An Analytical Study of the Islamic Political System in the Light of the Prophetic Treaties

Abstract

The political system used by Islam is a complete system that operates under justice, equality, and consultation while being directed by divine principles as given by Quran and by the practices of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). One of the leading features of the Islamic political structure is the fact that it was based on treaties and agreements at the prophetic era. These treaties not only created a political stability along with the social harmony, but also defined standards for international relations, minority rights, and resolution of conflicts. The respect of diversity and the principles of peaceful coexistence are prime examples of the Islamic diplomacy, and the key treaties, such as the Constitution of Medina (Mithaq-e-Madina), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and the Treaty with the Christians of Najran, are illustrations of that. The Constitution of Medina is especially interesting for setting up a multi-faith community with a single legal canon, a legal system that acknowledges the rights and duties of Muslims, Jews, and other tribes in a fair and neat environment. Although the initial feelings about the treaty were that of disadvantage, the treaty of Hudaybiyyah was a tactical win for Muslims as it portrayed the strength of the Prophet desire for peace and foresightedness. In the same way, the Treaty with the Christians of Najran emphasized on Islamic principles of tolerance of other religions as well as protection of the rights of minorities. These deals are the essence of Islamic governance values: justice (Adl), consultation (Shura), mutual respect as well as the protection of human rights. This study seeks to examine these prophetic treaties as the cornerstones of the Islamic political philosophy, providing a guidance on how these principles would be implemented in the modern forms of governance to engender social harmony and international cooperation.

Keywords: Islamic Political System, Prophetic Treaties, Constitution of Medina, Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Treaty with Christians of Najran, Justice (Adl), Consultation (Shura), Peaceful Coexistence, Minority Rights, International Relations, Governance in Islam