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The Rights of Indigenous Peoples to their Ancestral Land in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of the Existing Laws and Policies

Shah Faisal Hamad , Obhayo Khan , Rind Ali , Muhammad Mussadiq — Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In Pakistan, the concern over the rights of the natives does exist over the lands of their forefathers, as policies and laws are usually not effective enough to protect them. Despite international obligations, which Pakistan has ratified, in several instances, land rights remain ambiguously defined or entirely unrecognized in Pakistan’s domestic law for the indigenous people and one witnesses forced evictions, land grabbing and environmental degradation as well. The main and primary aim of this research paper is to critically analyze the existing legislation includes the Land Acquisition Act 1984, Forest Act 1927 and the absence of constitutional protection to indigenous people’s land rights. Furthermore, this research paper will also look into Pakistan’s commitments to the international organizations including the UN Declaration on the Rights of indigenous Peoples and the International Labour Organization. This study primarily relies on doctrinal legal research, focusing on the critical analysis of laws and their practical implementation. This study wants to findings the urgency of legal reforms which will also be analyzed to safeguard land rights of natives in Pakistan through an analysis of legal gaps, policy shortcomings and case studies. In conclusion, Pakistan has to meet the international standards and preserve the culture diversity of its indigenous people as they are taken by the developed countries, which demonstrate constitutional recognition, land restitution, and participatory governance are not possible but necessary to achieve justice and reconciliation.

Keywords: Indigenous People Rights, Ancestral Land, Cultural Protection, Land Acquisition, UNDRIP, Legal Framework.

Healing the Land, Healing the Future: A Transformative Ecocritical Study of “A Worm to the Wise”

Eman Ihsan , Muhammad Haneef Khan , Marwa Wakeel — Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we will look at the intimate relationship between healing the earth and healing ourselves through an ecocritical approach. The paper sheds light on how the soil reclamation process evolves into a potent symbol of reconnecting human emotions, values, and relationships in a world devastated by climate through the story A Worm to the Wise by Marissa Lingen. The narration reveals that it is not only a scientific challenge but also a personal and emotional experience of a person to restore the Earth. The story revolves around Augusta, who is a young journalist and starts off at a soil reclamation farm, at first necessity. But with time spent attending to the land, she gradually learns to feel more responsible, purposeful and part of nature. The broken land she works on is symbolic of the greater evil that humans have caused to the Earth, and her increasing commitment points to the fact that people can be a part of the solution. Just as Augusta gets to know how to cherish the soil, she also reinvents her place in a climate-changed world. This transformation makes the story important in terms of ecology and the way it contributes to the healing of man, particularly during crisis. The article states that inner healing and environmental restoration go hand in hand. It highlights the ecological accountability that contributes to reconstructing inner strength and community values through the metaphor of soil reclamation.

Keywords: Ecocriticism; soil reclamation; environmental healing; human–nature interconnection; ecological accountability; climate crisis; sustainability; narrative and ecological consciousness.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19654607

Fabrication and Characterisation of ZnO Nanoparticle-Reinforced Aluminum Alloys for Sustainable and Economically Feasible Architectural Applications

Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rise in the need to have sustainable, durable, and economical construction materials has promoted the creation of high level metal matrix composites to be used in architectural constructions. In this paper, the artificial, characterisation, as well as the empirical analysis of ZnO nanoparticle reinforced aluminium alloy is explored with an emphasis on its mechanical behaviour, future sustainability, and economic viability. The composites were made through the stir casting method with a different fraction of weight of the ZnO nanoparticles to increase dispersion and bonding of the matrix. To examine material performance mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength, and microstructural behaviour were studied. Furthermore, a survey was carried out in the form of a structured survey among construction and materials engineering professionals to assess perceived sustainability and economic viability. SmartPLS-based structural equation modelling was used to analyse the collected data to determine the relationships between material performance, sustainability, and economic feasibility. The findings show that ZnO nanoparticle reinforcement has a significant effect in enhancing mechanical strength, hardness and thermal stability of the aluminium alloys. The analysis of SmartPLS proves that the material performance produces the positive influence on sustainability and economic feasibility to a great extent. Moreover, sustainability also shows the substantial positive effect on economic viability, which means that eco-friendly materials also help to achieve cost-effectiveness over time. The model has a decent explanatory and predictive power, which proves the strength of the proposed framework. In general, the results indicate that ZnO-reinforced aluminium composites are very well adapted to sustainable architectural uses since they have improved performance and lifecycle cost advantages. The paper concludes that the incorporation of nanotechnology into the construction materials can be crucial in the development of sustainable infrastructure especially in the developing economies where cost effectiveness and durability is paramount. Further studies are suggested to identify industrial-scale applications and environmental lifecycle analysis.

Keywords: ZnO Nanoparticles; Aluminium Alloys; Metal Matrix Composites; Sustainable Construction Materials; Smartpls Analysis; Economic Feasibility; Nan Composites

Investigating the Role of Learner Motivation in Enhancing English Language Proficiency among College Students in Pakistan

Saeed Ahmed Wadho (Corresponding Author) , Dr. Gohar Zaman , Saima Sarwar — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the role of learner motivation in enhancing English language proficiency among college students in Sindh, Pakistan. English, being a global lingua franca and a key medium of instruction in higher education, demands effective learning strategies supported by strong motivational factors. The research aims to examine how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation influence students’ abilities in reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. A quantitative research design was employed, involving a random sample of college students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring motivational levels and language proficiency indicators. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between learner motivation and English language proficiency. Students with higher intrinsic motivation, such as personal interest and self-development goals, demonstrated better language competence than those primarily driven by extrinsic factors, such as grades or employment prospects. Additionally, the classroom environment, teacher support, and the integration of engaging instructional strategies were found to play crucial roles in fostering motivation. The study concludes that enhancing learner motivation is essential for improving English language outcomes among college students. It recommends that educators adopt student-centered approaches, incorporate technology, and design interactive activities that stimulate learners’ interest and engagement. Policymakers are also encouraged to develop curricula that emphasize motivational strategies alongside linguistic skills. This research contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the contextual significance of motivation in language learning within Sindh’s educational landscape.

Keywords: Learner Motivation, English Language Proficiency, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, College Students

Teaching the Writing of English: Exploring the Impact of SRSD-Based ESL Writing Instruction on the Undergraduate Students

Abdul Ghaffar Jat , Sumaya Ismail Samoon , Shah Jahan Khatti — Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model in improving the writing skills of undergraduate students. A quantitative quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 60 students were selected through random sampling and assigned to an experimental group that received SRSD-based instruction. The intervention was conducted over 12 weeks, with two class sessions per week. A pre-test and post-test were administered to measure students’ writing performance before and after the treatment. The results showed a significant improvement in the writing performance of the experimental group after receiving SRSD instruction. Students demonstrated better organization of ideas, improved writing quality, and stronger self-regulation in writing tasks. The findings indicate that the SRSD model is an effective instructional approach for enhancing writing skills at the undergraduate level. It also helps improve students’ confidence and reduces writing-related difficulties. However, further studies are recommended to test the effectiveness of SRSD in different educational settings and larger populations.

Keywords: SRSD, self-regulation, undergraduate students, ESL writing, writing performance, quantitative study

A Review on Internal Control Lapses in Public Sector Universities

Shahzad Akhtar , Sheraz Akhtar — Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This systematic literature review synthesizes the evolving body of research on internal control lapses in public sector universities, drawing on 115 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026. The analysis reveals a significant surge in scholarly attention, particularly post-2020, driven by global pressures for accountability, post-pandemic financial scrutiny, corruption risks, and alignment with international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) and Sustainable Development Goals. Leadership especially ethical and transformational styles emerges as a critical catalyst that orchestrates innovative processes such as AI-driven anomaly detection, blockchain-enabled procurement traceability, ERP-integrated real-time monitoring, and automated compliance systems, thereby embedding robust governance across financial, operational, compliance, and strategic dimensions. Ethical leadership fosters moral stewardship, relational trust, and long-term institutional orientation, while transformational leadership inspires visionary change and adaptive behaviors, collectively enabling COSO-aligned controls, fraud minimization, and resilience amid resource constraints. Descriptive findings highlight methodological dominance of quantitative designs (50%), geographic concentration in developing economies (Asia/Africa 65%), and sectoral focus on general public universities (50%), with notable under-representation of social/ethical lapses, small/regional institutions, and longitudinal studies. Thematic synthesis identifies five interconnected clusters such as leadership/governance styles shaping control dynamics, innovation pathways, internal control pillars (COSO framework), antecedents and skills (ethical culture, training, technological acumen), and performance outcomes (reduced audit findings, financial integrity, and institutional resilience). Despite robust evidence of leadership’s catalytic role, persistent gaps include limited longitudinal depth, cultural contingency models, and integrated frameworks for resource-constrained contexts. The review advances prior work by explicitly bridging internal control theory with innovation and leadership as pathways to holistic governance, offering both theoretical insight and a forward-looking agenda. It calls for methodological pluralism (qualitative and mixed-methods), empirical expansion into underrepresented sectors (e.g., healthcare universities) and geographies, theoretical integration with agency, stewardship, and institutional theories, and practical tools for university administrators to assess and strengthen internal control systems.

Keywords: Internal Control Lapses, Public Sector Universities, Ethical Leadership, Digital Innovation, COSO Framework, Governance Resilience

Students’ Attitudes toward Research: An Empirical Study of MPhil Students at Universities in Turbat, Balochistan

Nazeer Ahmed , Dr. Abdul Majid Nasir , Nadia Nazeer — Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The title of this research article is Students Attitudes towards Research, An Empirical Study on MPhil Students at University at, Balochistan and the authors aimed to establish the trends of responses of MPhil students to research-related experiences. The research design was used a quantitative survey research, which sought to establish the attitude of the students towards research. The population of the study is comprised 60 MPhil students enrolled in various departments of the university. The sample of the study is consisted of 40 MPhil scholar in respective department. Data were collected from the study subject, convinced sampling method was employed to collect data. Questionnaires was administrated to the subjects, five point Likert scale was used to collect responses of the participants. There were four variables in the questionnaire, the Research usefulness, (RU) Research anxiety (RA), Positive attitudes (PA) and Research Difficulties (RD) and the reliability test provided a Cronbachs alpha of 0.70 with a decisive ruling in favor of good internal consistency. Interpretation of the data was done using the descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) in SPSS 23. The findings gave an impression of the general research attitude of MPhil scholars who noted patterns in perceptions, engagement and reactions to research experiences.

Keywords: Research Attitudes, Research Anxiety, Research Difficulties

Psychological Capital as a Moderator between Job Stress and Work-Life Balance: Evidence from Married Working Women

Muhammad Naeem , Fatima Akabar — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This quantitative correlational study examined psychological capital as a moderator of the association between job stress and work-life balance among married working women in Pakistan. Grounded in Conservation of Resources Theory, Spillover Theory, and Role Conflict Theory, the research utilized a cross-sectional survey design with a purposive sample of 210 married women employed across public and private sectors in Lahore, Pakistan. Standardized instruments included the Job Stress Scale (Parker & DeCotiis, 1983), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), and the Work-Life Balance Scale (Fisher et al., 2009). Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that job stress exhibited a significant inverse relationship with psychological capital and with all subdimensions of work-life balance. Conversely, psychological capital demonstrated significant positive associations with work-life balance dimensions. Moderation analysis via Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 1) revealed a significant interaction effect (B = .021, p < .001), with the overall model accounting for 37.8% of the variance in work-life balance. Simple slopes analysis showed that women reporting high psychological capital sustained or improved work-life balance under elevated job stress, while those with low psychological capital displayed a marked deterioration in work-life balance at comparable stress levels. The findings empirically validate the buffering function of psychological capital within Pakistan’s sociocultural milieu, where married working women navigate compounded occupational and domestic role demands. Results advocate for targeted organizational strategies such as resilience-based training, structured mentorship programs, and institutionalization of family-supportive policies to cultivate psychological capital and foster sustainable work-life balance.

Keywords: Job Stress, Psychological Capital, Work-Life Balance, Married Working Women, Moderation

Efficacy of Vocabulary Teaching through Podcasts on Vocabulary Knowledge at the Tertiary Level

Ume Rubab , Fiza Khan , Taimoor Gurmani (Corresponding Author) — Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study examined the effectiveness of podcasts in teaching vocabulary at the tertiary level and considered students' views on their use in language learning. The research employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive view of the use of podcasts in ESL vocabulary teaching. In the quantitative phase, tertiary-level learners were allocated into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was taught with the help of podcast-based materials with transcripts, glossaries, and follow-up tasks, whereas the control group was taught traditionally. The outcomes of the post-test revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups and that the experimental group scored higher than the control group, which indicated that podcast-based instruction was more effective in vocabulary acquisition and retention. In the case of the qualitative stage, the results of the responses of students demonstrated that they had rather positive attitudes toward the use of podcasts. Students reported that podcasts were interesting, adaptable and useful in contextual and repeated exposure to vocabulary. They also claimed that podcasts also promoted learner autonomy and made the process of vocabulary learning more engaging and individualized. Nevertheless, there were certain difficulties observed, particularly, foreign accents and absence of non-verbal or visual signals. Generally, the research finds that podcasts are a practical and student friendly means of acquiring vocabulary at a tertiary level, particularly when supplemented with other teaching resources and not as an alternative to the conventional teaching.

Keywords: Podcasts, Vocabulary Learning, ESL learners, Language Teaching

Methodological Foundations of Legal Research: A Critical Examination of Doctrinal, Comparative, and Socio-Legal Approaches

Mr. Ayaz Khan , Aisha Nayab Qureshi , Professor Dr. Muhammad Zubair Khan — Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Legal research methodology has undergone significant transformation over the past several decades, evolving from traditional doctrinal analysis toward increasingly interdisciplinary and empirical approaches. This paper provides a comprehensive critical examination of three foundational methodological paradigms in contemporary legal scholarship: doctrinal legal research, comparative law methodology, and socio-legal studies. Through systematic analysis of recent scholarly developments, this study evaluates the epistemological foundations, methodological procedures, strengths, and limitations of each approach. The paper argues that while doctrinal research remains essential for maintaining legal coherence and normative clarity, its integration with comparative and socio-legal methodologies offers the most robust framework for addressing complex legal challenges in an era of globalization and rapid social change. The analysis draws upon verified scholarly sources to demonstrate how methodological pluralism has become not merely an academic preference but a necessity for effective legal research. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal research methodology by proposing a synthesized framework that preserves the rigor of traditional doctrinal analysis while incorporating the contextual insights of comparative and empirical approaches.

Keywords: Legal Research Methodology, Doctrinal Research, Comparative Law, Socio-Legal Studies, Empirical Legal Research, Interdisciplinary Legal Scholarship

Impact of Relationship Marketing on Customer Loyalty, moderating effect of Commitment and Trust: Age and Management Type as a moderator in SMEs

Dr. Sayyed Adnan Shabbir , Mehmona Rafaqat, Misbah Batool — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In today's extremely competitive market place, customer loyalty is believed to have a pivotal role in the achievement of corporate sector. This study investigates the influence of relationship marketing on customer loyalty, while interceding trust and commitment. Research in this area says that acquiring customers are cost effective, so companies must emphasize on retaining the existing customers. Relationship marketing is an effort towards identification of the factors which may have a positive bearing upon customer loyalty in SME’s. The data collected was from 300 customers and 15 different stores in Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, Pakistan. Study was cross sectional and data collection was done on 5-point Likert scale which makes it a quantitative study. The outcome of testing hypothesis illustrates that the relationship marketing has a noteworthy role on the customer loyalty, along with customer trust and commitment, pays a vital role in maintaining a strong relation-ship between them. For store owners/managers, the present study has important implications in terms of creating an overall climate within store which stress the importance of creating and preserving relationship with clienteles. Finally, implementations are strained from these outcomes, limitations and future research guidelines are also proposed.

Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Customer Loyalty, Trust, Commitment, SME’s

A Comparative Study of Great Power Conflicts and Islamic Principles of Jihad and Diplomacy

Asma Musharaf , Associate Professor Dr. Naseem Akhter — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study is a comparative analysis of the great power struggles and the Islamic values of jihad and diplomacy in the modern international system. It also looks critically at the way hegemonic states engage in power politics due to political interests, economic assets and ideological confrontations to often result in long term instability, civilian casualties and degradation of international norms. The research specifically concentrates on the crisis in 2026 in Iran, caused by the US-Israel collaborative military operation Operation Epic Fury that took place on February 28, 2026, and led to the destruction of Iranian military, nuclear, and leadership facilities, which caused regional spurring, Strait of Hormuz disruption, and a tenuous ceasefire at the beginning of April 202 The paper uses the Quranic teachings and Prophetic traditions as the basis of understanding the Islamic ideas of jihad as being mainly defensive, justice-seeking, and adhering to stringent ethical guidelines of engagement that emphasize the safety of non-combatants, proportionality, and war as a final option. It compares this to the current realpolitik whose aggression and collateral damage is often normalized. The study also examines Islamic diplomacy in the light of the strategies of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which is evidence of strategic forbearance, adherence to pacts and avoidance of confrontation in favor of compromise. An explicit case study of the Iran-US conflicts proves that though power-based strategies only worsen the situation, Islamic concepts are a more morally appropriate and practically realistic model that focuses on mediation, toleration, and peacebuilding. The possibility of the Ummah in the form of institutions such as the OIC is brought out as a channel of ethically resolving conflict. The paper concludes that Islamic ideas of jihad and diplomacy offer a strong moral alternative to the current approaches of great power that encourage long-term peace based on justice, and not dominance. It provides policy suggestions to statesmen and indicates the future research path on the implementation of these rules in hybrid warfare and multilateral venues.

Keywords: Great power conflicts, Islamic jihad, Islamic diplomacy, power politics, Operation Epic Fury, Iran-US tensions 2026, just war theory, conflict resolution, mediation, global peacebuilding

Social Capital and Desistance: A Qualitative Analysis of Incarcerated Juveniles' Experiences in Pakistan's Juvenile Justice System

Rizwan Ali , Dr. Abid Hussein Khan , Shakeel Ahmad Rajper — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The juvenile justice systems of the low- and middle-income countries have focused on legal conformity to the international conventions including the UNCRC, but legal adherence often fails to provide social reintegration. The data were reinterpreted through a social capital lens to explore desistance-related themes. The present research changes the analytical emphasis on structural implementation to the socio-psychological desistance processes by focusing on the perceived role of social capital in the desistance process among incarcerated juveniles in Pakistan. The qualitative socio-legal design was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with 30 incarcerated juveniles, 8 civil judges/judicial magistrates and 20 legal practitioners (advocates and prosecutors) in Karachi. Using the typology of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, our thematic analysis shows a serious paradox of access versus impact: almost all juvenile prisoners said that they had universal access to legal services, and educational opportunities, but nearly one-third of population believed that they had positively changed as a result of rehabilitation programs. Judges came to a unanimous opinion that the absence of rehabilitation infrastructure is the most significant obstacle in the way of restorative sentencing, and legal practitioners emphasized the failure to implement the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, and demanded independent rehabilitation centers. Results showed that bonding social capital (family/peer support) is fairly strong yet not enough to create desistance, and bridging capital (relationships to employment, mentors, diverse social groups) and linking capital (institutional trust and advocacy) are extremely weak, a phenomenon known as a bonding trap, and which impairs long-term desistance. The paper concludes that community-based initiatives in LMICs should be characterized as network-promoters that proactively create both bridging and linking relationships based on vocational training and employment placement, mentorship contracts and formalized relationships with civic institutions. Policy recommendations are mandatory quality audits of reintegration using social capital measures, amendment of law enforcement standard operating procedures to construct linking capital, and creation of special juvenile rehabilitation facilities that deliver trauma-informed, self-efficacy-building care. The paper provides a practical framework of how to transform juvenile justice by changing it to an asset building model, by contributing empirical evidence in a South Asian context to the growing body of literature on social capital and desistance.

Keywords: Juvenile Justice, Social Capital, Desistance, Bonding, Bridging, Linking, JJSA, Rehabilitation

Macroeconomic Instability in Pakistan: The Interplay of Inflation Dynamics, Debt Sustainability, and Energy Sector Inefficiencies under IMF Programs

Dr. Tasneem Akhter, Dr. Syed Hilal Mubarak , Dr. Syed Fahad Ali Shah — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the interconnected dynamics of inflation, public debt, and energy sector inefficiencies in Pakistan over the period 2000–2026, focusing on the post-IMF program context. Pakistan’s economy has faced persistent macroeconomic challenges, including high inflation, rising fiscal deficits, and an acute energy crisis characterized by circular debt. These factors not only undermine price stability but also constrain industrial growth and overall economic development. Using annual data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the State Bank of Pakistan, and the World Bank, this research employs advanced time-series econometric techniques, including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Vector Autoregression (VAR/VECM), to analyze both short-run and long-run relationships among key macroeconomic variables such as inflation (CPI), interest rates, public debt, circular debt, industrial growth, and exchange rates.The findings provide evidence on the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation amidst structural and external vulnerabilities, and they reveal the significant impact of circular debt on industrial productivity. The simulated ARDL, VAR, and VECM results highlight the short-term dynamics, causal relationships, and long-run equilibria that are critical for formulating macroeconomic policy. The study emphasizes the need for integrated policy measures that combine fiscal prudence, energy sector reform, and strategic monetary interventions to stabilize inflation, enhance debt sustainability, and promote industrial growth. These insights are expected to guide policymakers in designing resilient macroeconomic strategies for Pakistan in the post-IMF era.

Keywords: Macroeconomic Instability in Pakistan, Inflation Dynamics, Debt Sustainability, Energy Sector and Inefficiencies under IMF

The Institutional Paralysis in Asymmetric Conflict: Testing Neoliberal Institutionalism Through The Gaza Crisis

Muhammad Ansaar Mehsood , Muhammad Idrees , Zahidullah Jabarkhail — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

International institutions are usually regarded as the instruments that can be used to control conflict, enforce the international law, and safeguard civilians. According to Neoliberal Institutionalism, state behavior can be restrained, and humanitarian damage can be reduced through rules, norms, and interaction between institutions. These assumptions are critical in the Gaza crisis. International law adherence was extremely low and even with the existence of political, legal, and humanitarian institutions, there were still massive civilian sufferings. This research paper reviews the work of international institutions in the Gaza crisis to determine the disparity between the mandate of the institutions and empirical results. The study examines the roles of the United Nations Security Council, international legal institutions and humanitarian agencies using a qualitative analysis, which is informed by secondary data, which includes institutional reports, legal proceedings, and scholarly sources. The results indicate a tendency of institutional engagement that has not been enforced influenced by political paralysis, power asymmetry as well as geopolitical interests. Institutions were still functionally alive but substantively dead in changing the conflict dynamics or protecting civilians. The paper proves that institutional efficiency is very conditional and limited in asymmetric conflict. The Gaza case underscores the constraints of the neoliberal institutionalist expectations and more generally the issue of the ability of world governing frameworks to limit conflicts in circumstances of power domination.

Keywords: Gaza Crisis, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Power Politics, UN, Security Council, Israel, Palestine

Green Consumerism and Contemporary Fiction: An Eco-Marxist Study

Rakia Imtiaz , Prof. Dr. Nailah Riaz — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article interrogates the complex portrayal of green consumerism within contemporary fiction through the theoretical lens of Eco-Marxism. It argues that while literature often reflects the growing societal push towards environmentally conscious purchasing, it simultaneously subjects this phenomenon to a rigorous critique, exposing its limitations and contradictions within the overarching structure of capitalism. By analyzing a selection of key contemporary novels, including Richard Powers's The Overstory, Paolo Bacigalupi's The Water Knife, Abbi Waxman's The Garden of Small Beginnings, and Christy Lefteri's The Beekeeper of Aleppo, this research demonstrates how narrative fiction serves as a vital medium for Eco-Marxist thought. These works not only depict the commodification of nature and the ensuing ecological crises but also problematize the notion that individual consumer choice can suffice in addressing systemic failures. The findings suggest that contemporary eco-fiction functions as a powerful pedagogical tool, challenging the ideologies of green capitalism and advocating for a fundamental, systemic transformation towards ecological socialism as the only viable path to genuine sustainability.

Keywords: Eco-Marxism, Green Consumerism, Contemporary Fiction, Ecocriticism, Capitalism, Sustainability, Commodification of Nature

A Critical Evaluation of Pakistan National Climate Change policy 2012

Abdul Basit (Corresponding Author) — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study demonstrates a critical evaluation of Pakistan's National Climate Change Policy 2012, investigating its effectiveness in addressing the country's growing environmental challenges. The research examines the key policy objectives, implementation strategies, and institutional framework in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It appraises the extent to which policy corresponds with international climate commitments and sustainable development goals; nevertheless, it identifies the gaps in governance, execution and monitoring operations. Specifically, attention is given to the sectoral responses, evapotranspiration, agriculture, water resources, and disaster risk management. Furthermore, the study explores the role of stakeholders, policy coherence, and institutional capacity in shaping climate outcomes. Findings reveal that the policy provides a comprehensive framework. Nevertheless, its influence has been constrained due to weak implementation, limited resources, and coordination challenges.

Keywords: National Climate Change Policy 2012, NCCP 2012, Pakistan, Climate Change Policy

Contribution of Social, Moral & Fiscal Family Support on Sports Achievements of Players of Punjab Province

Wed, 08 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The main purpose of the study was to find out how social, moral, and financial support of family affects Punjabi athletes' sporting accomplishments. Quantitative metrics were the foundation of the previous study. All student-athletes from Punjab public universities made up the population of this study. For the study, 2000 volunteers in total were enlisted. One thousand survey cases made up the sample size. Using a purposive sample approach, the target group consisted of student-athletes between aged (19 to 25), who were keenly participating in sports at university level. Two self-made structured questionnaires were used to gather data. Both descriptive (mean, percentage, & standard deviation) and inferential statistic were used. Multiple linear Regression was used to assess the influence of social, financial and moral support of family on sports achievement of athlete at university level. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS. The results investigated that all the independent variable (social, moral and fiscal support of family) had significant contribution athlete’s achievements in sports. It was concluded that if proper contribution of social moral & fiscal family support provided to the Punjab Province players, this might have significance of positive effect on sports achievements.

Keywords: Social, moral, & fiscal support, athletes, sports achievements, & university level.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19475158

Why Pakistan Needs a Graduated Legal-Criminal Justice Response to Digital Radicalisation: Importance, Necessity, and Applications of the AYAZ KHAN Model

Mr. Ayaz Khan , Professor Dr. Muhammad Zubair Khan — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Digital radicalisation has transformed the legal and institutional landscape of counter-extremism in Pakistan. Online extremist ecosystems now operate through social media, encrypted messaging, video-sharing platforms, and increasingly fragmented digital environments that blur the boundary between protected expression, extremist advocacy, facilitation, and terrorism-linked conduct. Drawing on a wider socio-legal doctoral study, this article explains the importance, necessity, and applied value of the AYAZ KHAN Model, a structured legal-criminal justice framework developed to address digital radicalisation in Pakistan. The article argues that existing law remains fragmented across the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997, the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016 and its later amendments, regulatory practice, and institutional routines. That fragmentation produces conceptual instability, threshold ambiguity, evidentiary fragility, institutional overlap, and procedural vulnerability. In response, the AYAZ KHAN Model proposes eight integrated components: assessment of risk, yardsticks of legal threshold, authentication and attribution of digital evidence, zoned intervention and response, knowledge-led institutional coordination, human rights and procedural justice safeguards, accountability and appellate review, and neutralization, rehabilitation, and normative reintegration. The article demonstrates why this model is needed, how it improves on both the current Pakistani framework and selected comparative approaches, and where it can be applied across prevention, investigation, prosecution, adjudication, rehabilitation, and policy coordination. It concludes that Pakistan requires not a more punitive but a more coherent, reviewable, and evidence-based response to digital radicalisation.

Keywords: Digital Radicalisation, Pakistan, Criminal Justice, Preventive Justice, Digital Evidence, Terrorism Law

Plato’s Theory and the Metaphysical Dualism

Qurratulain Sardar, Dr. — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Plato’s theory of imitation (mimesis) is inherently grounded in the philosophical foundations of the existence of reality. His reflective introspection on arts and poetry deeply echoes in the theoretical doctrines of The Republic and Ion, ascends mainly from the theoretical concerns about reality, knowledge, and existence (Plato, trans. 1997). To Plato, art is inseparable from metaphysics, presents within the paradigm of existing structure of reality, where the eternal world of ideas (perfect) is superior to the world of senses (imperfect,) in other way, the four D reality (world of forms) is where from the ideas flow to the three D world (world of sensory appearance) to become the part of the reality.

Keywords: Plato, Metaphysical Dualism, Theory of Forms, Ontology, Epistemology, Reality vs Appearance, Idealism, Utopia