The Rise of Populism in Pakistani Politics: Challenges for Democratic Stability

Abstract

This paper critically examines the emergence and entrenchment of populist politics in Pakistan and its implications for the country’s democratic stability. The rise of populism, characterized by anti-elitist rhetoric, charismatic leadership, and the direct appeal to “the people,” has become increasingly visible in Pakistan’s political landscape, particularly since the late 2000s. Through a detailed exploration of populist narratives, this study highlights how political leaders capitalize on public discontent, economic grievances, and institutional inefficiencies to foster a populist image. While populism may invigorate political participation and challenge entrenched elites, it simultaneously poses significant risks to democratic norms, including the erosion of institutional checks and balances, increased political polarization, and a weakening of representative institutions. The paper focuses particularly on the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) under Imran Khan, analyzing how populist strategies were deployed to mobilize mass support and challenge traditional political dynasties. However, it also draws attention to the inherent contradictions within populist governance, such as the reliance on the same institutions it often seeks to undermine. The study concludes that while populism may offer short-term political gains, its long-term impact on Pakistan’s democratic trajectory remains fraught with uncertainty and potential instability. The paper emphasizes the need for institutional resilience, civic education, and inclusive political discourse to counter the disruptive tendencies of populist politics and sustain democratic development.

Keywords: Populism, Pakistani Politics, Democratic Stability, Imran Khan, PTI, Political Polarization, Institutional Erosion, Charismatic Leadership, Anti-elitism, Political Mobilization