The Impact of Corruption on Governance and Political Accountability in Pakistan

Abstract

Corruption in Pakistan has evolved into a systemic crisis, profoundly undermining governance, political accountability, and socio-economic development. This article examines the multidimensional nature of corruption, exploring its manifestations in political patronage, bureaucratic malfeasance, and institutional capture. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Principal-Agent Theory and Public Choice Theory, the analysis reveals how weak oversight mechanisms, information asymmetry, and elite dominance perpetuate corrupt practices. Empirical evidence highlights the severe consequences of corruption, including eroded public trust, inefficient service delivery, and a weakened rule of law, which collectively hinder Pakistan’s progress toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). High-profile scandals, such as the Panama Papers, and the politicization of anti-corruption bodies like the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) exemplify the structural challenges facing governance reforms. The study also evaluates the role of electoral systems, media, and civil society in demanding accountability, noting their limitations due to political interference and institutional constraints. Proposed solutions emphasize a holistic approach, combining legal reforms, institutional capacity building, digital governance tools, and societal transformation to foster transparency and integrity. By addressing corruption as both a systemic and cultural issue, Pakistan can restore public trust and achieve equitable development.

Keywords: Corruption, Governance, Political Accountability, Institutional Capture, Public Trust, Anti-Corruption Reforms, Pakistan