Russia’s Digital Diplomacy and Cyber Governance: Strategic Narratives, Hybrid Tactics, and Global Implications (2000 2025)

Abstract

This paper explores the evolution and strategic function of Russia’s digital diplomacy from the early 2000s through 2025, examining its role in shaping international cyber security norms. Drawing on theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, the study situates Russia as both a cyber power and a diplomatic actor actively contesting Western-led frameworks. Initially characterized by broad, unfocused public diplomacy efforts, Russia’s digital outreach matured into a sophisticated fusion of strategic communication, public diplomacy, and state-backed disinformation. From targeting marginalized groups via social media to lobbying for cyber sovereignty at the United Nations, Russia has transformed from a reactive to a proactive force in global cyber governance. The paper investigates how digital diplomacy evolved into an offensive instrument of influence, combining overt messaging with covert campaigns aimed at reshaping narratives and undermining liberal institutions. Case studies from 2013 to 2025 including bilateral treaties, BRICS cyber partnerships, and influence operations around U.S. elections highlight this shift. The research concludes that Russia’s cyber diplomacy has not only redefined the tools of statecraft but also accelerated the splintering of cyberspace governance into competing global visions.

Keywords: digital diplomacy, Russia, Cyber Empire, soft power.