Selective Accountability and Governance in Pakistan: An Analysis of the PTI-Led Government (2018–2022)

Abstract

This study examines the nature and implications of selective accountability during the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)-led government (2018–2022), with particular emphasis on its impact on governance, democratic institutions, and the rule of law in Pakistan. Employing a qualitative research design, the study analyzes anti-corruption legislation, institutional practices, judicial proceedings, official documents, and high-profile accountability cases involving major political actors. Drawing on the theoretical perspective of Lawfare, the study explores how accountability institutions, particularly the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), functioned within Pakistan's political environment during the study period. The findings indicate that accountability mechanisms were applied unevenly, with opposition leaders subjected to extensive investigations, prolonged pre-trial detentions, and intensive media scrutiny. Such patterns of selective accountability weakened institutional credibility, undermined due process, constrained political competition, and adversely affected democratic governance and public confidence in accountability institutions. The study concludes that the restoration of transparent, independent, and non-partisan accountability institutions is essential for reinforcing democratic governance and the rule of law in Pakistan.

Keywords: Selective Accountability, Anti-Corruption, Lawfare, Political Victimization, Democratic Governance.