Understanding Cyber Victimization: Risk Patterns Among University Students in Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigates the prevalence, patterns and consequences of cybercrime victimization among university students in Lahore, Pakistan, emphasizing the psychological impact and systemic barriers to reporting. Drawing on data from 150 students across four major universities, the study employs a mixed-methods approach grounded in Routine Activity Theory, Victim Facilitation Theory and Broken Windows Theory. Findings reveal that 45.3% of students have experienced cybercrime, yet 59.8% did not report it, primarily due to institutional mistrust and cultural stigma. Emotional consequences such as anxiety, anger and fear were common, while gender disparities highlighted the heightened vulnerability of female students. Instagram and WhatsApp emerged as the riskiest platforms due to algorithmic exposure and encryption loopholes. The study concludes with policy recommendations for universities, law enforcement and digital platforms, emphasizing workshops, anonymous reporting channels and identity verification protocols. The research underscores the need for comprehensive cyber safety frameworks in developing nations.

Keywords: Cybercrime, Social Media, University Students, Lahore, Victimization, Routine Activity Theory, Psychological Impact, Institutional Barriers, Cybersecurity, Gender

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18288462