Armed with Algorithms: U.S.-China Tech Rivalry and Its Strategic Implications for Pakistan

Abstract

As the global order transitions from industrial-era geopolitics to algorithm-driven security architectures, the United States and China are emerging as the principal actors in a high-stakes race for technological supremacy. This article examines the strategic rivalry between these two powers through the lens of algorithmic warfare and advanced technological competition. It further investigates how this competition reshapes the security environment for peripheral states, particularly Pakistan. The article, using International Relations theory as well as cyber-security and strategy literature, discusses Pakistan's unique situation within the context of ever-evolving digital dependencies, cyber vulnerabilities, and geo-strategic partnerships. Islamabad’s policy landscape is swiftly changing with America’s increasing stranglehold over global semiconductor and AI technology along with China’s massive investment through CPEC’s Digital Corridor. The article also analyzes the impact on Pakistan's military doctrine and cyber sovereignty alongside other critical national security concerns.

Keywords: U.S.-China tech rivalry; digital geopolitics; artificial intelligence; cyber governance; Pakistan; emerging technologies; digital sovereignty; cybersecurity; strategic competition; Belt and Road Initiative.