afghan war. Hence, Afghanistan have cultivated mistrust and uncertain conditions due to the 9/11 terrorism. After the 9/11 during Hamid Karzai regime, Afghanistan expressed her great desire for good relations with other countries which have long common border and deep social, religious and cultural connection and wants to create peace. Uncertainty in the region after 9/11 increased the high concerns and threats to the regional peace and security as terrorists have safe heavens in the tribal areas of Pakistan and along the border areas of Afghanistan. American war against terrorism and special focus on Afghanistan has developed the new dimensions. In May 2014, Obama declared to withdraw America’s troops from Afghanistan since the civilians of America were not happy and the American soldiers were being heavily slaughtered in the war. So, the absence of peace was difficult for the government since it brought about many more problems. There seemed to be no end to this war. The war proved to be a danger to not only regional peace but also national peace, the locals were conflicted and bothered as well all because of the war and lack of peace.

Keywords: Peace Processes Afghanistan, regional peace, national peace

Factors Affecting Holistic Development of Preschoolers in Islamabad, Pakistan

Saima Yunus — 2025-07-05

This study explores the factors that affect young children's overall development—such as thinking, speaking, and social skills—in a village near Islamabad, Pakistan. It highlights the importance of early childhood education in shaping a child’s future. The research focused on whether children had any learning experience before preschool, how much parents know about education, the role of the community and politics, and how well school lessons support a child’s full growth. To gather information, the researcher used forms, interviews, and classroom observations with 25 participants, including parents, teachers, and school leaders. The study also looked at parental involvement, teacher training, cultural influences, and efforts by the Pakistani government and organizations like UNICEF to improve early education Early Childhood Education (ECE) supports children’s growth from birth to age 8 in areas like thinking, emotions, movement, language, and social skills. It plays a vital role in preparing children for school and life. While Pakistan’s National Education Policy (2009) recognizes the value of ECE, rural areas near Islamabad still face major challenges such as untrained teachers, poor facilities, and cultural barriers.

Keywords: Holistic Development, Preschool Education, Early Childhood Development, Socioeconomic Factors, Islamabad, Pakistan