Astronomy and Islam: An Analytical Study of Scientific and Jurisprudential Aspects in the Light of Quran and Hadith
Abstract
Astronomy, as the study of celestial bodies such as stars, planets, the sun, the moon, galaxies, and cosmic phenomena, has always occupied a central place in human intellectual curiosity. In Islam, astronomy holds a unique significance as the Qur’an frequently invites humankind to reflect upon the heavens and the earth as signs of divine power and wisdom. This article explores the importance of astronomy in Islamic tradition, analyzing its scientific and jurisprudential dimensions in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith. Nearly fifteen hundred verses of the Qur’an emphasize cosmic phenomena, presenting them as evidence of divine oneness, wisdom, and order. Classical exegeses, such as those of Ibn Kathir, al-Tabari, al-Sa‘di, and modern interpretations by thinkers like Sayyid Qutb, highlight how these verses signify both theological truths and scientific realities, many of which align remarkably with modern astronomical discoveries.
The article further examines the jurisprudential relevance of astronomy in Islamic law. Acts of worship such as prayer times, fasting schedules, Eid determination, Hajj rituals, and zakat calculations are all intimately linked to the movement of the sun, moon, and stars. The role of lunar observations in the Islamic calendar and the debate over moon-sighting versus astronomical calculations are discussed in detail. Moreover, the study addresses modern challenges, including prayer and fasting in polar regions, satellite-based observations, and issues arising from the International Date Line. Contributions of classical Muslim astronomers such as al-Battani, al-Biruni, Ibn al-Shatir, and Ulugh Beg are also highlighted as evidence of the Islamic legacy in advancing astronomical sciences.
The article concludes that astronomy is not merely a secular science but a vital discipline that bridges faith and reason. It not only strengthens theological convictions by revealing the grandeur of divine creation but also serves as a practical necessity for religious observance. The integration of traditional jurisprudence with modern scientific methods is essential for addressing contemporary issues. The study recommends the establishment of specialized Islamic astronomical centers to harmonize religious principles with scientific advancements, ensuring both spiritual enrichment and intellectual leadership for the Muslim community.
Keywords: Qur’an and Astronomy, Hadith and Cosmic Phenomena, Islamic Jurisprudence and Astronomy, Moon-Sighting and Astronomical Calculations, Muslim Contributions to Astronomy
