Political Stability and Security Challenges: Implications for Governance in Pakistan

Abstract

Political stability in Pakistan has been persistently undermined by governance deficits and complex security challenges. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2024, Pakistan ranked among the five most terrorism-affected countries, with militant violence resurging particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Official security data indicate that over 1,500 terrorism-related incidents were reported in 2023, resulting in significant civilian and security-force casualties. These security pressures coincide with chronic political instability, characterized by frequent government changes, contested elections, and weakened civilian institutions. The World Bank reports that governance indicators particularly political stability and rule of law have remained in the lowest quartile globally for much of the past decade. This nexus of insecurity and political polarization constrains policy continuity, economic reform, and public service delivery, thereby eroding public trust in state institutions. Addressing Pakistan’s governance challenges requires integrated reforms that strengthen democratic institutions, enhance civilian oversight of security, and link counter-terrorism efforts with inclusive socio-economic development.

Keywords: Political Instability, Security Challenges, Governance in Pakistan