India-Pakistan Conflict over Kashmir Issue: A Study of Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) and Peace Initiatives

Abstract

The conflict between Pakistan and India over the state of Kashmir is one of the crucial concern in the International Relation. This prolong territorial dispute has been commenced after the inception of Pakistan and India in 1947 from the British Colonial rule, a central point of hostility, leading wars, military standoffs, diplomatic breakdowns, and persistent regional instability. Despite recurring crisis, both states have periodically adopted confidence Building Measures and peace initiatives aimed to reduce territorial tension, preventing boarder escalation, and fostering dialogue. The current study profoundly examines the evaluation, effectiveness, and limitation of CBMs and peace effort undertaken both the countries on the territorial dispute utilizing the qualitative and analytical research methodology, the current study evaluate political, military, and public-center CBM, alongside series peace initiatives to acquire their impact on conflict management. The current study finds that while CBMs have protected accidental border clash and maintained communication channels, they remained an abortive to address the root causes of the Kashmir concern confronted both the countries Pakistan and India. The study concludes that sustainable peace require institutional dialogue, mutual trust and inclusive approaches that consider regional realties and human security.

Keywords; Pakistan-India Relation, Kashmir issue, Confidence Building, Peace Initiatives