Democracy Under Turbulence: Unraveling Political Challenges of Pakistan (1988-1999)

Abstract

This study analyzes a turbulent period of civilian rule in Pakistan, from 1988 to 1999, which witnessed the hope of democratic revival but was actually marked by challenges to democracy. It examines the basic political problems that weakened democracy during this period by focusing on the factors as misuse of institutional powers, volatile party conflicts, electoral manipulation, political instability, the destructive role of opposition parties, and the frequent misuse of constitutional provision of Article 58 (2b). The paper contextualizes the fact that four consecutive elected governments were unable to complete their tenures using a historical analytical approach and based on recent scholarly analyses. The findings confirm institutional weaknesses and the grip of military power, along with political conflicts had repeatedly aborted the democratic process. The covert role of Military establishment and misuse of constitutional powers by presidents, as well as political conspiracies destabilized elected governments during 1988-1999. This research demonstrates the importance of that turbulent period in understanding Pakistan’s efforts for democratic consolidation.

Keywords:  Political Challenges, Power Struggle, Political Instability, Civilian Rule